Field

Emerging field (12)
Field (565)
New field (6)
Promising field (3)
Scientific field (28)
Specific field (8)
Technological field (27)
Thematic field (16)
Topic field (6)

Synopsis: Field: Field:

In addition, the idea was to analyse possible overlapping fields of practice among technology foresight, forecasting, intelligence, roadmapping, and assessment.

and dispersing field of endeavour comfortable with its achievements to date but acutely aware of the danger of losing focus as the demands of dclientst place more and more complexity in the field of application. 2. Process management

and design This session concentrated on the three crucial elements of context, content and process

or could be adopted from other fields (i e. dimporting ideast session). In the first paper Gordon, Glenn and Jakil, describe boundaries

stress the pressure that new technology developments are posing to the field of TA. Therefore, in order to continue to be effective,

it is necessary to conduct a solid retrospective analysis of the field of investigation, i e. of recent and current developments along the lines of the perspective on complex innovation processes.

the development in the field has been targeted towards less complex applications in the corporate sector (e g. exploitation of raw materials.

Its goal is to deepen the collaboration between the European funding organizations in the field of wood material science in order to coordinate the use of research funds,

United kingdom) eventually have decided to launch a cofunnde research program in the field of wood material science.

by developing a framework for the field of wood material science, consisting of four research areas and 23 sub-areas. 6 Stakeholder participation,

toward integration of the field and new methods, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 71 (3)( 2004) 287 303.5 L. Georghiou,

and technology indicators and enables the identification of possible fields which may cause challenges for the regulatory framework and the regulatory bodies.

social and ecological areas as well as to start monitoring and detailed research in these fields. Consequently, foresight activities can

which also allows an identification of the institutions most active in the field. Here, we have a certain focus on those exercises conducted in the field of information and communication technology1 as well as on standards

which play as an important instrument of selfregullation We take the distinction between standards and regulatory impact assessment into account.

it has to be noted that in the field of standardisation we observe only some single ex ante impact assessments,

matching policy instruments and methodologies Innovation surveys Econometric models Control group approaches Cost benefit analysis Expert panels/peer review Field/case studies Network analysis Foresight/Technology assessment

patent indicators are suited better to perform regulatory foresight exercises in the sense of identifying dynamic fields of technology.

However, the use of time series of patent applications either differentiated by fields of technology, especially high technology,

or by industrial classifications 22 allows us to define the most dynamic fields both worldwide and at the national level.

or even more than a decade, like in pharmaceuticals undergoing long-lasting clinical trials or even in some fields of electronics,

The need for regulatory adjustment is highest in those fields with a rather low level of activity at the starting point,

one has to differentiate the analysis in those fields of high dynamics. Regulatory challenges in the sense of controlling dominant players can be detected by calculating concentration indices of patent applications.

The scope of science-and technology-based indicator approaches is certainly in detecting possible fields

Nevertheless, complementary content and stakeholders analyses allow a further specification of possible fields of future regulation and the identification of stakeholders.

CENELEC and ETSI in the field of services, in order to respond more adequately to the Fig. 3. Importance of standards for service-related aspects (3=medium importance to 5=very high importance).

In the first German Delphi survey, the field communication was characterised by the most negative values regarding the impact of the regulatory framework3 because of the former monopolistic structures in the telecommunication markets and the massive public intervention in the radio

but the liberalisation, especially of the communication markets in Germany, is reflected in the low need to readjust the regulatory framework in comparison to other fields,

the Japanese experts call for adjustments in the regulatory framework, especially in the information and communication field, for instance, the widespread use of electronic money, electronic voting or automated trading systems in their Sixth Japanese Delphi Report

not only in the field information, but also in the field business regarding e-commerce-related issues. 4 In summary, Delphi exercises focusing on the future of science and technology take the general regulatory framework into account as one kind of obstacle,

but also as one possible policy measure. However, the role of regulatory frameworks for the realisation of progress in future sciences and technologies compared to other types of obstacles is limited rather.

However, regulations still enjoy a rather high importance in the information and communication fields. From these experiences, it can also be derived that the Delphi methodology can be used to set priorities in regulation

In general, the people addressed should be selected according to a minimum degree of expertise in the field. 511 K. Blind/Technological forecasting

which is required to detect fields where regulations can help to increase the acceptance of future technologies and innovative products.

and fields of regulations is developed not yet. Simple quantitative approaches are not sufficient. However, the databases provide further information about 512 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 regulation-relevant contents, like health,

38 European commission Enterprise Directorate-General, Programming Mandate Addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in the Field of Services, European commission, Brussels, 2003.39 K. Blind, S. Gauch, Frictions

but also in the fields of standards, regulation and intellectual property rights on behalf of the European commission and Ministries in Germany and other countries. 516 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516

This paper discusses, based on a first round application in the field of micro and nanotechnologies for single cell analysis, the methodology of such a new approach.

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 of alignment to allow for the creation of innovation chains in the field of micro and nanotechnology.

'by linking up with a number of different fields a number of new innovations are enabled 23.

these assessments are functioning if not always characterised by breadth of focus (a broader view of the field) and depth of vision (i e. possible applications in the long term.

or buy roadmaps of the fields they work in. Literature in the management of innovation, expectations management and sociology-of-technology fields has stressed repeatedly that for assessments during early stages of technological emergence, more‘open-ended'

but at a too general level. 7 3 We note in passing that‘roadmaps'in the public sector often seem to be no more than outlooks on the future of a field or sector,

An ongoing strategy support system needs to stay aware of the field, allowing the assessment of

Specifically, we focus on the stimulation of innovation chains in the field of cell-on-a-chip devices. 9 This field is perceived interesting

12 It was developed as a framework to study emerging alignments and entanglements in the field of nanotechnology,

In the case of cell-on-a-chip this notion of path can be taken as a projected socio-technical path in the overall field of cell-on-a-chip, where current projections,

which provided impetus to the field and stimulate a proliferation of research projects towards the vision of TAS.

biologists) were attracted to the field, foreseeing that this technology could aid them in their work

Around 2000 nanotechnology started entering this field, offering improvements to existing chip components, but also providing novel concepts for separation and detection, cell analysis, cell manipulation etc.

Also, in the field of biomedical research, off the back of the Human Genome Project15, a major emphasis in cell biology over the last decade has been focused on in areas related to genomics, proteomics, medical diagnostics,

For the field of lab-on-a-chip there is a general agreement of four consecutive phases of technological development (see Fig. 1). Currently most developments still remain in phase 2. 15 http://www. ornl. gov/sci

1. explore and develop tools to map possible futures for the field of cell-on-a-chip with a focus on single cell analysis

2. use analysis of path dynamics and other strategic intelligence to explore the robustness of specific paths located within the field map;

We fed MPM-1 into the process of developing MPM-2 to combine both field level MPM with practitioner specific MPM.

This has stimulated hopes for the field of single cell analysis, and promises about tissue engineering on a chip, stem cell analysis and possible production, 526 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75

Section 4 described and explored a use of MPM as support for the articulation and ongoing assessment of Strategic research Areas based on dynamics of the field as a whole.

Building off MPM-1, we conducted interviews based on perspectives and projections of the field of lab-on-a-chip for single cell applications.

(or attempts at) innovation chains in the broader microfluidic/cell analysis fields: In-house R&d of a multinational corporation (MNC) Technology development conducted by SMES

Because of the exploratory nature of this first project of Frontiers'FTA programme, we positioned ourselves as experts in the field of S&t dynamics and path creation vis-à-vis the field-level expertise of the workshop participants.

Through analysis of socio-technical scenarios, emerging paths and emerging irreversibilities in the field of research can be anticipated

technology policy and innovation studies with a final thesis focusing on cosmonautics research in the former Soviet union with field research undertaken at the Cosmonaut Training Centre (Star City) and the Institute of Biomedical Problems, Moscow.

'The identification of such areas was the subject of the second part of 5 This conceptual framework will be validated via interviews with experts in relevant fields. 6 For an analysis of the major findings of the literature review,

toward integration of the field and new methods, Preliminary Briefing Paper in proceedings EU US Seminar:

She has 10-year experience in policy development and analysis in the field of research and innovation.

by the time of his departure in January 2000, had grown to be a leader in its field, with offices in Brighton, Amsterdam, Paris and Vienna.

it is a proposal to apply the foresight toolkit in this field by following a new approach.

disseminate their results among the wider public affected by the changes/actions in the field/theme analysed,

and policy-makers (among many other fields, for STI policies); 12 conducting various types of research. 13 Academies emerged in some countries as early as the end of the 16th century 1, pp. 5 6,

Given the importance of strategic thinking in this field, prospective activities of universities should be promoted by organising awareness-raising events at regional,

A literature review of related work in the field of technology opportunities analysis is presented. We consider a possible, radically decentralized context for the conduct of future design.

A literature review of related work in the field of technology opportunities analysis is presented. A case study of new technology architecture in the information technology domain is presented.

Our goal in this analysis is to use the hierarchical structure to anticipate new changes in this field of information technology.

and increase coherence between related fields may be increasingly more difficult to formulate. Changes to the network can stimulate revolutionary progress.

developed patents in the fields of pricing and promotion algorithms, been a research fellow at the Technology policy Assessment Center of Georgia Tech,

Due to the long term horizon of infrastructure decisions, the planning process has to deal with lately increasing uncertainties in different fields.

As a benchmark, we will briefly review typical applications in the field of transportation as this represents the most widely addressed empirical application case.

Except for the cantonal official, all were technical lay people but experienced politicians in the field.

innovation policy in the transport field, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 69 (9)( 2002) 929 951.48 H. Turton,

Creating shared understandings among the stakeholders about the possible future developments is also important in each field;

Among other methods and practices in the field are constructive technology assessment discursive technology assessment, consensus conferences, brainstorming, expert workshops, Delphi questionnaires and expert Fig. 1. Popper's diamond 9. 1165 R. Koivisto et al./

These fields are renowned for their complicated systems, where possible accidents may have far-reaching consequences. During the 1970s, a worldwide trend of increasing accidental losses in factories was recognised 14.

This approach has raised recently interest in the risk management field. Resilience engineering originates from the resilience thinking of ecosysste dynamics 38 implying that ecosystems must cope with continuous changes and constant evolution.

One newapproach thatwidens the traditional field of risk assessmentmight open fromthe future-oriented, or foresighting, impact assessment (FIA) currently under development at VTT.

The study addresses that the more the scope of risk analysis is moving into a not-so-well-known field the more the risk identification becomes the crucial part of the process 28.

Experts of their fields may not know deep enough the usage of the methods. For instance the multitude of the methods in both traditions may be difficult to see:

accepted 1 november 2004 Abstract This paper describes some important frontiers of futures research with the aim of identifying new opportunities for improving the value and utility of the field.

Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1064 1069 will lead to a more organized bscience-likeq field with a theoretical basis. Not only are there many diverse techniques for theorizing,

The result, for better or worse, is that the field lacks the consistency and coherence that mark more scientific fields.

the field is still very primitive. The quantitative techniques available to us are not yet capable of quantifying risk in ways other than probability.

While most work in the field of chaos has been in the physical sciences, most social systems are also nonlinear

The problem of planning and management of systems operating in the chaotic regime is a frontier of great importance to our field.

Judgment heuristics is a field that documents some of these irrationalities. One or two examples from Ref. 5 will suffice to make the point:

Certainly as they and other directions are explored the field will gain new thinking and new approaches, expand its utility,

composite indicators or survey based studies providing comparisons in a wide range of fields like economy, society, education, innovation system, or sustainable development.

-scientific fields in the age group 20 29, the share of people aged 25 34 with a doctor's degree in the same fields, the share of women among researchers,

With regard to the development of international comparisons the conclusions for the moment could be that at this stage it is important to let all flowers bloom in this field.

a benchmarking between different efforts in the fields of interest could nevertheless be of benefit for all the barometer exercises.

All of them are specifically knowledge dynamic fields. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Foresight process Fully fledged foresight Bibliometrics Strategic partnerships Research alliances 1. Introduction In September 2007, the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) launched a new foresight process

1) Identification of new focuses in research and technology 2) Designation of areas for crosscutting activities 3) Exploration of fields for strategic partnerships 4) Derivation of priority activity lines

For the monitoring process, an international panel of well-known and acknowledged experts who have an overview in their fields were asked about the current state and new developments in research and technology.

As an input to the first workshop in November 2007, a first set of scientific papers describing the developments in the fields were written

For every field, topic coordinators (sometimes two persons) were nominated who were responsible for defining and working out the fields but also for coordinating with other topic coordinators in the crosscutting areas.

The topic coordinators did not only look at the future themes but also the innovation system and the actors working in the fields.

A bibliometric analysis provided further input in this process. For this stakeholder analysis, key words were defined by the topic coordinators.

these fields were selected as starting points to search for new topics in science and technology, at first at the national level, later on internationally.

As a result, some of the original fields changed and new fields emerged. During the workshops'group work,

Ageing research Human machine cooperation (firstly called human machine boundary shifts) Infrastructures for Human Living spaces (the Field‘Infrastructures'was split into Water infrastructures

when the participants had chosen their field. In the first evaluation part the relevancy of the topic area was judged upon.

On this page, also different new research questions or tasks could be mentioned in an open field

who knew about one of the fields) were asked to participate. Basis of the choice of participants were public databases and the results from bibliometrics.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1187 1197 3. 4. Some results In the end, eight new future fields (broader fields) with a different perspective as well as single future topics in all 20

The field concentrates on human beings. In the future, the mechanisms of ageing on the molecular level of the whole body and specially the brain will deliver new insights for cognition, emotions and psychomotoric or other concepts.

energy is a field that needs a symphony. On this way, even research questions have to be solved.

Infrastructures for human living spaces (the field‘infrastructures'was split into water infrastructures and infrastructures for human living spaces:

This future field needs a new dimension in research on systemic change, including very different disciplines.

therefore only the spectrum of the broader fields can be mentioned. 3. 5. Integration and implementation phase An international workshop at the beginning of October 2008 marked the link to generate ideas for recommendations concerning policies

testing to the vibrancy of the field. Monitoring of the field as, for example, provided by the European foresight monitoring Network1 or the Foresight and Governance Project of the Woodrow wilson Center,

2 reveals a broad diversity of activities. Specific units or departments have been institutionalized in public administrations and international organisations 1. Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1198 1207 This article does not represent any official opinion of the European Environment Agency,

As a field of policy action it is characterized by a high degree of problem complexity and uncertainty about long-term future developments.

This is not only natural in a booming field where the practice and literature has been flourishing in recent years,

but in the end only practice helps to master the field in the end. If on the other hand, scenarios are seen as part of a scientific inquiry,

As a result of the growing interest for nano-field, nanoartiifact are now reaching the consumer markets within a large number of branches.

Barker and Peters'5 taxonomy describes six levels of cognitive difficulty for public policy makers in terms of the policy field's character as follows:

these fields should be amenable to inclusivity in technology foresight studies. In field 4 the situation becomes increasingly incomprehensible to the polity in general and in many senses to scientists too.

To even touch on the next field (5) means that while an expert may be better at conjecturing about increasingly uncertain future science

and technology the non-expert's view about desirability will be as important. The last of Barker and Peters fields (6) is clearly inaccessible even to the expert community who make up the committees that advise policy makers;

and society 1212 D. Loveridge, O. Saritas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1208 1221 4. Participants from the fields of ethics, theology, social theory

nano-technology and nano artifacts is a further matter shaping the future situation surrounding the nano-field.

There are a number of attempts for deliberative change processes in the nano-field. By suggesting mechanisms to achieve Inclusive foresight the aim is to contribute to the discussions on the future of the nano-field.

The creation of new userfrieendl ways of enabling participation, by all who wish to take part in every stage of a study,

In the field of nanotechnology these challenges are compounded further due to the early stage of nano developments

uncertain and involve multiple actors working at multiple levels shot through with anticipatory strategies and expectations on risks and benefits of the emerging technology field.

Van Merkerk and Robinson 9 show examples from the field of lab-on-a-chip technology and how expectations have an effect on selection choices of pathways to follow,

I carried out case research into the field, analysed the recent history and current situation and developed three co-evolutionary scenarios showing plausible playings out of technology innovations

For early stage and highly uncertain fields of technology development, prediction is a tough task. Another approach would be to shift the focus of strategy articulation away from relying on prediction in its strictest sense,

these other fields are added to compare to the medical device innovation journeys later in the scenario..

In the field of medical diagnostics, nano-enabled chips were beginning to be integrated into clinical practice

The co-evolutionary scenario approach is a contribution to the growing field of socio-technical scenarios 3. Other members of the family include regime transition scenarios14,

and decision-making are two key issues in the field of foresight studies. Although the use of foresight exercises as a tool has become widespread over the latest 10 15 years

and of the range of methods and systematic approaches existing in the strategy field. With its long-term perspective and its emphasis on connecting perspectives of different knowledge areas and different actors and stakeholders, foresight differs from corporate strategic planning,

Traditional priority-setting in research focuses on‘scientific quality',usually measured in such terms as novelty of the research field

and (5) building new networks and linkages across fields, sectoor and markets, or around problems (Johnson and Jacobsson 2001).

Rather, foresight is a field of practice with origins in several other more or less established academic disciplines such as evolutionary economy, strategy, technology assessment or social studies of science, futures studies.

A similar evolution has happened in the field of strategy (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel 1998. Some authors have suggested that foresight has emerged from the convergence of the three disciplines and practices of policy development, strategic planning and futures studies (Gavigan et al. 2001),

and strategy in national research councils and research programmes 921 that the field of foresight is indebted more to the field of strategy than vice versa.

who were also able to articulate broader, cross-disciplinary thoughts about the developmmen of research in their field.

Some of the vision papers took in views from other experts in the field, and some even had several co-authors.

so that the complete field is covered, integrated with specific current topics and relevant perspectives. During the process a parallel discussion took place about a new measure to be employed in the council's funding function.

primarily in individually selected priority areas within the energy field. Staff from the Strategic research Council played a passive role in the core group.

There was a relatively strong network, both informal and formal, between the programme management and the established industrial and research actors in the field of energy technology.

His areas of work are systems of innovation and governance of research and innovation in the fields of eco-innovation and energy innovation.

towards integration of the field and new methods. Technological forecasting and Social Change 71, no. 3: 287 303.

Workshop Exploratory Workshop‘Long list'of research domains Initial assessment Selection of broad research fields Stakeholder workshops No formal input General Challenges for Luxembourg Expert workshops per field SWOT Analysis Initial

The objectives, challenges and fields for action to be tackled in order to reach this position were translated into a set of concrete measures, some

which the city tries to influence that field. It gave the key policy actors a clear and visible place in the process

fields of action and kickoff projects of the official RTI-strategy. As a consequence, the modes of operation of the panels were quite diverse

therti process‘Wien denkt Zukunft'identified five key fields for action on which the City of Vienna will concentrate its future RTI policy (see Figure 2):(1) Human resources

The goal of activities in this field is to make better use of the city's enormous human resource potential.

Figure 2. Main fields of action and associated kickoff projects. focus on gender issues and parts of the population that have been neglected in the past (e g. university graduates with a migration background).(

'several concrete proposals for new projects or initiatives were developed in the five fields of action.

Under the slogan‘Vienna research in dialogue',the City will address essential contemporary and future issues in the field of science, research and technology.

implicit agendas and objectives had to be made more explicit to provide the basis for the joint definition of future challenges, fields of action and kickoff projects;

and scholars have discussed the value of a futures approach in the field of community planning as not necessarily‘in discovering new factual knowledge about sustainable urban developmment

however, did not necessarily link to well-established fields of scientific inquiry or innovation activity.

(thus mitigating the possibility that some fields would be under-or over-represented due to a less controlled process of inviting participants).

and merging empirical/analytical methods with stakeholder engagement processes 5. The positioning was aimed at perceived overlapping fields of practice among technology foresight, forecasting, intelligence, roadmapping, and assessment.

and foresight as the generic term for the field encompassing most, if not all of the approaches listed above.

even if the field is not ready to tolerate a new collective term. 2 This leads to the second persistent theme.

These can include articulation within a field (as expounded by Schoen et al. in their paper)

or what they call the‘field-specific knowledge dynamics 'and the institutional arrangements pertaining in that field.

Their guiding principle is‘no one-size fits all across sectors. They argue that this tailored approach should be adopted in the development of the European research area.

toward integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting and Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303, in press. 2 T. J. Gordon, J. C. Glenn (Eds.

and renewing theoretical underpinnings of the Futures field: a pressing and long-term challenge, Futures 41 (2009) 67 70.8 I. Miles, From futures to foresight, in:

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