Technology life cycle analysis method based on patent documents Lidan Gao a b,, Alan L. Porter c, Jing Wang d, Shu Fang a, Xian Zhang a, Tingting Ma e, Wenping Wang e, Lu Huang e
is trend analysis. This includes both historical time series analyses and fitting of growth models to project possible future trends 5. Most trend projection is naïve i e.,
Usually, patent application activity is tracked as a TLC indicator for the S-curve analysis 10,12, 13.
Framework of TLC analysis. 400 L Gao et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 398 407 in DII by application year for the Application indicator and count the number of patents in DII by priority year for the Priority indicator
we employ a cross-correlation analysis to measure the similarity among the 13 indicators in the four stages.
Table 4 provides the results of the cross-correlation analysis (r=0. 9). Emerging stage:
vuutð13þ Table 4 Cross-correlation analysis for 13 indicators (r=0. 9). TLC stage Emerging Growth Maturity Decline Group 1 1, 2
it is a good time to invest in NBS to pursue potentialmarkets. 4. Conclusions How might technology life cycle analysis based on patents contribute to FTA?
Indeed, explicit analyses of what factors and forces are apt to alter projected developmental trends are worthwhile note Ted Gordon's Trend Impact analysis (TIA) especially 34.
trend analyses (where it best fits), but also monitoring and intelligence, matrices (analogies), modelling, and a hint of roadmapping.
Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, 2005.13 C. M. Chu, Using technology life cycle to analysis the developing trend of thin-film photovoltaic industry, Ph d. dissertation, National Central
. Zhu, X. F. Wang, Chinese patent analysis of IC package technology, J. Mod. Inf. 9 (2006) 160 166.18 C. M. Chu, Using technology life cycle to analysis the developing trend of thin-film photovoltaic industry, Ph d. dissertation, National Central
University Taiwan, 2009.19 T. T. Tang, P. Liu, P. Zhang, F. B. Ge, M. Li,
Serv. 11 (2009) 59 63.20 H. L. Yu, Analysis of the particleboard technology based on TRIZ and S-Curve technique evolution law, Forest.
an empirical analysis, Rand J. Econ. 25 (1994) 319 333.26 T. H. Chang, A study on the Technique Development of RFID-Base on life-cycle theory, Ph d
. dissertation, National University of Tainan Institutional Repository, Taiwan, 2007.27 C. H. Yeh, A comparative analysis of Taiwan's CRT and TFT-LCD industries based on the viewpoints of industrial
Study on the technique development of TFT-LCD industry-based on patent analysis and life cycle theory, Ph d. dissertation, Chun Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, 2003.30 A l. Porter, J
Appl. 39 (3)( 2012) 2927 2938.38 E. Hajime, Obstacles for the acceptance of technology foresight to decision makers, lessons from complaint analysis of technology forecasting, Int. J. Foresight Innov.
Policy 1 (3 4)( 2004) 1740 2816.39 C. Lee, Y. Cho, H. Seol, Y. Park, A stochastic patent citation analysis approach
She focuses on patent analysis. She is the author of more than 10 articles. Alan Porter is a Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering,
and she focuses on patent analysis. She is the author of one academic book and over 30 articles.
and we are witnessing today an intense debate on duniversal Darwinismt as a broad theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of all open,
and we are witnessing today an intense debate on duniversal Darwinismt as a broad theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of all open,
if we restrict our analysis to dtechnological innovationt (our present context). I want to advance the following arguments favoring an evolutionary approach to define innovation
when we focus the evolutionary analysis on technological innovations we are not necessarily simplifying the field of discussion,
1 What should be the suitable unity of analysis in technological evolution? Or in other words, what then actually evolves?
At this point it is worth to point out that I agree with Joel Mokyr 19 that the unity of analysis that makes sense for the study of technological evolution is the dtechnique.
Such top-down analyses are very suitable for describing the system's regularities and for identifying dominant feedback loops,
technique is the most suitable basic unity of analysis and must be viewed as the enduring search for bypasses (shortcuts) obeying the general physical principle of the least action;
Adaptive Robust Design under deep uncertainty Caner Hamarat, Jan H. Kwakkel, Erik Pruyt Delft University of Technology policy Analysis Department, PO BOX 5015,2600 GA Delft
Model-based decision support Deep uncertainty Adaptive policy-making Exploratory Modeling and Analysis 1. Introduction Conceptual, formal, and computational models are used commonly to support decision-making
and the analysis of wild cards and weak signals 11. Characteristic for these techniques is that they aim at charting the Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 408 418 Corresponding author.
when the analysis and assumptions critical to the policy's success have lost validity. In a recent special issue of Technological forecasting and Social Change on adaptivity in decision-making, the guest editors conclude that Adaptive policy-making is a way of dealing with deep uncertainty that falls between too much precaution and acting too late.
A possible quantitative approach for operationalizing the Adaptive Policy-making Framework is by using Exploratory Modeling and Analysis 36 38.
4) the generation of a large ensemble of scenarios,(5) the exploration and analysis of the ensemble of scenarios obtained in Step 4
as well as the main causes of these troublesome and promising regions,(6) the design informed by the analysis in Step 5 of policies for turning troublesome regions into unproblematic regions,(7) the implementation of the candidate policies
(9) the exploration and analysis of the ensemble of scenarios obtained in Step 8 in order to identify troublesome and/or promising regions across the outcomes of interest,
A modified classification in combination with PRIM could be utilized for such an analysis. This study also has implications for Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA.
Our analysis shows that ARD can be used to develop long-term adaptive and robust policies for grand societal transformations.
and Analysis can be utilized successfully in the context of adaptive policy-making. The iterative approach for designing robust adaptive policies helps to identify
Exploratory Modeling, Real Options analysis and Policy design which is supported by The next Generation Infrastructures (NGI) Foundation.
a strategic analysis under conditions of deep uncertainty, in: Technical Reports, RAND, Santa monica, California, 2009.14 D. H. Meadows, J. Richardson, G. Bruckmann, Groping in the dark:
Exploratory modeling and analysis: a promising method to deal with deep uncertainty, in: Technology policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2008, p. 285.37 E. Pruyt, J. Kwakkel, A bright future for system dynamics:
. Kastenholz, A. Klinke, J. Markard, M. Maurer, A. Ruef, The exploratory analysis of trade-offs in strategic planning:
. J. Conover, A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code, Technometrics 21 (1979) 239 245.56 Eric Jones, Travis Oliphant
His research interests are exploration and analysis of dynamically complex systems under deep uncertainty. In his Phd research, he focuses on long term decision-making under deep uncertainty using the Exploratory Modeling and Analysis method.
His applied interests include climate change/energy issues, public health and health policies, financial crisis and energy systems. His current research interests are adaptive policy making and the use of optimization in policy-making.
Exploratory Modeling and Analysis, an approach for model-based foresight under deep uncertainty Jan H. Kwakkel, Erik Pruyt Faculty of technology, Policy,
and Analysis (EMA) is an approach that uses computational experiments to analyze complex and uncertain issues.
Future-oriented technology analysis Exploratory Modeling and Analysis Deep uncertainty System dynamics Adaptive policymaking Agent-based modeling 1. Introduction Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) is understood as an umbrella label for various approaches
and Analysis (EMA) tailored to this. EMA aims at offering decision support even in the face of many irreducible uncertainties, by systematically exploring the consequences of a plethora of uncertainties ranging fromparametric uncertainties (e g. parameters ranges), over structural uncertainties (e g. different
and analysis Various scientific fields including the environmental sciences, transportation research, economics, and the political sciences, are involved in providing model-based decision support.
Exploratory Modeling and Analysis (EMA) is a research methodology that uses computational experiments to analyze complex and uncertain systems 12,13.
and the analysis of the results of these experiments 12,13. EMA is focused not narrowly on optimizing a (complex system to accomplish a particular goal or answer a specific question,
run the model and extract the results. 3. 1. 3. Analysis of results Fig. 2 shows the dynamics for 5 different outcomes of interest.
This display however also shows the need for further analysis: the individual runs are difficult to trace in this plot.
A more detailed analysis was performed in order to assess whether the cyclical behavior arises out of a particular combination of uncertainties.
More thorough analysis of the results is needed still for even roughly 6000 behaviors in case of 50,000 runs are still unwieldy for supporting decision-making.
which one can sample. 3. 2. 3. Analysis of results One key challenge for airport planners is to design a plan for guiding the future developments of the airport that is robust with respect to the future 36.
The column‘static plan'in Table 5 shows the results of this analysis. Looking at the various outcome indicators,
This figure Table 3 Tools integrated in the fast and simple model for airport performance analysis. Airport performance aspect Tool Capacity FAA Airfield Capacity Model (FCM
Emissions Emission Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) the FAA required tool for emission analysis 41. Third party risk Methodology developed by the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) for third-party risk 42,43 the NATS methodology has been extended to apply to multiple runways 49,50.
which the option evolves during the time horizon of the simulation. 3. 3. 3. Analysis of results Fig. 5 shows a performance envelope for five outcome indicators.
else it is coded as 1. Fig. 6 shows a classification tree that results from this analysis. The tree was generated using the open source data mining package Orange 47.
a further analysis was presented. These results could be used for further improving the adaptive plan. The third case illustrated how EMA can be combined with agent-based models.
Theoretically, the potential of EMA to FTA is its ability to cope with a multiplicity of deep and irreducible uncertainties in the analysis of decision-making problems
The effective analysis, visualization, and communication of EMA insights are thus of crucial importance for its successful real world application.
Res. 4 (1993) 435 449.13 D. B. Agusdinata, Exploratory Modeling and Analysis: A Promising Method to Deal with Deep uncertainty, in:
analysis of trade-offs in strategic planning: lessons from regional infrastructure foresight, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 76 (2009) 1150 1162.17 J. Kooroshy, C. Meindersma, R. Podkolinski, M. Rademaker, T. Sweijs, A. Diederen, M. Beerthuizen, S. de
and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting mineral resources depletion, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54 (2010) 1074 1083.21 W. Auping, The uncertain future of copper, in:
An Exploratory System Dynamics Model and Analysis of the Global Copper System in The next 40 Years, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2011.22 J. H. Kwakkel, W
Vensim DSS Reference Supplement, Ventana Systems, Inc, 2010.30 D. N. Ford, A behavioral approach to feedback loop dominance analysis, Syst.
This analysis indicates that policy and systems of innovation are shaped by social, cultural and political power as well as by technological rationalism and such indeterminism makes systemic approaches to innovation policy far from linear or predictable.
Futures thinking Futures thinking is used for medium to long-term strategic analysis and planning. According to Jørgensen 41, citing Dreborg 42,
the development of scenario practice as a methodology for planning and decision-making probably started more than half a century ago in the field of war game analysis. The Rand Corporation in the US became a major center for scenario thinking and Herman Kahn,
who joined Rand, explored the application of systems analysis and game theory in order to encourage‘thinking the unthinkable'8. Meanwhile in France,
These types of approaches are typical of those used in our analysis (see Appendix 1 for an overview of the scenario cases.
Our analysis indicates contrasting motivations between developing and using future scenarios in the case studies from Appendix 1
In addition, our analysis indicates that scenarios with a strong focus on consensus during the development are often too vague and too broad for defining tangible innovation opportunities.
The two motivations are connected to the perspective used in the analysis (i e. window of opportunity) and can be seen as a polarized view on this element of practice.
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 432 443 our analysis a better understanding of the linkages between scenario design, methods used and related outcomes.
i e. legitimacy for action, our analysis revealed three groups of scenario practice in the case studies from Appendix 1. The following sub-sections will describe the main characteristics for each of these three groups:
Our analysis suggests that this can be contributed partly to the selected process design for developing the scenarios.
PROSPECTIVE Environmental analysis of Land use Development in Europe. 437 P. De Smedt et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 432 443 The images of the future are focused on key internal developments
Our analysis also suggests possible improvements for this group of scenario practice. Roadmaps directed towards a single target are likely to be inappropriate where policy intervention may direct technology towards a different trajectory altogether 70,71.
i e. empowering stakeholders, our analysis of the case studies from Appendix 1 revealed two groups of scenario practice:
Our analysis suggests that scenarios developed with broader stakeholder/expert participation will provide richer future images that go beyond the probable that is determined by the past and present 73,75.
Following a reflexive inquiry methodology in the analysis of the scenario cases listed in Appendix 1,
or contributions to the enablers for orientating innovation systems through future scenarios (i e. pros and cons). Our analysis of the case studies listed in Appendix 1 suggests that a variety of modes of futures thinking,
Our analyses of the scenario case studies from Appendix 1 revealed elements of good practice and implications on how to better address innovation through future scenarios.
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 432 443 acknowledge the limits of our analysis: i e. using a policy perspective for doing an ex-post analysis of future scenario practice.
Innovation systems are complex and dynamic and scenario practice is applied more widely than our sample. Therefore, when using reflexivity in research or in scenario practice,
Foresight analysis for world agricultural markets (2020) and Europe. www. ag2020. org 2. Danish Technology foresight on Environmentaall Friendly Agriculture K. Borch,(in press) The Danish Technology foresight
European commission DG RTD, Directorate E Unit E. 4, Brussel. 7. Prelude EEA (2006) Prelude (PROSPECTIVE Environmental analysis of Land use Development in Europe) scenarios.
Peter De Smedt has a background in ecological system analyses. His professional challenge is connecting science and policy.
The paper offers a comparative analysis of the use and role of FTA where the focus is not on individual activities,
but rather on the longer-term interplay between the organizational settings in both countries and the future-oriented nanotechnology analysis. In countries such as the US and Germany, where FTA on nanotechnology were already underway in the late 1980s,
although the impact of fta itself on the governance of nanotechnology has not been the subject of analysis. The scope of nanotechnology governance covers both anticipating
Historical analysis indicates that the process of drawing the boundary so as to exclude Drexler's ideas was connected closely with controversies around the question,
Since 2004, risk has become the subject of political concern as well as the subject of analysis. Public opinion about nanotechnology
and focused in the early stages on technology analysis, market analyses and technology assessment activities. The BMBF commissions the Association of German Engineers Technology Center (VDI-TZ), a subsidiary company of the Association of German Engineers (VDI),
No impact/uncertainty analysis was conducted. Instead after discussing all signals each project member selected the most surprising and interesting signals according to their personal opinion.
and the initial analysis of the signals of change described above 16. Throughout the project the team discussed
The framework developed within the INFU project supported an analysis of structural changes hinted at by several visions.
Therefore an in depth analysis for these positive visions can be conducted easily whereas more gloomy visions may be neglected.
Studies have indicated that the principal applications of FTA have been in supporting priority-setting and in the analysis and articulation of the potential of future technologies 9
design and innovation management while others mainly draw on empirical analysis and established FTA theory. The two papers that most clearly take a contextual improvement perspective (a) are the one by Dannemand Andersen and Baungaard Rasmussen and the one by Rijkens-Klomp and van der Duin.
Their arguments and analyses bring together theoretical concepts from innovation studies, innovation management and foresight. They use an analytical framework that they call the‘‘Cyclic Innovation Model (CIM)''to make the case for the convergent development of innovation
The analyses have later been extended to other types of organisations and countries, and covered 76 countries by 2010 22.
Among all 50 countries that are included in Hofstede's analysis, Denmark ranks as the 3rd lowest for both uncertainty avoidance and power distance.
First, due to the dense economic and social relationships between public and private organisations, participatory and consensus seeking approaches have more appeal to policy makers than deep, scientific expert analysis of available knowledge.
and Popper's analysis of regional styles in the use of foresight methods is oriented that interaction methods,
Second, Denmark‘s tradition of basing policy decisions on analyses of available knowledge is weak.
One of the conclusions of the study is that the basis for political decisions often bears the imprint of negotiation rather than systematic analyses of the problems:
In this study, technology foresight was defined as‘‘dialogue activities and analyses of long-term developments in science, technology, economy and society with the aim of identifying technologies which may have economical and/or societal significance''29.
The second phase included an analysis of the received material from phase 1. The material was analysed by an independent expert panel that consisted of eight members with the aim of identifying coherent research themes in the received material.
In addition, scenario analysis is the systematic analysis of a variety of uncertainties combined into distinctive stories about the future (see 2). In this article
The insights presented in this paper are based on recent policy document analyses in depth interviews, and questionnaire research involving users in the local and national policy domain. 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
The empirical evidence for this paper is based on three indeept interviews with policy-makers who were involved closely in the development of the scenarios, the analysis of the scenario studies,
We used an independent evaluation that was conducted in 2010 by the University of Twente 21, based on interviews with 21 politicians and civil servants and a document analysis. Furthermore,
In all cases, the scope of the analysis was the future of a territorial entity,
At the local level, a document analysis was combined with interviews with policymakers. The document analysis focused on documents regarding the scenarios and related strategic policy documents.
The insights from this analysis were juxtaposed with the insights from the interviews. Because we were aware of the potential bias of in depth interviews (for example
a retrospective attitude may suggest a process more linear than it actually was focused), we especially on the consistencies between the document analyses and the in depth interviews.
In the interviews, we used open questions, to gain a broader understanding of the issues mentioned in the research questions.
1) an analysis of what foresight means to the interviewees and (2) an analysis of the way policy and strategy processes take place.
Although all thirteen ministries were involved, given the amount and diversity of (sub-)departments within each Ministry,
because in both analyses, our aim was to ascertain how futures studies methods are being used in practice by governments.
it can be difficult to find out how these methods relate to other methods with which they may be more familiar (such as SWOT-analyses,
benchmarks, trend analyses and sectoral prognoses. By way of contrast, the national level inquiries showed that civil servants are relatively familiar with foresight methods, especially scenario analysis,
'The‘policy foresight'analysis showed that, in addition to scenarios (with which 99%of the respondents were familiar),
In retrospect, they felt that insights from future analyses could be connected better to and embedded in on-going policy development processes.
For example, combining insights from a future analysis with the development of a policy vision and various strategies was seen as a sluggish process.
Often, it was unclear how the insights from the foresight study were applied in the policy analyses.
and/or applying the future analysis, by introducing the theoretical background of the method and/or by delivering content for the foresight analysis. One of the lessons learnt with respect to external assistance was that,
ownership of the scenarios was unclear in some cases. Policy-makers indicated that they want to remain in control during the development (and use) of the foresight study.
''As was highlighted in the analysis of the Stuurgroep Toekomstonderzoek (Steering committee Future research) 27, foresight studies work better when combined with policy processes rather than as a stand-alone process.
and the insights generated by future analyses are integrated into the various strategic levels and sectoral departments of their organisation.
The results of the analysis of local level foresight processes make it clear that policy-makers struggle with implementing future-oriented thinking and acting within the current organisational structures.
when it comes to applying the results of an analysis. Expectations need to be managed at the beginning and throughout the foresight study,
and that it can also be translated into a meaningful analysis within a strategic context 29 31.
The analysis of the two national foresight studies also showed that, although the futures research processes are relatively transparent and rational in nature,
the success of the future analysis depends partly on their level of leadership. Policy-makers also indicate that leadership depends on the degree of confidence among colleagues with regard to the future analyses (for example because of the proven quality of their work;
this success factor not only applies to the roles of the initiator and the coordinator, but also to the developers of the future study.
The national level analysis also shows that foresight is a‘human affair, 'meaning that, despite the importance and wide range of methods,
At the same time, a spectrum of foresight methods can be applied to develop a better understanding of possible future developments of the systems under analysis 7. In this context
This analysis promotes the shaping of joint objectives and the overall scope of the exercise.
to enable a systematic analysis of how different (weak signals refer to one another or what they mean to different stakeholders. 2 This is important
the background work involved the mapping and analysis of (i) scientific literature and of (ii) the main areas covered by twenty worldwide existing roadmaps and thirteen ongoing research projects.
T. Ko nno la/Futures 59 (2014) 27 38 31 3. 2. Scenarios and joint vision A more in depth analysis of the findings of the state of the art and expectations
and closed expert-driven analysis, were critical ingredients for arriving at rigorous and robust results.
European commission and roadmapping group) to share a common understanding of the system under analysis. It also allowed all the involved parties to explore likely ways in which it could evolve.
State-of-the-art and expectations Analysis of co-patents and co-publications Use common foresight framework User of partner contacts and established networks for outreach (survey, interviews,
36 (2004) 889 902.5 O. Saritas, M. A. Oner, Systemic analysis of UK foresight results:
analysis of modular foresight projects at contract research organisation, Technological Analysis and Strategic management 21 (3)( 2009) 381 405.15 T. Ko nno la, V. Brummer, A. Salo
These include horizon scanning (e g. of weak signals), strategy setting, development of corporate visions, portfolio analysis, and as an aid in the management of supply chains.
it is crucial to support any reform by systematic analyses and vision-building exercises. However, a review of recent works on the future of higher education shows that the approaches implemented present three major shortcomings:(
i) the broader socioeconomic systems are addressed not in these analyses, (ii) the huge diversity of higher education systems and individual universities cannot be reflected;(
Senior researcher at the Institute for Technology assessment and Systems analysis (ITAS) of the Research centre Karlsruhe, joined ITAS'forerunner AFAS in 1979 and has worked
Although the principles underlying the open innovation concept have been subjected to critical analyses, which designated it as‘old wine in new bottles'2,
Moreover, other Foresight methods such as horizon scanning, scenarios, customer and technology trend analysis, and roadmapping are used commonly for the identification of technological opportunities and exploration of possible future markets in this respect.
(i) anticipation of the drivers and weak signals of change with the intention of being prepared for whatever might follow from the ongoing and future social, economic and political mayhem with a rich understanding of systems, their history and possible futures,(ii) analysis of different stakeholder perspectives
However, in the analysis it became clear that the vast majority concerned very common features and possibilities.
An Analysis of the Possible Roles of Parliamentary Technology assessment in Innovation policy, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht, 2004.19 K. De Moor, K. Berte, L. De Marez, W. Joseph
Challenges of user involvement in future technology analysis, Science and Public policy 37 (2010) 51 61.20 C. Lettl, User involvement competence for radical innovation, Journal of Engineering and Technology management
organisational learning, critical analysis of strategic processes, alignment between strategy and its implementation in the value chain, participation in decision making,
The second phase (strategic diagnostic) combines a method for analysing business environments (SWOT analysis) with a method for constructing scenarios (the Global Business Network.
SWOT analyses provide the foundations for defining alternative futures. The Global Business Network (GBN) method enables an assessment of the resources
and integration of results expected from the strategic diagnosis. SWOT analysis becomes robust in supporting strategy design
Such analysis is key to define the strategic objectives of the firm departing from the value perspectives of the BSC (i e. financial, customer, internal processes, learning and growth.
since there is a continual feedback loop between them that leads to constant reflection and analysis of results and,
Moreover, the insights generated via discussions with the managers were used to promote an indeept analysis of the existing BSC
the latter being responsible for describing the capability of a firm's knowledge system to solve problems using organisational learning. 4 In the proposed system the method of perpetual budget 38 offers such characteristics as it supports the analysis of cause
The analysis of strengths and weaknesses (SWOT analysis) stimulated an important reflection in terms of the future via the application of the Global Business Network scenarios.
Moreover, the timeframe of the analysis provided by the system proposed is, like any other BSC, most often short-term (usually five years or less).
let alone to perform such an analysis including partners and stakeholders'views of what the future might entail
All this is critical to reconcile creativity and rational analysis 45. Also, to link learning and strategy to a long-term common vision of where the organisation wants to position itself within possible alternative futures.
Hence, it should effectively enable the overall system under analysis (i e. value chain) and individuals to become adaptive over time.
the renewed system with embedded FTA supports the system under analysis (i e. value chain) to undertake systemic transitions
-based assessment of the external environment 60 SWOT analysis 26 There is a lack of any system to define measures linked to consistent targets 58,59 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 58 SWOT analysis
26 Analysis of scenarios 68 Performance Prism 33 The balanced scorecard fails because of difficulties that are encountered during the implementation phase 1,
S v. Marinho, C. Cagnin/Futures 59 (2014) 50 61 59 5 S v. Marinho, L. M. S. Campos, P m. Selig, Critical analysis
a content analysis of 26 years of strategic management research, International Journal of Management Reviews 10 (2008) 1 23.17 V. C. Prieto, M m.
with SWOT analysis, and implementing Sun Tzu's the art of business management strategies on QFD methodology,
a framework for management control systems research, Management Accounting Research 10 (1999) 363 382.60 H. Norreklit, The balance on the balanced scorecard a critical analysis of some of its assumptions, Management Accounting
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