Accordingly, a difficult environmental situation has been developing in Russia over the decades, which negatively affects the quality of life, health and life expectancy.
It included three critical technologies (at the second thematic level: B prevention and liquidation of environmental pollution, monitoring
Topic Importance indexa Expected time of developing S&t solution Possible results (percentage of experts; two top scores) Technology area 1 Technologies for accelerated and efficient recovery of damaged lands, landscapes and biodiversity 97.6 2019 Contributing to dealing with social problems (76.3
they are of a shorter duration to foresight and are more of a predictive nature than STF.
and Technology policy Research institute (STEPI) Technology foresight Research team, National research Center for Science and Technology for Development Time horizon 2035 2030 2020 Original category Energy and resources Energy
as described in the technology vision of a Delphi topic, to the present or near future technological trajectory.
In addition, the content of Delphi topics depends on the time horizon of the foresight activities. For example, the foresight activity of Japan has up to a 30-year time horizon,
and hence the technology trends provided by the scanned Delphi survey will provide a long-term view while the result from patent analysis for CTI or for forecasting provide a short-term view.
and implications Since the time horizons surveyed in the three scanned foresight report are different, the Delphi topics need to be screened again based on their realization time for cross-country comparison.
The time horizons surveyed for Delphi topics in Japan are‘‘time of technological realization''and‘‘time of social application''.
''The time horizons surveyed for Delphi topics in South korea are‘‘time of international realization''and‘‘time for domestic realization''.
''The time horizon is not specific in the Chinese Delphi topics but the forecasting time horizon for the whole foresight activity was set at up to the year 2020, by
which technology that can be realized before the year 2020 is preselected. Therefore, Delphi topics with a realization time before the year 2020,
which is‘‘time of technological realization before 2020''for Japan, ‘‘time of international realization before 2020''for South korea and all Delphi topics from China, are used as the main target for analysis and for comparison.
Twenty-six Delphi topics in Japan which counts for 74.3 percent of the total Delphi topics,
were regarded as having realization before the year 2020. The remaining six and three Delphi topics are regarded as having realization between the years 2021 and 2030 and after the year 2031, respectively.
In South korea's case, most of the Delphi topics were regarded by experts as having realization before the year 2020;
Table V summarizes the realization time distribution of Delphi topics in Japan, South korea and China. 3. 1 Mapping technology interactions in Delphi topics 3. 1. 1 Summary result of the mapping in three countries.
Technology 19 (Basic materials chemistry) is prospected also by these three countries as second hot application technology before the year 2020,
and the possible Table V Realization time distribution of Delphi topic in Japan, South korea and China Before 2020 2021-2030 After 2031 Time horizon Topics Ratio (percent
The second most intensive linkage of the interaction is source technology 17 (Macromolecular chemistry, polymers) to application technology 1 (Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy.
These present various methodological aspects of FTA APPROACHES as well as some advances needed in practice to assist FTA practitioners
These present some advances needed in practice to assist FTA practitioners and stakeholders in comprehending transformations
its geographical scope, time horizon, themes, methods, participants, budget, and other resources, target audience, communication strategy, etc.
and what cannot be at the time 2, p. 765. The information, knowledge and interpretation and resultant subjective opinion of FTA participants are decisive when dealing with grand challenges 3. Thus,
and also use scientific methods when analysing the past and the present in order to consider future options
or predict the future. Besides scientific methods, various other techniques are used also. The main objective of FTA projects is to assist decision-makers with relevant analyses,
the time horizon to be considered; the desire of their sponsors/clients; the number, experience, analytical and methodological skills and value system of their participants;
time and other resources available for FTA, etc. In other words, it would be a mistake to search for a fixed set of methods in the sense of one size fits all (or best practice.
when it is not too costly in terms of time, human resources and funds required to conduct an FTA project.
and perspectives from the outset of an endeavour in order to properly foster nanotechnology by establishing governance structures able to coordinate interactions of relevant actors.
Kwakkel and Pruit 12 present three applications of EMA, using different modelling approaches, in three different technical domains and related to three different grand challenges, grounded in a system perspective.
The FTA TOOLS used to develop governance frameworks for nanotechnology in these two countries differ along time.
and that ensures the organisational continuity to use the experience and knowledge gained in distributed FTA ACTIVITIES.
and practice of FTA should consider the governance dimension from the beginning by acknowledging that monitoring
implies the need for an organisational structure that includes a variety of actors and perspectives from the outset.
Time for the EU to Meet Global Challenges, EUR 24364 EN, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010.
since the beginning, provided an avenue to debate methodological aspects and this paper summarises and furthers the discussion developed during the 2011 edition,
complex and adaptive nature of the systems we are dealing with today are moving from one technological era to another.
A wide variety of information about the past and the present can contribute to this
and methods of social scanning and prediction markets could be used to improve professional forecasting and foresight in an era of complex phenomena and disruptive events with high level of uncertainties.
On the other hand, qualitative approaches have been adopted for many decades (e g. scenarios) with no other involvement than that of the FTA EXPERTS.
In particular, from the start of an FTA PROCESS, it is necessary to clarify the definition of terms used and the basic set of assumptions, on which the exercise (in its quantitative and qualitative components) rests.
and differences in cultural backgrounds requires a longer time horizon and below we suggest some of the steps that could be taken in such direction. 5. 2. 1. Lack of identified good practices In light of the growing volume and variety of FTA practices,
time horizon15) and provide both methodological and evaluation guidelines. The experience of the European foresight Platform (www. foresight-platform. eu) could provide some relevant inputs towards this endeavour.
and thus tailoring foresight phases to different foresight functions. 15 Typically, quantitative models present higher credibility for shorter time horizons,
establishing teams combining experts and practitioners from both communities from the start, and devoting more attention to communication processes.
Forecast. 17 (2010) 5 7. 12 H. A. Linstone, Three eras of technology foresight, keynote speech, in:
Accessed July 2012.13 H. A. Linstone, Three eras of technology foresight, Technovation 31 (2011) 69 76.14 I. Tuomi, Foresight in an unpredictable world, Technol.
Change 78 (2011) 274 282.34 H. M. Järvanpää, S. J. Mäkinen, M. Seppänen, Patent and publishing activity sequence over a technology's life cycle, Technol.
a research paradigm whose time has come, Educ. Res. 33 (7)( 2004) 14 26.61 A. Tashakkori, C. Teddlie, Mixed Methodology, Combining Qualitative and Quantitative approaches, Applied Social research Methods Series, 46, Sage
The dominant approach to analysing TLC uses the S-curve to observe patent applications over time.
or so basic techniques, dating from that time at least, is trend analysis. This includes both historical time series analyses
In the maturity stage, some pacing technologies turn into key technologies, are integrated into products or processes, and maintain their high competitive impact.
either over time or in terms of cumulative R&d expenditures. But using one indicator only to present technological performance would be problematic.
and Popular Press abstracts Trends over time in number of items Technological needs noted Types of topics receiving attention Spin-off technologies linked Reinhard Haupt, Martin Kloyer
, Marcus Lange 15 Backward citations Immediacy of patent citations Forward citations Dependent claims Priorities Duration of the examination process Data base requirements Fig. 2
But the patent information in the early years is unavailable (patent data in DII covers 1963 to the present.
and the label information of the second 12 test points (1997 2008) of NBS can be matched with that in the growth stage of TFT-LCD.
Therefore, NBS is still in its growth stage (1997 to the present. And according to the definition of TLC, in a technology's growth stage, there are pacing technologies with high competitive impact that have not yet been integrated into new products or processes.
Therefore, the fabrication technology is one of the pacing technologies of NBS. In this stage, a lot of challenging problems must be overcome, such as enhancement of gene array and protein array,
Technology managers might informtheir NBS R&d investments by analysing patent application data from 1997 to the present to identify hot research topics or technological gaps.
it is a good time to invest in NBS to pursue potentialmarkets. 4. Conclusions How might technology life cycle analysis based on patents contribute to FTA?
This means that there are pacing technologies with high competitive impact that have not yet been integrated into new products or processes.
1997 present. 406 L. Gao et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 398 407 2 H. X. G. Ming, W. F. Lu, C. F. Zhu, Technology challenges
Recognition of this fact in last decades is leading firmly to a new scientific paradigm, a complex bio-socioeconomics, with the convergence of different fields of science toward
Universal Darwinism 1. Introductory thoughts The main objective of this seminar concerns the exploitation of the powerful new capabilities provided by the Information technology Era to advance Future-oriented technology analysis (TFA), both product and process.
and we can even trace an at least three-decade long debate on this issue. What makes the difference now are exactly the powerful new capabilities provided by the Information technology Era
and the manifold convergence of information and molecular technologies that are contributing enormously to new insights in simulation methods and evolutionary programming.
The present paper intends to present the state-of-the-art on this debate and to address some important considerations necessary to answer the question above.
and are listed as points in the paragraphs below in a quasi-logical sequence. Needless to say that these points are interrelated strongly
some important modeling attempts were undertaken along with the last decades and I think that some of the above mentioned points are hindering the development of working computational algorithms to simulate technological evolution.
Recognition of this fact in last decades is leading firmly to a new scientific paradigm, a complex bio-socioeconomics
and it was only with considerable delay that more mathematical (algorithmically based) arguments and models were advanced.
but the matter-of-fact is that we still observe the same obstacle that has caused this delay:
By the same epoch, and not necessarily motivated by evolutionary concepts, the bio-mathematicians Vito Volterra and Alfred Lotka popularized a set of differential equations to describe the growth of population levels,
More recently, Devezas and Corredine 12 proposed a generalized diffusion-learning model to explain the succession of long waves in the techno-economic world,
if we restrict our analysis to dtechnological innovationt (our present context). I want to advance the following arguments favoring an evolutionary approach to define innovation
but by shifting the context and timing of their expression within the developmental sequence of an organism.
#Evolution of organisms is the conjunction of two facts: the selective amplification of genotypes based on the differential reproductive success conveyed by their phenotypes through chance events at the level of genotypes.
dgenotypest by any sequence of building blocks, ddifferential reproductive successt by differential adoption in a market and dphenotypet by technical expression. $ My final argument favoring an evolutionary definition of innovation regards the aspect mentioned above of how strongly evolutionary
That is, how do technological units (whatever they may be) carry their information forward through time? 3 Are technological innovations indeed teleological or Lamarckian in nature or not?
as for instance the very often cited books of Nelson and Winter 16 and Basalla 17.
T in the way paved by the German philosopher of technology Hans Sachsse 18 almost three decades ago.
& Social Change 72 (2005) 1137 1152 1145 never correctly realized that Darwin in his second
But during the last two decades we have seen a growing interest in evolutionary ideas among economists.
This upswing in evolutionary economics was in great part due to the renewed interest in the discussion on long waves in economics during the last two decades
asserting that our knowledge consists, at every moment, of those hypotheses that have shown their fitness by surviving so far in their struggle for existence,
beginning with Donald Campbell 23 in the T. C. Devezas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1137 1152 1146 1960s (who coined the term Evolutionary Epistemology to characterize Popper
To finalize the present discussion on point 4 I would like to add some other further aspects equally not yet considered as well:
and their dynamics (behavior over time) is defined via the change of their organization (or dstatet) as described by the system's differential equations.
The formal mathematical models developed in the past two decades and most often used are (mentioning only some important publications for each approach):
In the present stage of our knowledge no one can be sure which method is suited best for purposes of simulating technological evolution and/or for developing useful tools for technological forecasting.
besides the improvements in the computational methods, is to incorporate in the simulations some of the general evolutionary principles that were outlined in the present paper,
& Social Change 72 (2005) 1137 1152 1150 recent proposal of this author with George Modelski for a seminar on Globalization as Evolutionary Process 40 to be held in the spring of 2005 in Paris,
Society's Telltale Signature Reveals the Past and Forecasts the Future, Simon and Scuster, New york, 1992.12 T. Devezas, J. Corredine, The biological determinants of long-wave behavior in socioeconomic
From Chaos To order, Perseus Books, Cambridge, Ma, 1998.15 J. Ziman (Ed.),Technological innovation as an Evolutionary Process, Cambridge university Press, 2003.16 R. R. Nelson, S g. Winter
And policies that are optimal for dynamically complex issues at a particular point in time often fail at other moments in time.
Hence, in case of complex issues under uncertainty, there is a strong need for policies that are designed to adapt over time to new circumstances and surprises,
and the importance to present a spectrum of runs under very different hypotheses covering the range of their variation was recognized decades ago 14, p. 149,
their development over time is dynamically complex, and many aspects related to these systems and their future developments are deeply uncertain.
with the aim of promoting continual learning and adaptation in response to experience over time 26.
where policies are designed fromthe outset to test clearly formulated hypotheses about the behavior of an ecosystem being changed by human use 32.
and time-urgent and postpone other actions to a later stage. In order to realize this, it is suggested that a monitoring system
In a recent special issue of Technological forecasting and Social Change on adaptivity in decision-making, the guest editors conclude that Adaptive policy-making is a way of dealing with deep uncertainty that falls between too much precaution and acting too late.
Hence, our Adaptive Robust Design (ARD) approach starts along the lines of the EMAMETHODOLOGYWITH:(1) the conceptualization of the problem,(2) the identification of uncertainties (and certainties),
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 408 418 explicitly considers the opportunities that uncertainties can present.
and construction times are open to surprises affecting the actual completion time. Other important uncertainties are related to learning effects on costs and technological performance.
lifetime of a technology Parametric Varying between 15 and 50 years for different technologies Delay orders of lifetimes Orders of the decommissioning delays Categorical 1st, 3rd, 10th,
The figure shows the behavior over time for the outcome indicator‘fraction of new technologies of total energy generation'as well as the Gaussian Kernel Density Estimates (KDES) 56 of the end states.
which means that over the 100 year simulation time, the fraction of new technologies remains below 60%for about half of the runs.
and a short planning and construction time for Technology 1 also hinder the transition toward sustainability,
i e. a policy that will be implemented in any case from the start. 3. 2. 2. Basic policy Shortening the lifetime of Technology 1 could be achieved by increasing its decommissioning,
Hence, the costs of Technologies 2, 3 and 4 are monitored over time and when their costs are close enough to the cost of the dominant technology,
but lose their effect after 2020 due to the time-restricted nature of the hedging action.
That is, EMA could be used to support an inclusive modeling process from the start, where different beliefs about how a system functions,
the first decade of global modelling, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1982.15 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber, Adaptive foresight:
An iterative real-time procedure, Eur. J. Oper. Res. 109 (1998) 428 441.35 J. W. G. M. van der Pas, J. H. Kwakkel, B. Van Wee, Evaluating Adaptive Policymaking using expert opinions, Technol.
and assists in developing a plan that can adapt over time to how uncertainties unfold.
and even some base metals such as copper 19 22 and lead 23 may in a few decades become more difficult and expensive to mine and process,
and analyzing their resulting nonlinear behaviors over time in order to develop and test structural policies 24, 25.
Under conditions of deep uncertainty, long time horizons, and high dynamic complexity, a more exploratory use of models is called for 26.
Mineral and metal scarcity is characterized by long time horizons diverging beliefs and ideas about system functioning,
Typically plus and minus 50%of the default value Orders of time delays There are various time delays, such as building of new recycling capacity and mines.
These nonlinear relations are varied by changing the start, end and slope. Start, end, slope Fig. 1. Causal loop diagram of the scarcity model 18.422 J. H. Kwakkel, E. Pruyt/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013
This figure shows more examples of cyclical behavior and it appears that the cycles can become worse over time.
One way of analyzing the results is to identify runs that share the same dynamic behavior over time.
The behavior over time can be understood as being a concatenation of atomic behavior patterns 30.
The construction of a new runway and the moving of operations are in this approach not planned for a particular moment in time,
minimizing the time required to realize the change. To address the potential overshoot of negative external affects
-1%+4%425 J. H. Kwakkel, E. Pruyt/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 419 431 could serve as a starting point for slightly modifying the outlined dynamic adaptive plan,
which the option evolves during the time horizon of the simulation. 3. 3. 3. Analysis of results Fig. 5 shows a performance envelope for five outcome indicators.
slope change fraction Yearly fractional change in the slope of the load duration curve-0. 01 0. 01 Planning horizon of the generation companies Upper bound for the planning horizon of the generation companies.
it is not sensible to extrapolate the future from data and relationships of the past.
whereas scenarios consist of a logical sequence of images of the future 2. 1. 1. Developing
In addition, uncertainty increases as policy targets move progressively further from the present and it is uncomfortable:
This means that practice, such as scenario practice, is rooted in a particular moment and place. In accordance with Cunliff 27 and to be consistent with reflexive inquiry,
The development of innovation theory over the past decades has involved a major reformulation, with innovation no longer seen primarily as a process of discovery,
Due to the socially dynamic characteristic of innovation 37, new socio-technical (sub systems will emerge over time 22.
One of the often-overlooked elements in the innovation process that hinders smooth communication and interaction within emergent networks is time 44.
time has many meanings beyond‘clock time'.'Adam argues that the meaning of time is constructed socially
and that such meaning is performative. Futurists are used of course to deal with short, medium and long-term perspectives,
but it has been shown that differences in the construction of time play a significant role in the construction of meaning about the future (e g. of nanotechnologies 44).
The generic methodological requirement from this perspective is an explicit account of the construction of time within the context of the study at hand.
For instance, time is considered to be historically and culturally specific. Different historical periods, different cultures, and different stages of the lifecycle all display different relationships to time.
This means that situations are rooted in a particular moment and place and seen through the perspective of a certain set of lenses 45.3.3.
Scenario practice and related techniques Reflecting the uncertain threats of the cold war, the development of scenario practice as a methodology for planning and decision-making probably started more than half a century ago in the field of war game analysis. The Rand Corporation in the US became a major center for scenario thinking and Herman Kahn,
Backcasting, inspired by the early work of Lovins 53, starts with defining a desirable future and then works backwards to identify policies
and programs that will connect the future to the present. Backcasting scenarios explore the preconditions that could lead to this desirable future,
A science or technology roadmap is like a highway roadmap that describes how one might proceed from a starting point to a final destination expressed as a vision.
but generally comprises a time-based chart together with a number of layers, which provides a means to link technology and other resources to future products,
When considered from the perspective of creating legitimacy for action we also suggest that the scenarios in this group could benefit fromcomplementary techniques connecting the long-term future images to the present via stepping stones.
Rather, the focus of the scenarios in the second group is oriented towards a sequence of clear targets linked with short-term stepping stones,
By mapping time we become clearer on where we have come from and where we are going.
The future plays the role of the time needed to introduce the necessary changes to comply with the envisaged principles.
Our analysis suggests that scenarios developed with broader stakeholder/expert participation will provide richer future images that go beyond the probable that is determined by the past and present 73,75.
it is not sensible to extrapolate the future fromdata and relationships of the past. Hence, it is important to recognize that representing scientific and technological diversity offers an important means to help foster more effective forms of innovation
Each of the case elements and aspects of different groups are present, therefore it is not possible to link groups with cases query.
we argue that future scenarios developed with a combination of well-designed modes of futures thinking will provide richer future images that go beyond the probable that is determined by the past and present.
and discussed the applicability of future scenarios as narratives to represent different perspectives on present and future developments.
what we know to be prepared for upcoming situations Allows defining (a sequence of) clear steps for innovation Weak on surprise
IPTS and different past and present foresight network initiatives such as the European foresight Platform and Forlearn for organizing creative discussion platforms on foresight and scenario initiatives.
Proceedings of the Second International Seville Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis: Impact of fta Approaches on Policy and Decision-making-Seville 28 29,september 2006, 2006.4 H. S. Becker, Scenarios:
Time for the EU to Meet Global Challenges, EUR 24364 EN, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010.
Proceedings of the Second International Seville Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis: Impact of fta Approaches on Policy and Decision-making, Seville, 28 29,september 2006, 2006.30 H. Lawson, Reflexivity, The Postmodern Predicament, Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1985.31 J
Towards a Theory of innovation and Interactive learning, Pinter, London, 1992.35 R. Nelson, S. Winter, In search of a useful theory of innovation, Res.
42 (2010) 723 732.44 C. Selin, Time matters: temporal harmony and dissonance in nanotechnology networks, Time Soc. 15 (2006) 121 139.45 M. Aaltonen, Multi-ontology, sense-making and the emergence of the future, Futures 41 (2009
) 279 283.46 A. Marchais-Roubelat, F. Roubelat, Futures beyond disruptions, Futures 43 (2011) 130 133.47 S. A. van't Klooster, M. B. A. van Asselt, Accommodating or compromising change?
The Fast Start to Technology Roadmapping, Planning Your Route to Success, Centre for Technology management, Ifm University of Cambridge, 2001.56 T. J. Gordon, S&t roadmapping, in:
How to Think Clearly in a Time of Change, Pearson, Prentice hall, New york, 2006.69 U. Beck, Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995.70 L. M. Ricard, K
sense-making and decision-making in late modernity, Futures 38 (2006) 350 366.77 P. De Smedt, Can Negotiating the Future Influence Policy and Social change?
but rather on the longer-term interplay between the organizational settings in both countries and the future-oriented nanotechnology analysis. In countries such as the US and Germany, where FTA on nanotechnology were already underway in the late 1980s,
A decade ago, the question addressed how to maximize the contribution of such technologies to economic innovation with the intention of enhancing competitiveness 1, 2. Today,
which contains the same elements as those used over the last decades: nanotechnologies include understanding and controlling matter
Early and radical visions that shaped the field in the late 1980s were published by individual thinkers 17,18.
In contrast to the US, the German government has launched several technology foresight processes in the last decade 33,34.
Usually, two US visions are seen as the starting point of nanotechnology as an emerging technology. The early individual vision of Eric Drexler, who envisioned a distant future vision of molecular manufacturing in the late 1980s,
was the first. Inhis book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology 17, Drexler developed far reaching new ideas of the possibilities and risks of technologies on the nanoscale.
He envisioned molecular machines programmed by integrated nanocomputers to perform specific tasks and to create molecular machines capable of manipulating individual atoms
and his ideas became a disputed reference point in the debate around nanotechnology in the late 1980s and the 1990s.
and Development in The next Decade 1. Vision building at this stage was accompanied by early cooperation and coordination between and among agencies and departments of the federal government.
and presenting concepts of how to establish nanotechnology as a general-purpose technology in the next decade,
the new report written a decade later focuses more on governance and on concepts to involve
Another concept, highlighted in the report is real-time technology assessment, a research program to integrate natural science and engineering investigations with social science and policy research from the outset 44.
This concept also stems from the NNI6 and became a part of the vision for 2020.
The vision report states that during the next decade application-driven research will produce new scientific discoveries and economic optimization leading to new technologies and industries.
and real-time technology assessment 3. The report refers to the previous involvement of a broad variety of stakeholders
which took place in the first decade after defining the long-term vision, focused on interdisciplinary research at the nanoscale
The second foundational phase (2011 2020) is planned to be focused on the integration of nanoscale science
The goals defined in the latest NNI strategic plan of 2011 address this user-centric ecosystem by covering the whole ecosystem of innovation:
the activities under the umbrella of the National science and Technology Council Subcommittee were per se closely policy-related and, in the last decade,
Over more than a decade, the US science policy community established a continuously working core organization, built up a network and opened the network gradually to new stakeholders
started in the late 1980s and focused in the early stages on technology analysis, market analyses and technology assessment activities.
They were established to bridge the gap between science and industry from the very beginning of R&d activities 48.
In summary, for over a decade, the German variety of FTA ACTIVITIES was governed mainly by one ministry (BMBF) and focused largely on science industry relations.
and this institutional fragmentation can also be observed with regard to the governance of science, technology and innovation in the field of nanotechnology. 4. Comparing the US and Germany 4. 1. Timing and intervention Between the late 1980s and the late 1990s,
Several industrial countries established their first programs in that field in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Not only the range of stakeholders involved was increasing in the last decade, but also the kinds of processes expanded from studies based on expert surveys to processes involving more stakeholders (such as NGOS and citizens).
such as the late consideration of societal challenges, there are also differences in governance structures. In Germany, disparate sources of knowledge were pooled not
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several industrial countries established their first programs in 450 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452
and practice of FTA should consider the governance dimension from the beginning by acknowledging that monitoring
implies the need for an organizational structure that includes a variety of actors and perspectives from the outset.
In the last two decades, FTA ACTIVITIES were important means for integrating the field and in spreading the idea that nanotechnology would become one of the key enabling technologies of the 21st century.
and that ensures the organizational continuity to use the experience and knowledge gained in distributed FTA ACTIVITIES.
Looking ahead to the next decades, an inter-organizational governance framework is crucial to uptake the knowledge as well as the requirements derived from various stakeholders.
IWGN workshop report, Vision for Nanotechnology research and Development in The next Decade, 1999.2 BMBF, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, in:
Res. 13 (2011) 427 445.17 K. E. Drexler, Engines of creation, The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Anchor Press, New york, 1987.18 K. E. Drexler
Handbook of Science and Technology studies, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 2008, pp. 979 1000.44 D. H. Guston, D. Sarewitz, Real-time technology assessment, Technol.
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