Policy learning is also a major issue in evolutionary economics of innovation 27 29. Early applications of adaptive policies are also found in the field of environmental management 30,31,
different technologies Initial costs Initial investment cost of new capacity of a particular technology Parametric Varying between €500, 000 and €10 million per MW Economic growth Economic growth
and the third region is determined by uncertainties related to economic growth and expected progress. 3. 2. 3. Contingency planning To redesign
Thismeans that the defensive action developed for the second region served its purpose by steering the commissioning toward Technologies 3 and 4. The third region shows that certain combinations of economic growth factors
Each of the economic growth parameters indicated in the third region corresponds to the value of economic development for ten years
Although it is difficult to interpret the combination of these economic growth parameters, one could conclude that certain combinations of these parameters hinder the breakthrough of new technologies.
a possible corrective action could be to partly decouple the adoption of new technologies from the economic cyclewith the help of subsidies and additional commissioning of newtechnologies.
The economic action is successful in promoting sustainable technologies and increasing the total fraction after the first 10 years (around 2020).
The recent financial and economic woes have rekindled a wider interest in approaches for handling uncertainty.
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin, 2008, pp. 1 13.20 L. Albrechts, Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined,
Gloucestershire, 2006.28 A. Faber, K. Frenken, Models in evolutionary economics and environmental policy: towards an evolutionary environmental economics, Technol.
Forecast. Soc. Change 76 (2009) 462 470.29 L. K. Mytelka, K. Smith, Policy learning and innovation theory:
making use of recent insights from sociology and economics of technology, Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 7 (1995) 417 431.50 J. W. Forrester, Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1961.51 J. D. Sterman, Business Dynamics:
Applied interests include economic-financial crises, climate change and energy system transitions, and inter/national safety and security. 418 C. Hamarat et al./
and analysis Various scientific fields including the environmental sciences, transportation research, economics, and the political sciences, are involved in providing model-based decision support.
Institutional change driven by liberalization, changing economic competitiveness of the dominant fuels, new technologies, and changing end-user preferences regarding electricity supply are some examples of these developments.
and are major drivers of regional and national economies. Their long-term planning is therefore of crucial importance 36.
Institutional change driven by liberalization, changing economic competitiveness of the dominant fuels, new technologies, and changing end-user preferences regarding electricity supply are some examples of these developments.
Concurrerende en duurzame luchtvaart voor een sterke economie Air Transport White paper Competitive and Sustainable Air Transport for a Strong Economy, 2009.39 FAA, Upgraded FAA
Received 4 july 2011 Received in revised form 24 june 2012 Accepted 23 august 2012 Available online 11 november 2012 In recent years, accelerated by the economic and financial crisis,
Today's grand challenges from climate change to unemployment and poverty go beyond economic and social policies 9. Grand challenges are interrelated usually
just as economies, and governments deal with international scientific developments in different ways through the policies they pursue 14.
The recent economic crisis reminds us of the importance of mobilizing science, technology and innovation not solely for generating economic benefits,
The concept of national innovation systems is rooted in evolutionary economic theorizing on socio-technical change 33 35.
For instance, Hekkert et al. 40 highlight that stimulating knowledge flows (alone) is not sufficient to induce technological change and economic performance.
For instance, there is a wide acceptance that the disconnection between economic growth and well-being is increasing. At the same time innovation has become one of the main engines of growth.
A decade ago, the question addressed how to maximize the contribution of such technologies to economic innovation with the intention of enhancing competitiveness 1, 2. Today,
In contrast to many other developed economies where technology foresight is used to support strategic decision-making, national-level technology foresight studies are seen not as a prominent activity in the science
from NGOS, from the physical and biological sciences, engineering, medicine, social sciences, economics, and philosophy. The report included insights from US experts in the field, examinations of lessons learned,
application-driven research will produce new scientific discoveries and economic optimization leading to new technologies and industries.
but focus predominantly on economic issues and impacts. The BMBF commissioned several forecasting studies on nanotechnology-related fields starting in the early 1990s.
and Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWI). 449 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 In this later stage, heterogeneous stakeholders beyond the actors of the early established nano-policy networks
Driven innovation economic model Novel Classic Innovator'sworking conditions Temporary Stable Idea generation mode Controlled Random The size of the bubble represents how many of the selected signals conform to a specification.
In subsequent phases of the INFU project, the findings were assessed by actors from various stakeholder groups with respect to impacts for society, economy and ecosystems 29.
The INFU visions gave rise to fundamental discussions among stakeholders regarding possible cultural transitions, new economic principles,
a hybrid strategic scenario method, Futures 39 (4)( 2007) 341 362.3 European commission, Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
Eco-innovation Putting the EU on the Path to a Resource and Energy efficient Economy, 2009.9 J. Tidd, J. Bessant, K. Pavitt, Managing Innovation:
and the knowledge economy, MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 78 (September October 1999) 129 141.12 I. Miles, Innovation In services, Oxford university Press, New york, 2005.13 G. Mulgan, R. Ali, R. Halkett
In the current less stable economic, political and social environment it is possible to apply such a lens to the preceding two or three decades.
A further keynote highlighted the rise to prominence of the Brazilian economy, and by implication wider changes in the world economic order.
Taking the conference as a whole, regularly used keywords emphasised discontinuities with a discourse around grand challenges, transformations and disruptive change while references to adaptation and alignment hinted at strategies for coping Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 467 470 Corresponding author at:
Largely conceived in the light of market failure arguments that sat comfortably with the neoliberal economic paradigm,
whether the luxury of this accumulation can survive the cold economic winds that are causing many European Governments to cut spending
and technology are making the greatest possible contribution to economic prosperity, public health, environmental quality, and national security.
Future-oriented technology analysis Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.5 J. Cassingena Harper, K. Cuhls, L. Georghiou, R. Johnston, Future-oriented technology analysis as a driver of strategy and policy, Technol.
philanthropy or economic necessity, in: Plenary Address to European commission Innovation Convention, 2011.8 L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper and F. Scapolo op cit. 9 L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper
936.11 European commission, Communication from The Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic And Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Horizon 2020 The Framework programme for Research and Innovation, Brussels, 30.11.2011 COM
Her research interests are foresight and STI policy with a particular emphasis on small and transition economies.
In a discussion of the use of the concept of systems thinking in foresight, Saritas distinguishes between external and internal context 6. The external context is the set of STEEPV factors (Social, Technological, Economical, Environment, Political
which were, in effect, the world's four largest economies at that time 7. In opposition to this focus,
Section 3 contains background information on the Danish economy and culture including (a) the Danish position between liberal and coordinated market economies,
In an influential book‘Varieties of capitalism'23 the political economists Hall and Soskice distinguish between Liberal Market economies (LME) and‘Coordinated Market economies (CME.
First, due to the dense economic and social relationships between public and private organisations, participatory and consensus seeking approaches have more appeal to policy makers than deep, scientific expert analysis of available knowledge.
This landscape includes local economic, political and sociocultural contexts that might differ from region to region.
the studies did not foresee the oil crises and the economic crises of the 1970s, and this gave such analyses a rather negative reputation among economists and planners in government.
Second, Denmark‘s tradition of basing policy decisions on analyses of available knowledge is weak.
economy and society with the aim of identifying technologies which may have economical and/or societal significance''29.
and the Minister on Economics and Business affairs served as Vice-chairman of the Globalisation Council. The latter also held the position as Vice-Prime minister in the twopaart coalition government.
and after each meeting, a press conference was held by the Prime minister and the Minister of Economics and Business affairs (chairman and vice-chairman of the Globalisation Council, respectively.
In light of the Globalisation Council's work, in April 2006, the government presented an overall strategy for Denmark in the global economy:‘
‘Progress, Innovation and Cohesion Strategy for Denmark in the Global economy'31. The Globalisation Strategy had 14 focus areas.
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 163 169.5 E. Eriksson, K. Weber, Adaptive foresight:
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 1 13.13 L. B. Rasmussen, Interactive scenario analysis, in:
Denmark in the Global economy, Working papers, vol. 18, International Center For Business and Politics, Copenhagen Business school, 2005.26 R. Popper, How are selected foresight methods?
Strategy for Denmark in the Global economy Summary, The Danish Government, Copenhagen, 2006.32 OECD-DASTI Horizon scan, 2007.33 Teknologisk Institut, Evaluering af Forsk2015.
For instance, possible future economic issues can be related to social and technological issues, while (local and national) governments are organised often along these thematic pillars.
(Limburg, One Generation Further. 4 Scenarios on Demographics, Economy and the Environment), Maastricht, 2006.18 Provincie Limburg, Provinciaal Omgevingsplan Limburg.
Examples range from the European commission through the Framework programmes and its Joint research Centre, the OECD through its International Futures Programme, UNIDO through its Technology foresight Initiative, the Asian-Pacific Economic cooperation (APEC) Centre for Technology foresight, the UK Foresight
and related interconnected systems (e g. social, technological, economic, environmental, political, value, cultural, among others) 6. Managers of international exercises must also take into account the distinctiveness of local, regional and national subsysstem around the world.
dissemination activities Industry Different economic sectors representing IMS region, including roadmapping group Formal Interviews, mutual learning workshops, online surveys, wiki platform, website, dissemination activities Personal contacts and Internet Informal Online surveys, wiki platform, website
Future-oriented technology analysis Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer-verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008.11 T. Ko nno la, K. Haegeman, Embedding foresight in transnational research programming, Science and Public policy 39
and was done together with the European Techno-Economic policy Support (ETEPS) Network. This International Seminar was founded on the success of the joint EU US Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) that was organised by JRC-IPTS in 2004.
Nonetheless, there was a push to extend concepts and theoretical insights from these areas to a larger variety of social sciences and humanities disciplines, such as epistemology, political science, sociology, economics
and a continuing reassessment of relationships with the private sector and the innovation-related Knowledge Economy agenda (e g. through third stream activities.
studied sociology, psychology, political science and economics. Senior researcher at the Institute for Technology assessment and Systems analysis (ITAS) of the Research centre Karlsruhe, joined ITAS'forerunner AFAS in 1979 and has worked
Former member of the Executive Committee of the European Science and Technology observatory (ESTO network) and of the Scientific Steering committee of The European Techno-Economic policy Support Network (ETEPS.
(i) anticipation of the drivers and weak signals of change with the intention of being prepared for whatever might follow from the ongoing and future social, economic and political mayhem with a rich understanding of systems, their history and possible futures,(ii) analysis of different stakeholder perspectives
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer-verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 71 87.5 R. Smits, S. Kuhlmann, The rise of systemic instruments in innovation policy, International Journal of Foresight
Future-oriented technology analysis Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Heidelberg, 2008.40 C. Cagnin, E. Amanatidou, M. Keenan, Orienting EU innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play, Science
1 The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Innovation-Oriented Research program‘Integral Product Creation and Realization (IOP IPCR)' of The netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation.
service or system 24, has long been considered a driving force behind economic growth 25. For a long time, internal R&d capabilities were associated closely with innovativeness.
and the aggregate production function, Review of Economics and Statistics 39 (1959) 312 320.26 W. M. Cohen, D. A. Levinthal, Absorptive capacity:
HE RECENT ONSET OF CRISES AND challenges ranging from climate change, finanncia and economic downturns, to security threats highlight a rising need to incorporate more forward-looking approaches into the decisionmakkin processes of public and private organisations and stakeholders all around the world.
and applying foresight methodologies in the EU. He has a masters degree in business economics and in marketing,
and has worked previously in innovation policy, general economic policy and market research. Dr Jennifer Cassingena Harper is the director of policy within the Malta Council for Science and Technology with responsibility for national research and innovation strategy and foresight.
and application of the ways that science and technology contribute to economic and social development, of the possibilities for managing research and technology more effectively,
and of the new roles for innovation in the global knowledge economy. Table 1. Future-oriented technology analysis methods (Scapolo and Porter, 2008) Families of methods Sample methods Creativity approaches Theory of Inventive Problem solving (TRIZ), future workshops, visioning Monitoring and intelligence
Decker and Ladikas, 2004) Valuing/decision-aiding/economic analyses Cost-benefit analysis, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) and scorecard analyses (Sripaipan, 2006), analytical hierarchy process, data envelopment analysis, multicriteria decision analyses Combinations Scenario-simulation (gaming),
and supported by Agriculture Canada and the Smart Economy Project. Damrongchai et al. describe an appropriate mix of foresight methods that was applied in a research projeec of the Asia-pacific Economic cooperation aiming to better understand the complexity of emerging infectious diseases (EID.
The methods combined bibliometric analysis, an online survey and a scenario building in order to better understand the factors involved in the initiation and spread of emerging diseases.
In Future-Oriented Technology Analysiis Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, C Cagnin, M Keenan, R Johnson, F Scapolo and R Barré (eds..
Strateegi Intelligence for an Innovative economy, C Cagnin, M Keenan, R Johnson, F Scapolo and R Barré (eds..
such as the Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs (DEFRA) in the UK (DEFRA, 2006), the Ministry of Economic Affairs of The netherlands (Ministerie van Economische Zaken, 1998), The french Department of Transport
if they focus on security, environment or the economy. Horizon scanning on the national level, across all policy areas (including S&t opportunities) is a receen development
economy and finance (including its governance; environment (ecological; and politics and public services. Although some issues could be placed in two or even three categories,
A Table 2. Subcategories Society S&t Economy and finance Environment (ecological) Politics, government, public services Social values S&t reflection Market Hydrosphere Legitimacy-democracy
system NBIC Educational system Nanotech and science Agri-food supply ICT mathematics Infrastructures Mathematics Armed forces ICT Geology Engineering Economics Chemistry Biology
and education S&t development Economical context/finance Economics Economy Physical environment Environment Nature Resources Political, administrative and legal Public services Politics State Global Joint horizon scanning Science and Public policy February 2010 11 first discussion with this network was held
not only in the economic and environmental sense, but also in different other societal value dimensions (health, longevity, human rights, social cohesion, law-based democratic society, international relations etc.).
economic financial dimension: economic quality (basis for other dimensions but also welfare creatiion luxury, leisure, distribution of wealth) social quality (social cohesion in the present and in the future, eliminating poverty, mental health of (futuure citizens;
governmental dimension: juridical and democratic quality (rule and policy basis to realise other dimenssions constitutional state,
and Innovation that aims to promoot research and innovation of a high international standard for the benefit of Danish society, facilitating development in economic,
scans Society 18.5 22.4 7. 5 15.6 S&t 16.4 8. 8 15.1 13.7 Economy/finance 21.2 21 6 18.9 20.5 Environment
to our potential to change our way of living (behaviour) and to the geopolitical developpment (energy demand of developing giant economies and tensions about distribution of scarce resources).
UK government, 2006, Horizon scanning and Futures Team, Sciennc Economics and Statistics DG, 2006. Looking back at looking forwards, Next steps for Horizon scanning and Futurres DEFRA 2006.
Michael Friedewald and K Matthias Weber This paper discusses the approach adopted to carry out a techno-economic foresight on the creative content industries, within the European Perspectives on the Information society project.
HE INFORMATION AND communication technologies (ICT) sector accounted for about 5%of the size of the European economy and 3%of total employment in 2005 (Turlea et al.
2009) about 5%of the size of the European economy and 3%of total employment in 2005 (Turlea et al.
) In the period 2000 2003 this sector contributte to more than 25%of Europe's productivity growth, making it the leading sector in the EU econoom both in terms of labour productivity (almost twice the whole economy average
thus contributing most to the development of the EU knowledge economy. At the same time creativity is a key driver of growth
The growing adoption of ICT is having a momentous impact on all areas of the economy,
we preseen our methodology, analysing its most important Fabienne Abadie is a scientific officer at the Joint research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies workiin on techno-economic foresight studies and the impact of ICTS on the Information society.
In our case, these were mainly sub-dimensions of two sustainability dimensions, namely of the‘sociial and the‘economic'ones.
However, the uncertainntie over the direction of change and the radically different consequences this could have on social and economic sustainability of the sector in Europe made it impossible after the analysis stage to draw any initiia conclusions upon
resulting in a set of 36 uncertain issues and open questions in six thematic blocks (see Table 1). Experts were asked to assess the importance of each thesis in different dimensions (economic, scientific, society,
like the growing importance of Asian economies and their attitude to creative content; European lifestyles,
and technoloogica characteristics (e g. magnitude of sunk costs) that determine economic relations in the creatiiv content sector, on the one hand,
The economic framework (competitive markets and entrepreneurialism vs. oligopolistic and‘walled off'markets) and social values (positive public attituud of potential users towards and high demand for new creative content products and services vs. negatiiv public attitude and lack of demand
Finally, the creative content sector foresight becaam a particular challenge because of the high degrre of uncertainty in all (technological, economic, social and structural) dimensions,
and representatives interviewed incluuded Forfas in Ireland, the National Institute for S&t policy (NISTEP) in Japan, the Asia-pacific Economic cooperation (APEC) Center for Technoloog Foresight in Thailand, Finnsight 2015 (encompasssin a mix of Nokia
future fuels for APEC economies; animal health; bio-health innovattio and stewardship, and future professional readiness for physicians and veterinarians.
economic or scientific impacts that you believe can be attributte to a national foresight program? Please review our proposed list of countries/individuals chosen for our direct survey.
What is the relationship of foresight to governmeen policy and economic decision-making structures? What is the foresight funding model?
Table 5. Foresight objectives Main objective Sub-objectives Increase societal and economic well-being Economic growth and national competitiveness Societal well being, covering social, environmental, cultural
and economic factors Identification of solutions to problematic areas. need-driven) Understanding the interaction between technology and the society.
and supported by APEC, through active co-operation of Thailand and other APEC member economies,
bio-economy and enabling technologies convergence were completed that could have influenced the policy agenda had there been a policy receptor most of these having been displaced by a highly centralized politically managed priorities exercise
Sripaipan This paper presents a future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) project on the control and management of emerging infectious diseases (EID) in the Asia-pacific Economic cooperation region.
and bioterrorism that impacts the economy, environment, and public health. More technically, dealing with biosecurity can be considered in terms of informatiio generation and collection, information managemment information analysis,
economics and climatology supported by statistics and mathematics. The mechanisms of animal human transmission need input from medicine and veterinary medicine coupled to virology, bacteriology, mycology and parasitology.
Approximattel 60 experts from over ten APEC economies who covered many disciplines and sectors, discussed the preliminary result of the project
and beyoond Thirty three experts from seven economies met in Thailand in February 2007 to develop scenarios for the future of EID in the Asia-pacific region.
The structure of the roadmaps used in this study is shown in Figure 3. Two roadmapping workshops were organized in Tokyo in Japan on 22 24 may (42 experts from nine economies) 2007 and in Taipei, Chinese Taipei
on 24 26 october 2007 (41 experts from eight economies. Experts discussed the future changes in medical requirements in each research domain, the types of supporting technologies needed,
Results and policy impact/implications Scenarios and EID life cycle model The scenario workshop listed key drivers for EID in the areas of social, technology, economics, environmeent and politics (STEEP.
The economic consequences are severe with businesses unable to operate. Tourism has plummeete and retailers are facing bankruptcy.
Mysterious death Mysterious deaths were occurring in almost every economy around the world. 5000 people were reported to have been infected by the virus. The death rate was low
It is hoped that eventually the outcome of this project will assist developing APEC member economies
technical, social, economic and political Ownership and sharing of biological material Long-term budget system for EID technology development and deployment, APEC‘Centers of Excellence'APEC collaboration projects
and diagnosis center for infectious diseases among APEC economies. This proposed center could be used as a hub of the network,
Therefoore this initiative could provide a great benefit among APEC member economies as it would estabblis strong partnerships within APEC
so that decision-makers in each member economy of the APEC could invest in their R&d programs
However, the applicatiio of these new technologies in developing economies needs to be undertaken with great care, recognizing that there are major infrastructural, cultuura and social differences.
and there is a need for further action by individual economies and by APEC itself as a coordinating body to ensure that the region is prepared adequately for the outbreaks of EID that will inevitably occur in the future.
This project was funded by the Asia-pacific Economic Cooperaatio (APEC) and the National science and Technology Developmmen Agency Ministry of Science and Technology, Royal Thai government.
APEC Leaders'Declaration, APEC, 2006. 14th APEC Economic Leaders'Meeting, Ha Noi Declaration, Ha Noi, Viet nam, 18 19 november 2006.
The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre and Every Business a Stage. Boston, MA: Harvard university Press.
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, C Cagnin, M Keenan, R Johnston, F Scapolo and R Barré (eds.
As such, it T Spyros Arvanitis is at KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
Nora Sydow is at the Economic Research Department, Credit suisse, 8070 Zurich, Switzerland; Email: nora. sydow@creditsuiissecom;
The underlyyin justification for public policies to support innovaatio is provided by the economic argument that otherwise the private sector would invest less in innovaativ activities than is socially desirable.
) This tradition is based on a wide Spyros Arvanitis is a senior researcher at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute and a lecturer in economics at the ETH Zurich.
He is head of the research section on innovation economics at the KOF. Dr Arvanitis holds a doctorate in economics from the University of Zurich and a doctorate in chemistry from the ETH Zurich.
He has published extensivvel on the economics of innovation, technology diffusion, determinants of the performance of firms,
and market dynamics. Luarent Donzé has been an associate professor at the Univerrsit of Fribourg, Switzerland since 2002.
Before this appoinntmen he was a senior researcher at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute at the ETH Zurich.
He teaches and researrche on statistics and econometrics, especially on measures of economic inequality, the construction and maintenance of panels of firms,
Nora Sydow has been at the Economic Research Departmeen of Credit suisse since 2008. Before this appointment she was a researcher at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute at the ETH Zurich and responsible for the KOF Enterprise Panel.
She holds a master's degree from the University of St gallen, Switzerland. Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 65 consensus not only among political actors but also among organizations representing business interests.
According to the results of The swiss Economic Survve (Arvanitis et al. 2007), less than 10%of Swiss firms perceive a lack of public R&d promotion to be a strong,
%Both the distribution among industries and among firm size classes seem to be in accordance with the policy pursued by the CTI of promoting mainly small-and medium-sized enterprises in all sections of the economy;
8 an ordinal measure of the economic importance of the introduced product and process innovations;
With one exception(‘importance of introduced innovations from an economic point of view';‘'‘nearest neighbour'method) we found that the subsidized firms showed a significantly higher 0 1(,)N N A b W i j C D)}
introduced innovations from a technical point of view*Yes Yes Yes Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic point of view*No Yes Yes Yes Percentage reduction of average variable production costs due to process innovation Yes Yes Yes Yes Sales of significantly improved
from a technical point of view*Yes Yes Yes Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic point of view*No No No No Percentage reduction of average variable production costs due to process innovation Yes Yes Yes Yes Sales of significantly improved
For one innovation variable(‘importtanc of introduced innovations from an economic point of view')we could not find any significant effect,
This does not mean that higher subsidies cannot generate (additioonal economic success: according to our results the larger the subsidy (in relative terms), the larger the impact effect for a series of indicators that measure the economic success of innovation (sales shares of products with different grades of innovativeeness reduction
in costs. More detailed results in terms for figures for each innovation measure and each method can be found in Tables A7 A10 in the Appendix.
This could be shown by four different matching methods (with the exception of the nearest neighbour method for the indicator‘importance of introduced innovations from an economic point of view'.
if an amount of about CHF60 million in 2004 (meanwhile CHF100 150 million of additional R&d support per annum) could have a discernible impact on an economy that invested about CHF19 billion in R&d in 2004.
point of view*3. 34 (0. 03) 3. 44 (0. 05) 3. 75 (0. 06) 0. 31 (0. 08) Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
point of view*3. 34 (0. 03) 3. 36 (0. 02) 3. 75 (0. 06) 0. 39 (0. 06) Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
point of view*3. 34 (0. 03) 3. 39 (0. 02) 3. 75 (0. 06) 0. 36 (0. 06) Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
from an economic point of view*3. 36 (0. 03) 3. 46 (0. 01) 3. 65 (0. 06) 0. 19 (0. 06) Yes Percentage reduction
test level 10%)Difference of the difference of the means (column 3-column 2) Importance of introduced innovations from a technical point of view*0. 42 Yes 0. 18 Yes Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
test level 10%)Difference of difference of means (column 3-column 2) Importance of introduced innovations from a technical point of view*0. 46 Yes 0. 33 Yes Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
test level 10%)Difference of the difference of means (column 3-column 2) Importance of introduced innovations from a technical point of view*0. 39 Yes 0. 30 Yes Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
test level 10%)Difference of difference of means (column 3-column 2) Importance of introduced innovations from a technical point of view*0. 40 Yes 0. 31 Yes Yes Importance of introduced innovations from an economic
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Economic welfare and the allocation of resources to invention. In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, R Nelson (ed.).Princeton, NJ:
Economics of Innovation and New technology, 9 (2), 111 148. Caliendo, M and R Huber 2005.
The economics and econometrics of active labour market programmes. In Handbook of Labour Economics, A Ashenfelter and P E Todd (eds.
pp 1865 2097. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Jaffe, A b 2002. Building programme evaluation into the design of public research-support programmes.
The simple economics of basic scientific reseaarch Journal of Political economy, 67 (3), 297 306. OECD 2006a.
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