Synopsis: Framework:

With this purpose in mind, this introduuctor paper sets out the general framework for approaching this topic.

She represents Malta at EU level on the Joint research Centre Board of Governors, the Euro-Mediterranean Monitoring Committee for Research and Technology development and the Framework programme 7, Regions Programme Committee.

The methodological framework proposed in this paper is relevant for the development of policies aiming to match technologgica innovations better to societal needs.

the embedding in an adaptive foresight framework and the implementation of a real-time Delphi which lead to interesting methodological lessons.

The methodoloog developed was based on the adaptive foresight framework in order to do justice to both the explorrator and the policy-oriented nature of the exerccis (Eriksson et al.,

Because of this diversity, it is not possiibl to propose a general framework capable of capturring in a meaningful way

This provided a general framework which we could apply to each of the specified creative content subsecctor (see Box 1). As the next step we analysed the three dimensions of content creation,

We described relevant technologies within our establisshe framework i e. classifying them within creatiion distribution and user interaction and we highlighted some essential trends of change, identifyyin opportunities and threats for the European indusstr in each of the sub-sectors.

We considered the framework conditions and technoloogica characteristics (e g. magnitude of sunk costs) that determine economic relations in the creatiiv content sector, on the one hand,

The economic framework (competitive markets and entrepreneurialism vs. oligopolistic and‘walled off'markets) and social values (positive public attituud of potential users towards and high demand for new creative content products and services vs. negatiiv public attitude and lack of demand

and those that are related R&d may already be tackled through EU Framework programmes or other European commission initiatives,

and analysed in this paper is anchored in the adaptive foresight framework, which enables us to reconcile the exploratory nature of the exercise

we can conclude that it is unrealistti to have fixed a framework from the outset when dealing with a sector in flux and where uncertainties are so high that even experts have trouble imagining impacts (as the strong discrepancies in trend impact assessments show).

steps towards the development of a framework conceptualising the dynamics of‘foresight systems'.'Paper presented at the Second International Seville Seminar on Futuureoriented Technology analysis, held 28 29 september 2006, Seville, Spain.

He took part in developiin the roadmap for Thailand's first biotechnology policy framework. He is currently the executive director of the APEC Center for Technology foresight and the director of Policy Research and Management at the National science Technology and Innovation policy Office, Bangkok,

and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 43 The concept has been extended in the European union's Seventh Framework Program to the possibiliitie at the interface of micro nano systems and the living world.

Conclusion Bibliometric analysis and scenarios have been used to study the factors involved in initiation and spread of EID within the framework of the EID life cycle model.

To this, the final stage (technology roadmappping added the details of a proposed‘working plan'that are suitable in different time frames

and use to decide on the frameworks of their respective internaationa collaboration strategies. Hence, the unique contribution of this paper lies in its dealing with cross-disciplinary technologies (converging technologies) in a cross-boundary regioona setting (Asia-pacific.

Technology Roadmappping a planning framework for evolution and revolution. Technological forecasting & Social Change, 71 (1 2), 5 26.

) This theory of‘technological determinism'fits into the‘diffusion of innovations'framework (Rogers, 1995), which is dedicated to the adoption and diffusion of new technologies in society.

One of them is the social shaping of technology framework, which focuses on the daily use of technology and stresses the power of human actors and societal forces (Williams and Edge, 1996;

In view of this, an interdiscciplinar framework was set up to pretest and co-develop new and innovative applications.

This framework enables developers and companies to gain an insight into the main drivers and constraints in service innovation and into the conditions for meeting social and user requirements (Lievens and Pierson, 2006).

Methodological framework The common methodological framework covered three main research stages in the innovationdevellopmen process (Lievens and Pierson, 2006.

time-use frameworks were used in the focus groups. Eight categories of daily time-use were identified:

For each archetype, we listed a series of daily activities within the time-use framework.

Drawing on a number of theoretical frameworks that have studied the relationship between technology and users/society in greater depth,

first, we present the conceptual framework of the study; secondly, we give an overview of similar studies.

Conceptual framework Technology policy: public fiscal policies to support innovation Most OECD countries use large amounts of public funds to support activities that are intended to enhaanc innovation in the business sector.

All this is also in accordance with the general principles of The swiss technology policy tending to be‘non-activist',providiin primarily for the improvement of framework condittion for private innovation activities.

2001) for the role of framework conditions for the evaluation of industry university collaboratioons and Polt and Streicher (2005) for the evaluation of large programmes such as the Framework programmes of the Europeea Union. 2. For overviews of Swiss

the role of framework conditions. Science and Public policy, 28 (4), 247 258. Polt, W and G Streicher 2005.

Trying to capture additionality in Framework programme 5: main findings. Science and Public policy, 32 (5), 367 373.

and its role in assisting in aligning technologgica and societal perspectives with the more visionary framework necessary to address grand challenges.

and limitations of a number of different horizon scanning approaches applied in a European commission funded Framework programme project (SESTI).

Five challennge were formulated subsequently to serve as a frame for the new Future topics programme. Within the prograamme institutes are called upon to form consortia

trends in regulattor and legal national and international framework; applied metrology for biologiica products and processes;

set up to provide strategic directiions according to institutional policies and framework..Management group (MG: assigned to manage process

priorities are set within the framework of long-term (and five-year) plans, and medium-and long-term plans for S&t (MLP).

with the former guiding and providing an overarching framework for the latter (in their five-year plans).

However, within this framework of overarcchin goals we find a blend of steering instruments, institutions and goals that can be derived from the broader goals and

for instance‘harmonious society'and‘indigennou innovation',indicating the contributions and frameworks of STI governance with broader policy process.

a framework for analysis'.In: Simon, D. and Goldman, M. eds) Science and Technology in Post-Mao China.

which the government should invest more resourrces there was no other concrete policy promoted under the framework of the Eight Key Industries.

Towards an integrated framework',Research policy, 37: 596 615. Mckelvey, M. 1996) Evolutionary Innovations: The Business of Biotechnology.

which can form the framework under which to examine possible solutions to specific challenges. In this way, FTA PROCESSES inform

The concept of European Innovation Partnerships (EIPS) introduced by the Innovation Union Flagship Initiative is the overarching framework embracing relevant joint programming activities ranging from Art. 185 initiatives to ERA NETS, or JPIS.

In fact, foresight activities is one of the six joint programming framework conditions8 for which analytical guidelines are developed to facilitate the planning and implementation of joint research programmes (ERAC-GPC 2010).

A promising framework for this purpose is offered under the concept of JPIS for example. As acknowledged in the Voluntary Guidelines on Framework Conditions for Joint Programming in Research 201010 forward-looking activities might be used both

when identifying grand societal challenges as well as in translating an already identified grand challenge into an operational reality by defining scenarios,

and facilitate the application of fta approaches on a contining basis. Applying FTA in the framework of joint initiatives in dealing with grand challenges should aim both to find effective solutions for grand challenges

The ideas and frameworks set out in this 150. C. Cagnin et al. paper should inform such analyses

The ERA NET scheme is one of the tools of the Seventh Framework programme (FP7) to support the coordination of non-Community research programmes.

It provides a framework to network and mutually open national or regional research programmes, leading to concrete cooperation such as the development and implementation of joint programmes or activities.

The Framework Conditions are concerned with the administrative, normative and regulatory factors considdere essential for the effective implementation of joint programming in research

Framework programme',Report of the Expert Group, EUR 24569 EN. Brussels: European commission. Orienting European innovation systems. 151 Arnold, E. 2004)‘ Evaluating research and innovation policy:

Jacobsson, S. and Bergek, A. 2006)‘ A framework for guiding policy-makers intervening in emerging innovation systems in‘catching-up'countries',European Journal of Development Research, 18: 687 707.

Woolthius, R. K.,Lankhuizen, M. and Gilsing, V. 2005)‘ A system failure framework for innovation policy design',Technovation, 25: 609 19.152.

an appropriate conceptual framework needs to be developed. We propose an approach which frames the wider societal requirements for FTA within specific forms of FTA systems,

This simplified conceptual frame allows consideration of variants of FTA and their effectiveness in tackling a range of futures and related needs.

and categories of the conceptual framework in order to identify emerging patterns and issues. The analysis will clarify the potential of different institutional models for tackling different types of future requirements.

It also points to key conceptual conclusions. 2. Conceptual framework: Capturing new types of FTA systems in the light of specific circumstances This section introduces the conceptual framework for subseqquen analysis of recent empirical research on FTA systems.

Different types of contextual transformations that pose challenges for FTA systems are identified, taking into account the wider institutional setting and co-evolution of different governance modes.

and organisational models of FTA) a conceptual frame is developed for analysis in the empirical part of this paper. 2. 1 The fast-changing context:

and organisational models of FTA In defining our conceptual framework, three ideal-type organisational models for FTA can be identified,

and strategies for, handling disruptive and structural transformations. 2. 4 Framework for analysis of FTA systems The three dimensions introduced in the previous sections constitute the conceptual framework for analysing the suitabiilit of different types of FTA systems

which raise quite different requirements for FTA systems as defined by the two other dimensions of our framework.

which constitutes the third dimension of the framework. In order to be able to respond to a transformation

which FTA is embedded and the organisational Table 2. Framework for analysis of FTA systems Dimensions Transformation types Organisational models of FTA Governance modes Sub-categories.

In this context, scenario work seems to allow fairly flexible frames for such overarching discussions, whereas a number of other methods are applied to develop future plans and action-oriented recommendations for decision-making.

This can address bottlenecks in the framework conditiion hampering the whole process from ideas to innovatiion6 Smart specialisation

Based on this, a framework of analysis was developed for tracing the evolution of FTA systems. Empirical research highlights a diversity of FTA APPROACHES and systems in practice,

2010)‘ Contribution to Developing voluntary guidelines on framework conditions for joint programming in research Foresight activities'(28 june 2010.

Analytical framework and empirical cases in Europe and beyond, VTT Technical research Centre of Finland Working papers 134,2009.

This large-scale global programmatic framework complemennte the World Climate Research programme of WMO. Characteristic of these global programmes later complemented by the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP), addressing the human dimensions,

and DIVERSITAS, addressing global biodiversity is that they provide a scientific framework with internationalll agreed scientific priorities.

For example, it has been carrying out a visioning exercise On earth systems research with a view to identifying a single strategic framework for global environmental change research and its policy relevance (ICSU 2010.

Following a foresight design framework outlined by Keenan and Miles (2008 these can be grouped as follows:.

This paper presents innovation policy roadmapping (IPRM) as a methodologgica framework for linking R&d results to systemic policy contexts and to forward-looking policy design.

a framework for forward-looking policy design 3. 1 Methodological background IPRM is an integrative method that combines the two cultures of roadmapping with a sensibility towards systemic aspects of socio-technical transformation.

IPRM can be compared to a transition management (TM) framework. TM was developed in The netherlands in the early 2000s (e g.

Thirdly, because IPRM is more of a process methodology than a generic societal frame the number of participants is limited.

of research and technology development to the systemic frame of policy-making. IPRM can be applied to forward-looking policy design in multiple ways.

The aim is to endorse the formation of policy conclusions based on an in depth understanding of the technological developments and their socioeconomic frameworks.

Population growth, especially in the form of immigration, sets the critical framework for the construction sector in Victoria.

Phaal, R. and Muller, G. 2009)‘ An architectural framework for roadmapping: Towards visual strategy',Technological forecasting & Social Change, 76:39 49.

Phaal, R.,Farrukh, C. J. P. and Probert, D. R. 2004)‘ Technology roadmapping a planning framework for evoluttio and revolution',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71:5 26.

For instance, in connection with joint programming (see Section 4. 3) six framework conditions have been defined:.peer review procedures. forward-looking activities. evaluation of joint programmes. funding of cross-border research. optimum dissemination and use of research findings. protection,

A survey among ERA NET participants under the Sixth Framework programme indicaate that the main activities other than joint calls/programmes that ERA NET participants engaged in, included:.

or become a replacement policy framework in some fields (e g. in the case of new EU Member States).

A draft research agenda, known as the Strategic research Framework (SRF) has been developed building upon and around four interconnected pillars,

Decomposition was facilitated by the framework for research sub-areas and by treating research areas and research themes as relevant‘units of analysis'that experts could assess with an internet-based decision support tool.

by developing a framework for the field of wood material science, consisting of four research areas and 23 sub-areas.

The argument for using foresight as an integrator of transnational programming functions pleads for giving a more promineen role to forward-looking activities as an integrator of other framework conditions.

JTIS make use of Framework Prograamm 7 support services such as the IPR Helpdesk(<www. ipr-helpdesk. org>accessed 15 march 2012)

single framework programme, multiple generic programmes, and multiple thematic programmes. 16. Optmat (2005) defines three types of dominant funding organisations:

2011)‘ Voluntary Guidelines on Framework Conditions for Joint Programming in Research 2010'.'Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union.

2011) External Evaluation of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (May 2011), Framework Contract on evaluation and related services (EAC 03/06), Final report on evaluation.<

2009)‘ Evaluation and impact assessment of the ERA NET scheme and the related ERA NET actions under the 6th Framework programme Volume 1:

OECD. Ooms, W. 2009)‘ EMIDA deliverable 4. 1 A framework for a durable Foresight & Programming unit, including terms of reference to develop a strategic research agenda dynamically,

Reid, A.,Miedzinski, M.,Bruno, N. and le Gars, G. 2007)‘ Synergies between the EU 7th Research Framework programme, the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework programme and the Structural Funds',Policy

The present paper draws on the experiences from the seventh European Framework programme horizon scanning project Scanning for Emerging science and Technology Issues (SESTI.

Horizon scanning typically builds on concepts such as weak or early warning signals within the framework of political discourse and decision-making.

In exploratory or curiositydriive scanning the analyst, with no specific framework or any potential emerging issues in mind

These methods can be mapped within a methodological framework (see Fig. 2). The focused expert review was mainly based on internet scanning with the use of search engines.

Following the framework of tools and methods presented in Fig. 2 certain combinations of methods can be created to provide a complete evaluation along the scanning process.

also driven by specific reference framework used in focused expert review. For literature review and selection of conferences same reference framework Verification method Cross-referencing with other articles Discussions with experts Discussions with experts;

conferences further outlook in literature Concepts and methods in horizon scanning. 217 Table 5. Analysis of three combined approaches across evaluation criteria (a) Semi-automated, participatory approach (b

In focused expert review ensured through application of specific referennc frame and associated selection criteria.

Methodological advances have been pursued, for instance, in the Framework programme 7 Blue sky Foresight projects on emerging issues that shape European science and technoloog (Amanatidou et al. 2012.

and anything that is related to substantial potential change'before he elaborates an alternative scanning framework that embodies concepts such as weak signals, drivers and trends.

In the RPM framework, the criterion-specific scores v j i for each issue j=1,,

Kuosa, T. 2010)‘ Futures signals sense-making framework (FSSF: A start-up tool to analyse and categorise weak signals, wild cards, drivers, trends and other types of informatiion'Futures, 42:42 8. Liesio, J.,Mild, P. and Salo,

cities and organisattions Even the New framework Programme‘Horizon 2020'will stress programmes that are based on‘social challenges'(European commission 2011:

and how Fraunhofer can best direct its strategic research towards solutions for some of the global challenges. 2. Framework:

Some researchers from different areas made use of these approaches and set‘megatrends'as a framework or a driver for their scenarios (Kolz et al. 2012 forthcoming.

The new version of the German‘hightech strategy'1 (Bundesministerium fu r Bildung und Forschung 2010) has defined needs-oriented fields (Bedarfsfelder in German) and key technologies as a frame

The specific challenges served as a framework for the second bottom-up, part of the process. Within a competitive call, institutes teamed up to develop technological solutions to the challenges in the form of collaborative project proposals.

This is necessary for acceptance. 4. 3 Dedicated projects to tackle the challenges The Fraunhofer challenges served as a framework for an internal competitive call.

For the first time, Fraunhofer used a topical framework for an internal funding programme. A necessary prerequisite for acceptance by the institutes is a sound and transparent method in selecting these topics.

the five challenges serving as a framework for the call had a very broad scope.

but system solutions seem to be the future framework for joint research programmes, not only at a European level but also at the Fraunhofer level.

The Framework programme for Research and Innovation, COM (2011) 808 final. Brussels: European commission. Glenn, J. C.,Gordon, T. J. and Florescu, E. 2009)‘ 2009 State of the Future;

Steinmu ller, K. 2011)‘ Wild Cards Preparing for the unpredicttable Wild cards in the framework of risk assessment and horizon scanning,

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