the development of service economies; and other developments such as rapid globalisation, and changing nature of demographical structures, cultural practices, environmental affairs and social services.''
These authors claim that an examination of this kind should draw on the relevant disciplines of social sciences and humanities (SSH), such as epistemology, political science, sociology, economics,
Unlike other disciplines, such as economics and business science, scenario planning is not very common In law. This kind of narrative exercise tends not to be very appealing to the legal mind,
and to facilitate better social, economic and political participation. Interestingly enough, the‘‘Participatory Platform will also craft populated virtual worlds very much like our real world,
and simulation techniques aimed at uncovering future societal, economic and environmental trends. Through the use of modelling instruments, legislators would
First, within a framework of tighter governmental budgets and stronger international competition, policy-makers involved in regulatory policies are being held more accountable for the significant economic resources,
complementing ex ante evaluations (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003. Ex ante impact assessment is required to check all possible impact dimensions
Rather than today's primarily‘‘reactive''work, according to which Law responds to observed economic trends and past societal events,
but also from an economic, political or a social perspective. PAGE 348 jforesight jvol. 14 NO. 4 2012 9. Given the rich insights, ideas and visions contained in the collected contributions,
and analyse the social, economic, legal, technological and ethical issues related to identity, privacy and security in the forecasted
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin. Beck, C. 2009),‘Predictive policing: what can we learn fromwal-Mart and Amazon about fighting crime in a recession?''
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin. Cagnin, C.,Keenan, M.,Johnston, R.,Scapolo, F. and Barre',R. Eds)( 2008), Future-oriented technology analysis:
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin. de Smedt, P. 2010),‘The use of impact assessment tools to support sustainable policy objectives in Europe'',Ecology and Society, Vol. 15 No. 4
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin. Kahn, H. and Wiener, A j. 1967), The Year 2000:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2003),‘Regulatory performance: ex post evaluation of regulatory policies'',Proceedings of the OECD Expert Meeting, September, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Porter, A l. and Cunningham, S w. 2005
), Tech Mining: Exploiting New technologies for Competitive advantage, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. Rader, M. 2001),‘Monitoring of technology assessment activities'',report by the European Science and Technology observatory Network, Seville.
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin. Rannenberg, K.,Royer, D. and Deuker, A. 2009), The Future of Identity in the Information society:
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin. Tu bke, A.,Ducatel, K.,Gavigan, J. P. and Moncada, P. Eds)( 2001), Strategic policy Intelligence:
and from the change in economic and societal patterns initiated by the almost ubiquitous usage of these technologies.
In the last years, in many countries due to economic and social pressures there is a shift of focus towards technologies that stimulate
or support economic growth, sometimes corresponding with the requirement to develop technologies that contribute to sustainable development (whatever the criteria for that might be).
or will contribute to economic prosperity and sustainable development (for an up-to-date and comprehensive overview see Ref. 3). On the other hand,
even the engineering and economic feasibility has not yet been clarified. What does that mean for the technology assessment of nanotechnology?
Nanomaterials show great economic potential e g. by substituting other materials or by making available new functionalities and thus enabling new products and creating new markets.
and the structural changes in technology, economy and society possibly initiated by them will have considerable consequences.
Michael Decker studied physics (minor subject economics. After receiving a Phd from the University of Heidelberg in 1995,
These invade both the qualitative and quantitative pieces of information that are joined to create outcomes for policy and management in all the STEEPV themes (Social, Technological, Economic, Ecology, Politics and Values and Norms.
Economic and social trends measure what used to be important and often miss things that will be important.
Although there may be cognitive and economic limitations, in this view, the levels of certainty and rationality could be increased by better evidence and knowledge,
In economics, Knight (1921) differentiated between two kinds of uncertainties. One he labelled as risk and the other as‘true'uncertainty.
as well as for characterising the limitations of evidence-based policy-making in innovation-intensive societies and economies.
he did this to add a historical and irreversible element in the prevailing equilibrium models in economic theory.
'Many innovation theorists since Schumpeter have focused on the economic aspect of innovattion More broadly, innovation is,
as the data are collected on categories that used to be important in the industrial economies and value production models of the twentieth century.
if we also assume that these societies are transforming towards knowledge societies where innovation is an important economic factor.
or economics are structurally unable to encompass ontological expansion and innovation. They should therefore be used with caution.
Notes 1. Uncertainty, of course, has been a central theme in much of economic theory since Knight. For a critical historical review of key contributions, see Mirowski (2009.
Journal of Evolutionary economics 15, no. 1: 3 50. Latour, B. 1996. Aramis, or the love of technology.
Economics, science, and knowledge: Polanyi vs. Hayek. Tradition & Discovery, The Polanyi Society Periodical XXV, no. 1: 29 42.
Why there is (as yet) no such thing as an economics of knowledge. In The Oxford handbook of philosophy of economics, ed. H. Kincaid and D. Ross, 99 156.
Oxford: Oxford university Press. Mokyr, J. 1990. The lever of riches: Technological creativity and economic progress.
Oxford: Oxford university Press. Nicolis, G, . and I. Prigogine. 1977. Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations.
The analysis of economic change. Reprinted from Review of Economic Statistics, May 2 10,1935. In Essays on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles and the evolution of capitalism, ed. R. V. Clemence, 134 49.
New brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Taleb, N. N. 2007. The black swan. Newyork: Random House. Thom, R. 1972.
These invade both the qualitative and quantitative information co-joined to create outcomes for policy and management in all the STEEPV (Social, Technological, Economic, Ecology, Politics andvalues and Norms) themes.
and more broadly artefacts, can blend together across the entire STEEPV (Social, Technological, Economic, Ecology,
challenges and opportunities and the relevance of knowledge for a particular situation More than future-oriented research Normative combining socio-techno-economic feasibility and scientific possibility to yield desirable outcomes
The ignorance economy. Prometheus 26, no. 4: December, 335 54. Roberts, J. 2012. Organizational ignorance:
such as the roadmaps on the hydrogen economy (Bakker, van Lente, and Meeus 2011). 3. 2. Force of expectations The case of Moore's Law is extreme,
The‘rational expectations'tradition in economics, for example, calculates the optimal forecast based on the‘reality'of expectations.
Sturken et al. 2004) like the‘electronic superhighway'in the 1990s or the‘hydrogen economy'of the last decade.
Eames (2006) and his colleagues have studied how the guiding vision of the hydrogen economy has lead to resistance.
Negotiating contested visions and place-specific expectations of the hydrogen economy. Technology analysis & Strategic management 18, nos. 3 4: 361 74.
Evolving foresight in a small transition economy. Journal of Forecasting 22, nos. 2 3: 179 201.
An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press. Porter, A. 2004. Technology futures analysis: Toward integration of the field and new methods.
Technology and economics, ed. N. Rosenberg, 104 19. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press. Rollwagen, I.,J. Hofmann,
matching environmental uncertainty Riccardo Vecchiato a a Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy Published online:
matching environmental uncertainty Riccardo Vecchiato*Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy This paper explores how strategic decision-makers select
these are the political, economic, ecological, societal, and technological (PEEST) landscapes that surrooun the business micro environment
while relatively accuraat in the short term, forecasting accuracy diminishes in the medium and long terms as political, economic, social,
where the recent financial and economic crisis has exacerbated structural problems of global overcapacity. In such a context, BASF's strategic foresight approach to investigating the evolution
by first taking into account the global economy and the overall chemical industry and subsequently elaborating regional and business scenarios in relation to each specific geographic and business area of the firm.
Macro forces and their likely evolution are described in BASF‘Global economy Scenarios',where econometric models elaborate basic data in both qualitative and quantitative terms,
Foresight activities address major trends and forces in the political, economic, infrastructural, social, and cultural landscapes which are likely to shape the future of the transport
economics, society, and politics. A relevant example has been the development of the‘Smart'car concept.
The foresight process then investigated the technical and economic feasibility of the concept, which the top management decided to endorse by establishing a new brand and a subsidiary start-up.
Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:03 03 december 2014 Strategic foresight 795 Notes on contributor Riccardo Vecchiato is Assistant professor at the Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering of Politecnico di Milano
In Future-oriented technology analysis, strategic intelligence for an innovative economy, ed. C. Cagnin, M. Keenan, R. Johnston, F. Scapolo,
Foresight in the knowledge economy, ed. H. Tsoukas and J. Shepherd, 1 19. London: Blackwell.
Value is translated still by an‘economic'bottom line and, in this context, is decoded in financial returns to shareholders based on operation efficiency and/or customers'and/or suppliers'/deliverers'engagement, with the ultimate goal of satisfying customers'needs.
In this paper, a new concept of networked sustainability (Cagnin 2005) is introduced as an evolution of the value Net value is redefined to be a triple-bottom-line balance of the creation of economic, environmental and social values to and by all actors within a business's network:
Cagnin 2005), namely social (S), spatial-technological (ST), economic (E), ecological (Ec), political (P) and values-norms (V)( acronym SSTEEPV.
with embedded FTA, to enable business networks 799 represented by a triple-bottom-line balance or the creation of economic, environmental and social values to and by all actors within the network.
and of the necessary means to ensure an alignment of economic, environmental and social performance along the network. 4. Management framework The proposed management framework emphasises the creative aspect of living systems where FTA is key to enable the kind of dialogue
spatial-technological, social, economic, environmmenta or ecological, political-institutional and cultural-values. Living systems share matter, information and energy with their external environments:
International Journal of Production Economics 78, no. 1: 29 35. Bezold, C.,C. Bettles, C. Juech, E. Michelson, J. Peck,
Future-oriented technology analysis strategic intelligence for an innovative economy. Heidelberg: Springer. Cagnin, C, . and T. Könnölä. Forthcoming. Global foresight:
and research outcomesdimensions of sustainability Institutional-Business activities Economic Environmental Social Political Spatial Cultural Strategy Principles and Values Visions Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed Proposed
In the end, it is about improving economic, social and environmental integrated performance, knowing that one depends and leverage on the other.
and the wider social settings (e g. geographical, organisational, political, economic, and ethical). In our model, the knowledge space that analyses these wider socio-technical constellations is the strategy space.
economy, health care, the production economy, and information security), on the layer of four Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway,
Huang a a School of management and Economics, Beijing Institute of technology, Beijing, China b Technology policy and Assessment Center, Georgia Institute of technology, Atlanta, GA,
Tingting Maa, Alan L. Porterb and Lu Huanga*aschool of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of technology, Beijing, China;
NEST analyses often concern economic opportunities, with significant concern to identify and mitigate potential‘unintennded indirect,
In the long term, we believe that general Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:05 03 december 2014 Text mining of information resources 849 Figure 2. TDS for DSSCS in the USA. economic forces will favour innovation
but the short-term global economic malaise has hit the solar cell market hard. Our assessment of the competitor solar cells finds that DSSCS currently hold a minuscule share of the market,
and influential environmental factors (e g. economy recovery act support for renewable energy development). Key reviewarticles helped us to understand the important componeent and players in this‘delivery system'.
Notes on contributors Ying Guo is a faculty member in the School of management and Economics, Beijing Institute of technology of China.
Lu Huang is a faculty member in the School of management and Economics, Beijing Institute of technology. Her specialty is science and technology management, particularly the study of technology forecasting and assessment.
Strategic intelligence for an innovation economy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-verlag. Chesbrough, H. W. 2006. Open innovation: A new paradigm for understanding industrial innovation.
and each country also has its own specific issues, for example rapid aging of the population or economic stagnation.
Securing our Economic growth and Prosperity''in 2011 (National Economic Council, 2011. The European commission released‘‘Innovation Union''as a flagship initiative in Europe 2020 (European commission, 2010.
and converging technologies focus on human performance or the social or economic dimension (National science Foundation, 2002,2005; European commission, 2004.
Driving Towards Sustainable growth and Quality Jobs, Executive Office of the President, National Economic Council, Office of Science and Technology policy, WASHINGTON DC.
National Economic Council (2011), Strategy for American Innovation: Securing our Economic growth and Prosperity, National Economic Council, Council of economic advisors, Office of Science and Technology policy, WASHINGTON DC.
National Institute of Science and Technology policy (2009),‘Emerging fields in science and technology for the 4th Science and Technology Basic Plan'',Research Material No. 168, National Institute of Science and Technology policy, Tokyo.
the identification of potential constraints that might stem from economical, technological or societal implications, an assessment of the relevance for basic education and advanced training as well as the consideration of ethical and legal aspects.
Drawing on the joint assessments of potential economic social and technological developments, elements for a coherent vision were created in the workshop by the experts.
and Technology policy-makers and politicians are keen to find an answer to the challenging question of where they should be investing their resources to produce economic, environmental and social dividends.
Economic competitiveness has been and remains a key objective of investment in research and innovation programmes.
an instrumental expectation that investments will address particular problem areas and boost economic competitiveness. It could be argued that the main narrative of EU Research,
Technological development and Innovation (RTDI) programmes hitherto has focused on economic competitiveness in an increasingly globalised business environment.
Although the focus on economic competitiveness is still important, it appears that there is now a new type of narrative of grand (societal) challenges.
It must tackle the overarching challenge of turning Europe into an eco-efficient economy''.''The Lund Declaration followed the work of an Expert Group Report on the European research area,
Global drivers and trends analysis. The first main phase of the exercise consisted of an initial analysis of global drivers and trends across the PESTLE categories (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legislative, and Environmental.
1. Global governance and political economy; 2. Social values; 3. Climate change; 4. Demographic pressures; 5. Mobility and transport;
For example, with the recent economic difficulties in Ireland clearly vexing participants in the exercise the challenge of developing a more resilient societal system was identified, with potential implications around social research on resilience,
Table III List of thematic groups, drivers and trends identified Theme Drivers and trends Global governance and political economy Rise of the BRICS Global trade falters The emergence of new
investment Smart travel Carbon taxes Transport market liberalisation versus environmental regulation Education and skills The knowledge economy ICT in education Social mobility and higher education Social
impact trends (identified by roundtable participants) Ten trends most likely to happen Ten highest impact trends Rise of BRICS Converging technologies Ageing populations Knowledge economy Global population
and wind) to deliver environmental and economic dividends? Increase the available options for renewable energy generation capacity Install advanced distribution networks with international connectivity Develop
and social science and their contribution to Ireland's society and economy Be more‘‘creative''by moving towards a stronger creative economy that combines arts/humanities
One grand challenge that emerged from the confluence of economic and geopolitical drivers and trends was the potential marginalisation of Ireland within multilateral frameworks:
it emerged as a grand challenge reflecting key uncertainties of senior decision-makers operating in a small state as it adapted to changing external conditions in economics and governance.
Many international organisations, including the European commission (2004a, b, 2003), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006), the United nations Industrial Development Organization (2007),
ISSN 1463-6689 DOI 10.1108/14636681311310132 Sergey Shashnov and Anna Sokolova are based at the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge,
However, the Russian economy still remains resource-oriented. Mining of natural resources generates more than 20 per cent of the total output,
which would contribute to increasing the growth rate of the economy, environmental safety and the competitiveness of Russian companies,
B improvement of the structure and increasing competitiveness of the Russian economy; and B contribution to Russia's national security, including environmental security.
B designing effective economic mechanisms for stimulating enterprises to decrease waste formation; and B increasing the efficiency of intersectoral interaction.
Also, major innovation projects were identified with the promise of high economic and social return. On the basis of this project recommendations for Russian S&t policy which include the most important research
PAGE 52 jforesight jvol. 15 NO. 1 2013 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006),‘Next generation networks:
and the proliferation of foresight activities among all sorts of economies can be observed. Also, the rule of foresight has changed from the previous explorative forecasting to more be come more oriented to strategic planning (Martin, 1995.
but also on their strategic importance in shaping the socioeconomic horizons of organizations and national economics.
i e. the NACE classification in order to facilitate their use by industrial economists and policy makers and to propose an explanation of the old structures/high performance paradox (Tichy, 1999;
There is long history in economics of the use of patent data to understand the process of invention and innovation (Griliches, 1990;
which can be used to generate clean energy the economic mass production of hydrogen, ''and‘‘Maximization of nuclear reactor safety/economic in operation, optimization of the new nuclear reactor design and efficiency of monitoring/lowering the risk by optimization and actively use of information technology''.
''The mapping distribution of the Delphi topics of China shows that about half of the important topics are interacted self (Figure 8;
VOL. 15 NO. 1 2013 jforesight jpage 71 Griliches, Z. 1990),‘Patent statistics as economic indicators:
a survey'',Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 1661-707. Grupp, H. and Linstone, H. A. 1999),‘National technology foresight activities around the globe:
Schmookler, J. 1966), Invention and Economic growth, Harvard university Press, Cambridge, MA. Shih, M. J.,Liu, D. R. and Hsu, M. L. 2010),‘Discovering competitive intelligence by mining changes in patent trends'',Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37
A, Ed. Corporate Financial center, Sl. 1112,70712-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil c Institute of Economics, Research centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H
such as social or economic structural transformations). Drivers of change and sudden disruptive transformations range from profound technological changes, emergence of new business models and major economic restructuring, environmental disruptions, to shifts in social norms, values and lifestyles.
Current and future economic, environmental and societal challenges, as well as their combination emerge from such transformations
and call for appropriate FTA ACTIVITIES to support and enable large entities such as nations and group of nations, businesses and other organisations,
though increasingly less so as economies and societies become more globalised. In this context, FTA can contribute not only to the steering of innovation systems,
They typically involve complex and systemic relationships within and between social, technological, economic, environmental, and value systems.
e g. climate changes, energy, water, use of other natural resources, migration induced by war and other conflicts, economic hardship,
Attila Havas (Phd, 1997) is a Senior Research fellow at the Institute of Economics Research centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (http://econ. core. hu/english/inst/havas. html),
and regional editor of the International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy. His academic interests are in economics of innovation theory and practice of innovation policy, and technology foresight.
In 1997 2000 he was the Programme Director of TEP, the Hungarian technology foresight programme. He has contributed to international research projects on STI policies, innovation,
e Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Higher School of economics, Moscow, Russia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, 2008.28 S w. Cunningham, T. E. van der Lei, Decision-making for new technology:
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 386 397 32 D. Rossetti di Valdalbero, The Power of Science economic research and European decision-making:
Cornell University, 1979.55 T. Lawson, Developments in economics as realist social theory, Rev. Soc. Econ. 405 (1996) 422.56 W. K. Olsen, Triangulation in social research:
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, 2008.71 R. Cameron, Mixed methods research: the five ps framework, Electron.
He has masters in business economics and in marketing, and has worked previously in innovation policy, regional economic policy, project management and market research.
He has been involved in a diversity of European-wide research projects (the most recent one on Visions for the European research area)
She is an economist by training and holds a Phd from the London School of economics and Political science in the field of Economic geography.
He contributed to several ex-ante and ex-post Impact assessment studies of FP programmes and activities in the fields of Environment, Bio-based economy and Socioeconomic sciences and humanities.
Professor Alexander Sokolov is Deputy Director of the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge and Director of the International foresight Centre at the Higher School of economics (HSE) one of the most prominent national research universities
School of management and Economic, Beijing Institute of technology, Beijing 100081, PR China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history:
Technology life cycle Patent Indicator Cathode ray tube Thin film transistor liquid crystal display Nano-biosensor 1. Introduction The rapidly changing economic environment
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berllin, 2008, pp. 149 162.7 W. L. Nolte, B c. Kennedy, R. J. Dziegiel, Technology readiness level calculator
Tingting Ma is a Ph d. candidate of School of management & Economics at Beijing Institute of technology. Wenping Wang is a Ph d. candidate of School of management & Economics at Beijing Institute of technology.
Lu Huang is a faculty member in the School of management and Economics, Beijing Institute of technology. Her specialty is science and technology management, particularly the study of technology forecasting and assessment.
She is focusing on a research on emerging science and technology topics. 407 L. Gao et al./
are useful metaphors in the realm of economics, business and technology assessment. But few people realize that the inverse is also a common usage:
what has delayed the entrenching of evolutionary economics as a powerful alternative to other current economic models.
Mainstream economics still has strong objections to the application of pure Darwinian principles in the working of agents in the socioeconomic realm.
Evolutionary arguments in economics, as in biology, originally took purely verbal forms, and it was only with considerable delay that more mathematical (algorithmically based) arguments
The mathematical tools that began to be employed in economics (as well as in technological forecasting) starting in the 1970s had been developed by mathematical biologists in the 1920s
Moreover, Modis 11 has demonstrated the complete equivalence between the learning curves (exponential decaying) used in economy of scale (dlearning by doingt) and the logistic (S-shaped) curves.
More recently, Devezas and Corredine 12 proposed a generalized diffusion-learning model to explain the succession of long waves in the techno-economic world,
or the unfolding of economic phenomena (in small or worldwide scale) is not a matter of simple metaphorical comparisons.
and complexity, are the currency of contemporary economic and scientific debates. Everyone knows intuitively what they are,
that are restricted more or less to economics, business or politics (as in the case of globalization) or restricted to more scientific discussion rounds (the case of complexity),
This terminus was proposed first in 1777 by the German economist Johannes Beckman (in his opus beinleitung zur Technologie oder zur Kenntnis der Handwerke, Fabriken und Manufakturenq) as science
demotion and rise of evolutionary concepts in economics It is well known the fact that the social sciences after experiencing an initial thrust from evolutionary concepts at the turn of 19th to 20th centuries have insisted historically in ignoring Darwinian ideas.
Economics, in some ways the most ambitious of the social sciences, progressively abandoned biology and adopted physics as its model natural science.
Social scientists, and particularly economists, have T. C. Devezas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1137 1152 1145 never correctly realized that Darwin in his second
But during the last two decades we have seen a growing interest in evolutionary ideas among economists.
This upswing in evolutionary economics was in great part due to the renewed interest in the discussion on long waves in economics during the last two decades
which otherwise open the way to the revival of Joseph Schumpeter's ideas of a evolutionary global economy driven by the clustering of basic innovations
and dcreative destructiont of older ones during economic depressions (for a review on this topic see Devezas-Corredine, Ref. 12).
However, the basic ideas underlying evolutionary economics are still a matter of considerable controversy. Among the main objections we can find for instance:
but as demonstrated in a recent article published by Geoffrey Hodgson 20 in the Journal of Evolutionary economics,
but economics should not be abandoned to biology. There are the missing pieces I have mentioned in this paper (see further discussion in the next section)
Campbell forcefully reintroduced Darwinian ideas to social sciences (economics as well), after a lapse of almost a half century after the initial thrust commented on in point 1. Basically he suggested that Darwinism contained a general theory of the evolution of all complex systems,
the persistent opposition of mainstream economics to Darwinian concepts as applied to socioeconnomi systems, mainly caused by misinformation and non-acquaintance with the basic assumptions of Universal Darwinism;
, An Evolutionary theory of Economic Change, Beknap of Harvard university Press, Boston, 1982.17 G. Baslalla, The Evolution of Technology, Cambridge university Press, 1988.18 H. Sachsse, Anthropologie der Technik
, Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1978.19 J. Mokyr, Evolutionary Phenomena in Technological change, in Ref. 15.20 G. M. Hodgson, Darwinism in economics:
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