He is now at the Government Information technology Services, National science and Technology development Agency, 17th Floor, Bangkok Thai Tower Building, 108 Rangnam Rd, Phayatthai Ratchatewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
and the US for a number of years followed by administration of industrria research and of government science and technology (S&t) in Australia.
He retired from the service of the Australiia government in 1993 and has held academic posts in Canberra and Melbourne in the S&t policy area since then.
In Thailand, Ram Rangsin, a Thai medical expert, has been conducting a project on developing policy recommenddation of the EID surveillance system for the Thai government.
and has provided policy recommendations to the Thai government (Rangsin, 2009). Conclusion Bibliometric analysis and scenarios have been used to study the factors involved in initiation and spread of EID within the framework of the EID life cycle model.
This project was funded by the Asia-pacific Economic Cooperaatio (APEC) and the National science and Technology Developmmen Agency Ministry of Science and Technology, Royal Thai government.
Microsoft, Concentra and i-City) and the IBBT, founded by the Flemish Government in 2004 to stimulate innovation in the ICT domain.
In a comparison of industrialized countries only Japan and Luxembourg show a comparably low percentage of government financing for R&d (OECD
Japan Government-sponsored cooperrativ R&d projects organized by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (1983 1989) 226 Selection correction:
The effectiveness of government promotion of advanced manufacturing technologiie (AMT: an economic analysis based on Swiss micro data.
Government R&d funding and Company Behavioour Measuring Behavioural Additionality. OECD: Paris. OECD 2006b. OECD Reviews of Innovation policy:
Evaluation of government-sponsored R&d consortia in Japan. In Policy Evaluation in Innovation and Technology Towards Best Practices, pp 225 253.
The effects of government industry R&d programmes on private R&d: The case of the Small Business Innovation research Programme.
while the effort committed to advancing FTA as an adaptive tool (assisting governments to plan for incremental change) have been useful,
These are driving governments and businesses to shift FTA ACTIVITIES from individual large-scale foresight programmes and projects,
but also with the whole apparatus of government. The emergence of the communication capacities of social networking technologies is itself providing a challenge to existing systems,
is via a much more systematic embedding of FTA within government. In fact, FTA can provide safe spaces for new ideas to emerge
Its inception was part of government efforts to promote science, technology and innovation (ST&I) develoopmen in Brazil in order to advance economic growth, competitiveness and well-being.
It is considdere to be an interface organization in the ST&I environmment having responsibility for articulating the views of the government, private sector and academia,
C. C. Nehme et al. medium-and long-term, in organizations, government structures and their many links and relationships.
and involving government at several levels, the private sector and academic organizations. Beside the fact that the strategic foresight methodologgica approach adopted in this paper will be presented later
decision-makers mainly those from the government tend to consider themselves confident enough to start making decisions.
demands may be associated with innovation, competitiveness, long-term government planning, subsidies to S&t public policies, and the future of complex themes, such as climate change, demography, biodiversity, bioethanol, energy efficiency etc.
It is absolutely fundamental that complex ST&I issues are translated into the language of government officers,
In the second block (see Fig. 1‘Topic selection'),the correct identification of the subject and its interacttio with other studies and government activities
A critical factor for success is that scientists understand the behavior of government officers and representatives of the private sector,
the government's multi-year budget plan; the political changes that could affect it as a government-owned company. 5. 2 Future perspectives A tool the future timeline was developed
in order to help stakeholders'thinking oriented by the main ST&I drivers. The timeline tool was chosen as an alternative to the method of scenarios,
In order to hear the opinion of government authorities and representative leaders from industry and the national system of ST&I, about the system itself, FINEP, its performmanc and future expectations,
including 30 government, industry and academy Figure 4. FINEP SMP timeline: observation dimensions and facts related to Future challenges in communicating the outcomes of foresight studies. 253 representatives.
The results of these workshops (held with the participation of representattive from government (MCTI and other ministries),
Government: the sense of timing is related to politicca opportunities which arise to create initiatives and projects in the course of a given government mandate.
The main challenge is to introduce long-term perception and analysis to foster strategic foresight of interest to the state more than a given government structure.
Private sector: the sense of timing is driven by increased competition in the internal and external markets,
when precompetitive technological programs reach government decision-making at high levels. Academia: representatives from universities and research institutions tend to impose barriers to accepptin strategic foresight activities.
Government representatives frequently start making decisions before interpreting the material which was obtained in the first phase of the exercise (informatiio and data gathering),
and public accountabillity and where public academic and government research institutions are expected to draw upon private resources (OECD 2003).
the public research institutes affiliated to the provincial governments, the universities and the national defense research institutes.
Finally, provincial governments and S&t offices play an increasingly important role in setting priorities for industrria development
The Chinese government's programmatic and overarching emphasis on a‘harmonious society'and, more recently,
Technology development Project for Research institutes 1999 Support central government-related technology development research institutes Action Plan for Thriving Trade by Science and Technology 2000 Facilitate exports of high-tech products
Key data for expendditur by Central Government on the main S&t programs is shown in Table 3. Fig. 2 classifies China's main S&t programs,
Table 3. Allocations for S&t by Central Government in main S&t programs (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
further confirming that government S&t funding is concentrated strongly on mission-based research. 3. 2 Mission Traditionally,
and its financial resources come mainly from allocations by the Central Government, although the NSFC accepts donations from domestic and foreign individuals or other organizations.
'Hence, Table 4. Allocation for S&t by Central Government in S&t programs by fields: the Case 973 Program (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total 589 686 800 897 983
it could be argued that S&t spending by China's government spending has been focused more on generating knowledge than on utilizing it.
while government funding of education, both as a percentage of gross domestic product and compared with education funding in other countries,
However, rather than being spontaneous initiatives taking the government by surprise these appeals tend to address widely known issues or problems in China's S&t system.
In some cases they may even be encouraged by the government, letting experts point to problem areas
which the government already has identified and intends to tackle. As an example, the 863 Program was preceded by a letter written by four Chinese scientists (Daheng Wang, Ganchang Wang G.,Jiachi Yang G,
They usually take the opportunities provided by the conferences to provide policy suggestions to the government.
and thus from outside the governmment However, the appeals or demands for policy action did not take the government by surprise
and were not in conflict with the government's policy goals. 4. 2 Identifying priorities:
A senior policy researcher observed that the main actors involved in S&t policy-making were government ministries and scientists.
the government created a website for public participation and consultation, encouraging citizens and organizations to make suggestiion and comments. 9 However, neither the drafting of the strategic research reports nor the drafting of the medium-and long-term plan,
which reflects a much broader constituenncy often at the behest of central government support of basic research (Mega-science Projects,
U s. Government Technology policies, 1969 2008. Boulder, CO: Paradigm. Braun, D. 2008)‘ Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies',Science and Public policy, 35: 227 39.
journals. permissions@oup. com The government's research, technology development and innovation (RTDI) policies, which are special forms of national institutions
The Taiwanese government shaped the sector through its policies on pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. On the other hand, the agricultural sector,
The Taiwanese government supported the sector through agricultural policies, which were considered not part of the biotechnology policies.
The institutional actors, such as firms and industrial laboratories, universities and government laboratories, and their networks constitute the national innovation system (Nelson and Rosenberg 1993).
especiaall government policies, do influence the performance of a nation's technological innovation system. According to the literature an innovation system is composed of actors and networks
The national government plays an essential role in establishing national institutions. To sum up, an NSTIS, as the three innovation systems, is composed of actors and networks, technology and knowledge,
and is guided strongly by a‘set of'government policies. Nevertheless, as we will show in Section 3, Taiwan adopted traditional biotechnology before 1945 and adopted modern biotechnology as early as the 1980s.
the Taiwanese government has implemented not a‘set of policies'towards biotechnology, but has adopted different sets of policies towards pharmaceuttica biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology.
such as government documents and the historical records of the institutions embedded in the innovation systems, we will discover how the technological innovattio system for biotechnology gradually emerged with the Taiwanese national innovation system,
The Taiwanese government announced its first biotechnology policy, the‘Eight Key Industries'in 1982. After 1982, Taiwan started to have a biotechnology policy.
) The government of the ROC then unified the 312 factories into one national pharmaceutical company (Taiwan Pharmaceutical company.
Moreover, since the government of the ROC moved its central governnmen from China to Taiwan in 1949,
In 1982, to fit the new‘Good Manufacturing Practice'regulations announced by the government, the manufacturing facilities of local SMES were upgraded (Zheng 2001:
) Multinational pharmaceutical giants who were attraacte by the government's policies of foreign direct investtmen (FDI)
when some Chinese herbal pharmacies followed the government of the ROC and moved their pharmacies from China to Taiwan,
Since the Taiwanese government had no regulattion to review the licensing of the new medicines,
while some Chinese universities followed the government of the ROC to Taiwan and rebuilt their campuses in the island,
In fact, the main occasion for academics to practice their knowledge was to support the government in drawing up regulations in order to control the qualities of the pharmaceutiicals For example
some scientists of Chinese herbal medicines were funded by the government to survey the herbs of Taiwan.
The Taiwanese government did not strategically promote a‘set of consistent policies'to foster the development of pharmaceutical biotechnologgy Instead,
which the government should invest more resourrces there was no other concrete policy promoted under the framework of the Eight Key Industries.
In 1950, the government launched the‘Statute for Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment'(abolished in 1990)
Only after 1998 did the government start to recognize Chinese herbal medicines as the backbone of the pharmaceutical sector.
From the perspective of the government, since the knowledge accumulation of biopharmaceuticals in Taiwan was too weak to compete with developed countries,
before the late 1990s, the government did not have specific policies to encourage the development of modern pharmaceutical biotechnology.
Only in the late 1990s did the government start to support the development of modern pharmaceutical biotechnnolog through supporting the innovation of new herbaceous medicines. 3. 2 Evolution of the Taiwanese agricultural biotechnology innovation system 3. 2
The institutions for the innovation of seeds were originally set up by the Japanese government and further developed by the government of the ROC after 1945.
The research organizations of the system of agricultuura experiments stations (ASS which included the Agriculture Research institute,
These research organizattion were funded fully by the Japanese government during the Japanese colonization and then by the governmeen of the ROC.
Indeed, during the Japanese colonizatiion in order to feed the population of Japan, the Japanese government introduced Japanese rice seeds to Taiwan.
2). After 1949, with the exception of the original Taiwanese experts, some Chinese experts who followed the government of the ROC
which had been founded by the Japanese government to control the production activities of farmers. One of its main responsibilities was to distribute the seeds from the ASS to individual farmers.
After 1945, the government of the ROC replaced the Japanese government in governing the farmers'association.
Nevertheless, because of the Taiwanese government regulations, even though the GM papayas were developed successfully, they were allowed not to be cultivated in the normal farms (Science and Technology research and Information Center, 2005:
The Taiwanese government supported the development of agriculttura biotechnology through its agricultural policies. The purpose of these policies changed dramatically in the 1980s.
While the government allocated considerable amounts of resources to support ICT, the resources allocated to the agricultural sector were limited relatively.
the government continued funding fundamental agricultural research in the universities and applied research in the ASS.
when the Taiwanese government was preparing to participate in the World trade organization and to open its domestic market for foreign agricultural products,
8 Another important agricultural policy promoted by the government was agricultural regulation. Before the 1980s, there was no policy regulating the innovation of seeds.
In sum, besides its agricultural policies, the Taiwanese government did not have particular policies to support the development of agricultural biotechnology.
the government promoted agricultural R&d and regulation policies, merely to increase the welfare of farmers
In the case of biotechnollogy a government should have different sets of policies for the development of pharmaceutical biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology.
‘how'could a government make appropriate RTDI policies to foster the development of NSTISS? The question should be analyzed further in future research.
as a defeated nation, Japan was forced to return Taiwan to the government of the ROC.
The government would fund 60%of the insurance premium, and the farmers only need to pay for 40%of the insurance premium (CLA, 2010).
Giesecke, S. 2000)‘ The contrasting roles of government in the development of biotechnology industry in the US and Germany',Research policy, 29: 205 23.
firms, demand, government policy and research'.'In: Laage-Hellman, J.,Rickne, A. and Mckelvey, M. eds.
firms (large and small, multinatiiona and domestic), universities, public research labs, government ministries and agencies, and intermeddiar bodies, such as industry associations and private consultants.
but also universities, government labs, ministries and funding agencies, among others. Weak interactions are diagnosed commonly as problems 142.
governments and societies to align and Orienting European innovation systems. 143 evolve into this new direction, identifying alternative solutiion and moving away from the current state of affairs.
FTA PROCESSES can enable governments and other actors to become more adaptive and capable of enacting systemic change.
and processes at corporate and government levels. In recent years, institutional responses have included the setting up of horizonscanning centres and similar anticipattor structures (Amanatidou et al. 2012;
which require an initial drive from governments. Science and technology are also the basis of challenges involving the collective ability to respond to opportunities in frontier research.
force government to take up new measures in other modes of governance for instance policy measures to incentivise research
These carry out their work in open networked mode, sharing informatiio at international level with their counterparts in other countries and also internally within the country, with government, business, academia and the public.
They also depend on governments and international institutions working together to define common research agendas. Worldwide and regional (European) networks of the FTA units in international organisations, national and at least for some grand challenges regional (subnational) governments, business and nongovernmental organisations are providing an organisaationa solution to share policy perspectives
and develop joint policy and research agenda. The subsequent observations deal with the question of how these requirements
In recent years, there has been a growing tendency among governments and businesses to invest less in individual large-scale foresight programmes and projects,
The executive branch of government has privileged usually access to this type of knowledge, even if the capacities to absorb it may be limited.
The main problem is that governments and companies tend to deal with changes in a reactive rather than a proacttiv mode.
and to prepare firms and governments accordingly. Scenario-based monitoring not only applies to the problems and challenges ahead,
The creation of UNESCO meant that there was now an organisation with a specific remit to link with governments in the international science area.
and provides advice to national governments and international organisations. In addition, a number of large discipline-based professional associations have an international membership and perspective in their work.
understood by national governments and capable of addressing societal issues through interdisciplinary research. Since its creation in 1931, ICSU has played an important role in facilitating major international science initiatives.
of labour leads to intense specialisation of countries'economies Governments compete to host the R&d facilities of multinationals through large R&d investments Public science focused on basic research that multinationals are less likely to perform themselves Strong global networks
much existing information is already readily available from various horizon scanning activities going on around the world (e g. the UK Government's Sigma Scan) 2
and national governments were convinced of the importance investing in data infrastructure. The vision for a global open-access library for scientific data is being realised.
Commissioned by the Victorian government, the purpose of the Victoria Technology roadmap was to build a synthesizing picture of the effects of emerging technologies and technology convergence in the region of Victoria, Australia, up until the year 2020.
and government regulation and incentives. There are also specific systemic bottlenecks in the Victorian construction industry that stimulated the needs for strategic intervention.
Because the regulations are not always consistenntl coordinated between different levels of government, companies that operate across several jurisdictions report high compliance costs due to multiple regulatory frameworrks The second bottleneck is based the project nature of construction, with little replication at the design level.
Government procurement of green buildings; Use of green building standards in procurements; Use of life cycle approach in procurement PRODUCTS AND SOLUTIONS:
Support for standardization is becoming accepted as a legitimate goal for government innovation policy as part of demand-oriented innovation support.
A further policy proposal would be to catalyse government procurement of green buildings, and also to use the green building standards
Collaboration between the key R&d players and the government would be important especially in the Victorian context, due to the fragmented nature of the construction sector.
the distribution of research across research performers, 17 differences in cross-sector collaborattio (e g. university industry collaboration) and in the degree of control of governments over research agendas;
as well as the behaviour of sub-national levels of government, are mutually reinforcing and coherent with overall policy commitments.
and alignment of policies and promoting a‘whole-of-government'perspective. Co-ordination-oriented research and innovation policy differs from other policy areas
and implementation orientation Differences in distribution of research across research performers Differences in degree of control of governments over research agendas Varying interests at national level in collaborating beyond borders Varying openness of current and past
the responsible governments focus on the quality of scientific research (Bruno and Van til 2011). Embedding foresight in transnational research programming. 205 19.
legal, societal or cultural issues Existence of a strategy already concerned with specific weak signal (s) and emerging issues by a government or industry, political party or lobby,
the current government systems are incapable of tackling current and future global interconnected challenges. Boden et al. 2010:
Roughly one-third is provided through basic funding by the German government. The other twothiird are acquired by the individual institutes,
The Dutch research organisation, TNO, has a strong relationship with the Dutch government. Therefore, they have to discuss their portfolio plans with the relevant Dutch ministries.
and is funded partly by the government, the government itself is involved not in the portfolio planning,
but target agreements have to be negotiated every year. VTT distributes basic funding to their different areas in order to support crossknowwledg cluster projects.
This is the strategy of the German government in science and technology fields, see also<http://www. bmbf. de>accessed 15 july 2011.
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