R&d

R&d (404)
R&d activities (16)
R&d funding (10)
R&d investment (8)
R&d policy (17)
R&d publication (3)
R&d strategy (4)

Synopsis: Research: R&d: R&d:

For instance, they can refer to the promotion of individual technologies (e g. an R&d programme) as well as to the structural settings of the innovation systems (e g. liberalisation of energy supply.

Econ. 5 (1977) 147 176.52 B. Schauer, R&d portfolio selection considering risk and project interrelations, Phd thesis, University of Technology Vienna, Vienna, 2007.

and in the emergence and performance of R&d collaboration networks. 482 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482

Industrial leaders consisted of R&d and business managers in the forestry-related industry. They assessed the proposed research issueswith regard to their industrial relevance and suitability forww-Net.

10.1016/j. techfore. 2008.02.004 public activities in research and development, regulatory impact assessment is a policy evaluation mechanism

Benchmarking Financing R&d Provision of R&d infrastructure Technology transfer and innovation diffusion Legal frameworks (IPRS, standards and regulation) Integrated projects Networks of excellence Methodology:

These studies do not consider that the outcome of R&d and innovation activities may challenge the existing regulatory framework and Fig. 2. Science and technology indicators (Source:

already published in 2001, with regard to their expected time of realisation, their importance, the effectiveness of policy measures, like R&d support,

and improving the framework conditions for R&d, regulation (i e. reinforcing or establishing regulations); deregulation (relaxing or abolishing related regulations),

NO-REST ITU Survey Fraunhofer ISI 2005)( 1=low importance to 5=high importance) Year Importance R&d Regulation Deregulation Standardisation Widespread use

the assessment of R&d support and standardisation as a more diffusion oriented policy instrument correlate very high,

whereas the statistical connection between R&d support and regulation is rather vague. 3. 3. 4. General assessment In general,

and technology foresights focusing both on active researchers and stakeholders responsible for shaping and performing R&d programmes.

in which Germany did not leverage its excellent position in research and development into a leading position in setting the necessary framework conditions for future research and market introduction via standardisation 39.

-Baden, 2001.7 G. Tassey, Methods for Assessing the Economic impacts of Government R&d, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2003.8 K. Blind, B. Bührlen, C

then research and development (R&d) efforts necessary to realize various goals are backcast. But for new and Emerging s&t this trusted principle does not work:

In addition over the 15 years of research and development into lab-on-a-chip devices, larger industry has been reluctant to invest in stimulating

Research and development of the components of lab-on-a-chip continue, however innovations in terms of products are few and far between.

Of particular interest is the proliferation of research and development of nanotechnologies for cell analysis the laboratory, the proliferation of expectation of applications for such cell-on-a-chip devices,

In-house R&d of a multinational corporation (MNC) Technology development conducted by SMES but stimulated by an MNC Start-ups finding opportunities and becoming the integrator Separate integrators

the general R&d, innovattio management and management literatures; futures studies; organization studies; the S&t policy literature; and bibliometrics, scientometrics, and patent analysis.

and R&d intelligence is separate from strategic management intelligence embodied in specialized technology consultancies but both cooperate in the context of alignment exercises.

Supporting innovation-based growth Achievement of long-term reform of the productive system through a raised emphasis on high technology Making the case for increased investment in R&d More informed STI priorities

as it is composed of all other EU, national and regional policies affecting RTDI processes and performance, the activities of firms, various types of R&d units and institutes, higher education organisations, financial intermediaries,

training the future generation of researchers, engineers, managers (including R&d managers), experts, and policy-makers (among many other fields, for STI policies);

notably firms (often but not exclusively in the form of R&d units) and public labs 12.

e g. universities are assuming essential responsibilities in shaping local, regional, sectoral, national and international production and innovation systems. 22 Fig. 1. The distribution of GERD by R&d performing sectors

Second, new types of currently‘unthinkable'research players might also Fig. 2. The distribution of researchers by R&d performing sectors (FTE, most recent years.

That might lead to a much larger share of research classified by governments as military R&d. 23 A few decades ago no one would have thought of e g.

A closer look at various R&d indicators clearly shows however, that universities are not predominant research performers in the developed OECD (and EU) countries.

but it also directly aims its messages at policy makers responsible for designing more effective strategies for the deployment of public funds for R&d and those responsible for forecasting where and how to do this no small task indeed!

the Technology barometer can be regarded as a new tool for managing strategic investments in R&d, as well as in other areas such as new skills acquisition and patents management etc.

This well designed process breaks new ground in being concerned explicitly with enabling foresight as a sustainability asset for Germany's status as a R&d-innovation leader with specific elements also aimed at four innovative targets:

new R&d domains; crosscutting opportunities; new fields for strategic partnerships; and priorities for innovation policy. As well, the interplay between foresight and policy is defined further and elaborated,

and many strategic decision-making processes to align future R&d priorities and innovation strategies with sustainability goals. He holds a Dr. Tech. and a Lic.

Foresight and Innovation strategy, Defence R&d Canada, and Chair of the Foresight Synergy Network of Canada.

enabling them to rapidly respond to the research and development efforts of their peers. Thus, they also require analytic support to gather, structure,

The roadmapping activity achieves value by providing a single locus for coordinated research and development activity (see for instance 19.

undiscovered linkages may be valuable new innovations worthy of research and development. Undocumented linkages may simply reflect out of date source materials.

Foresight and risk assessment activities are considered increasingly important throughout the R&d value chain, stressing the need for a flexible, integrative approach.

and technology oriented forecasstin practices and called for new participatory and systemic foresight approaches 3. Also the R&d functions are moving from the basic science

and priority-setting of R&d and have become indispensable elements of policy-making. Besides technological development decision-makers need all-inclusive knowledge of future developments of society, economy and impacts of science and technology.

and dynamics into the analysis. The framework enables the structural comparisons of entire economies, their individual industrial sectors, related R&d and innovation intensities,

and both private and public investments in research and development (R&d). These investments show how effectively the information society related objectives will be achieved.

and the outcomes of these investments as R&d productivity. The knowledge-value society refers to an advanced formthat has developed froman information society via a knowledge society,

and impacts of globalization on enterprise R&d, innovation systems and innovation policies. He holds A m. Sc. in economics from Helsinki University.

reinforced with the principles of CSH, can be of use in the nano-field providing wider stakeholder representation during the research and development processes.

or another with an emphasis on responsible up to and including halting developments along particular R&d

explore possibilities and draw out some recommendations to guide both the Nanotechnology R&d network (Frontiers) who initiated the project as others exploring potential governance approaches.

or another with an emphasis on responsible up to and including halting developments along particular R&d lines.

The nano umbrella term becomes more specific (in funding mechanisms) now defined in terms of potential sectors that will be impacted by R&d lines.

in general most public engagement activities initiated by R&d actors focused more on enlightening the general public on the potentials of nanotech R&d-engagement as a lubricant against public friction.

A case of focused alignment of R&d agendas in national initiatives can be seen. One example

and others lead to the inclusion of engagement programmes in technology R&d programmes to inform

(and initiated by) the nano R&d domain focussing on enabling public acceptance. Although no linkages between the projects occurs there the ethical and risk debate

The accident with the Finnish worker opens up nano governance once again and a number of lines of R&d grind to a halt pending further investigation.

and civil society in research agenda setting causes tensions for the R&d agents (who work in an open-ended manner,

Not all actors in R&d sign up to the codes, the broadness of principles causes concerns with some actors a large pharmaceutical company states,

and continue with their R&d unabated. This was inspired by interviews at an annual meeting of the Frontiers Noe,

and other engagement exercises lead to the inclusion of engagement programmes in technology R&d programmes to inform

(and initiated by) the nano R&d domain focussing on enabling public acceptance. Although no linkages between the projects occurs

and a number of lines of R&d grind to a halt pending further investigation Finnish case triggers a temporary moratorium:

national research programmes and similar entities involved directly in prioritising public expenditure on research and development (R&d). Research and innovation councils and programmes play a significant role in the development of science

The rationales and objectives of foresight programmes are of course wider than just deciding how to distribute public funding to R&d,

another funding programme for energy research, the Public service Obligation (PSO) Energy R&d programme of the two operators of the Danish electricity grid, gained importance. 1 The PSO R&d programme

With a budget of around DKK100 million(¤13.4 million) a year (rising to DKK130 million(¤17.4 million) in 2005) it has become the same size as the Energy research programme. 2 The PSO R&d programme supports

R&d on environmentally friendly energy production technologies. The PSO R&d programme was operated by the two electricity grid operators

but the Ministte for Economic and Business affairs through the Energy Authority had overall political responsibility

These priority areas were decided by the Danish energy authority in collaboration with their counterparts in the PSO R&d programme.

a policy also reflected in the overall aims of the PSO R&d programme. The selection of only four priority areas resulted in a stronger and narrower technology focus than the broader priority areas of the Energy research programme's earlier strategies.

and setting the‘granularity'of emergent priorities at a level that makes them‘operationalisable'in informing research and development fundiin programmes.

However, it is also rather unique in that it has enacted sizeable increases in spending on research and development (R&d) over the last decade

R&d carried out in Luxembourg was largely the preserve of the private sector particularly the steel industry and even today,

Early public investments in R&d and innovation were influenced by private sector activities and largely sought to support them.

outlines the increase in public funding for publli R&d in millions of Euros. These unprecedented budget increases possibly place Luxembourg in a unique position among its partners in Europe,

funds to public R&d, 2000 2007(¤)Source: MCHER). ) Box 1. Parallel strategic initiatives. The OECD Review of Innovation policy was conducted in 2006 and commissioned by the MCHER.

in order to better ensure that additional public investment in R&d will yield expected economic and social benefits.

with a budget amounting to 12%of the national public R&d budget for this sole programme.

Second, it is clear that a forward-looking process like foresight needs to be underpinned by sufficient and appropriate‘objectivised'data, e g. publication data, statistics on the national R&d environment, reports on the state of economy, environment or society

the Austrian innovation system has gone through a phase of fast growth of R&d expenditures and internationalisation.

2) 22,000 individuals employed in the R&d sector;(3) 800 companies engaged in R&d;(4) 20%of the population having a university degree;(

5) 200 SMES taking part in projects of the EU's Seventh Research Framework programme (FP7;(

R&d subsidies, selective subsidies complementary to national subsidies), through acceleration of the transfer process (selective measures such as licensing initiatives, venture capital),

Quick technology intelligence processes Alan L. Porter*,1 R&d, Search Technology, Inc.,4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd.

I describe what we call btech miningq-deriving technology intelligence especially from R&d information resources 1, 2. The phenomenon of interest is speed,

patents, R&d projects, and so forth. In addition, many researchers share information via the Internet (e g.,, physicists increasingly post their papers at arxiv. org.

So we turn to software tools to help bprofile the R&d domainq 5, 6. The second and third QTIP factors go hand-in-hand.

From this digest of the company's open R&d face, we pose the action question for managerial decision.

In general, we prefer to first exploit the R&d databases, then update and probe using the internet.

and technology managers would naturally pursue empirical means to manage R&d and its transition into effective innovations.

and R&d managers to gain a global perspective on entire bodies of research. That can help position research programs

It helps devise internal R&d priorities to hit the gaps in external development efforts.!Technology assessment Again, QTIP can help scope the extent of R&d activities.

An auxiliary search is run on a U s. Department of energy R&d projects database for these four universities.

with the aim of improving the quality and relevance of research and development activities. The Government also noted that key measures towards this end will include the establishment of shared priorities, the strengthennin of the national and international profile of research organisations,

which are often easier to debate than thematic R&d issues about which all panel members do not have equal expertise.

It represents a new co-financing mechanism for collaborative transnational R&d projects expected to lever private and national investment,

Exercise aimed to provide recommendations for EU R&d efforts as input for FP7 and Strategic research Agendas in two fields (Nanomaterials & Photonics.

A review of some of these methods concluded that most are used rarely in practical situations of R&d resource allocation 12.

and R&d potential in the area plus the capacity to realise that potential (feasibility). In the planning for the first UK Technology foresight Programme this system was articulated further to introduce the dimensions of cost and timescale 13.

and require R&d to achieve them.''''40 The common thread in all of these demand side areas is the development of a common vision

In Europe where efforts have focused on increasing the public and private spend on R&d and Innovation, the extent of policy measures,

Returns to Research and development Spending, HMSO, London, May 1993.13 SQW/PREST 1994 Prioritisation Criteria, A Paper to the UK Technology foresight Steering Group. 14 M. Keenan, Identifying generic technologies at the national level:

, L. Georghiou, A. Subira, Creating an innovative Europe, Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&d and Innovation Appointed Following the Hampton Court Summit, January 2006.

Practices Favourable to R&d and Innovation, European commission, September 2005, EUR 21793 EN. L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper/Futures 43 (2011) 243 251 251

Instrumental Support the formation of different streams of R&d actions within VTT. Diverse Inclusion of alternative views on priority-setting.

Extensive Networking among VTT experts on water related R&d through questionnaires, co-writing. Nordic H2 Energy Foresightc 18 Informative Awareness raising

Instrumental The outputs were used to contribute to a joint security technology initiative of Canada as well as strategic S&t investments in the Defence R&d Canada Centre for Security Science.

FISTERA did influence directions for R&d in ICTS in Europe. Its contribution was, however, difficult to trace in published official documents of the European commission that often do not explicitly refer to sources of ideas.

and skill areas that a new Defence Research & development Canada (DRDC) Centre for Security Science might need to meet the anticipated national security.

The key foci of the VTT Water Research Roadmap were the creative combination of wide-ranging water related issues at VTT as well as the generation of new R&d initiatives.

The latter, for instance, extend well beyond the‘‘usual suspects''of R&d-performing firms and public bodies,

R&d projects, and strategy development within these organisations. Eerola's account of the various steps and procedures of the Nordic H2 energy foresight are located in terms of the SECI model in Fig. 2

instead, that creating shared value should be viewed like R&d, as long-term investment in a firm's future competitiveness.

R&d Canada, 305 Rideau St.,8th Floor, CJ02 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1a 0k2 1. Introduction One of the recurring items of feedback from previous FTA Symposia

and forces that change from year to year and may be amenable to stakeholder actions and strategic choices by way of one's investments, new alignments, infrastructure, R&d,

Increased tensions for R&d ownership Solid waste limits industrial activities and life in urban centres Capital shift from‘‘W to E''to‘‘E to W''Continued rise of Asia as economic,

including R&d and energy choices we may be able to affect through our society or nation.

He has worked on a number of futures-oriented research and development projects with several Finnish ministries and security organisations and in several EU-funded research projects.

These studies are part of a Dutch research and development programme that coordinates the efforts of leading research institutes and companies in The netherlands in the area of nanotechnology.

accepted 2 october 2004 Abstract Technology assessment reflecting on R&d and technological trends in the area of nanotechnology and its implications is confronted with the problem that most scientific endeavours of nanotechnology can be allocated to basic research

Most activities that are considered as R&d in the field of nanotechnology are basic or applied research rather than technology development.

which are taken already at early stages of an R&d project about its objectives, its design or its course

political requirements to orientate R&d budgets on the potential contribution of new developments to sustainable development puts some pressure on the TA practitioner.

Many activities that are considered as nanotechnology are closer to R&d for enabling technologies than they are embedded in a product (or process) development,

Among other goals, the project aims at structuring the R&d field of nanomaterials, at building a knowledge base for further detailed investigations about the potential of nanomaterials, especially with regard to sustainable development,

which has to be tied closely to the current developments in R&d and whose results can be fed back into the scientific, technological and also societal decision-making and agenda-setting processes.

If spoken by the head of a laboratory of the same company in front of its R&d department,

Companies use the prediction of Moore to decide on the R&d goals and the size of the investments.

Expectations thus reduce uncertainty in much the same way as heuristics do in research and development (Nelson andwinter 1982.

Philips'foresight activities included as well Philips Research the group's corporate R&d unit which regularly develops technology roadmaps concerning the group main business sectors.

Assessment of quality and maturity level of R&d. International Journal of Production Economics 78, no. 1: 29 35.

Organizational learning through post-project reviews in R&d. R&d Management 32, no. 3: 255 68.

Zohar, D. 1990. O Ser Quântico: Uma Visão Revolucionária da Naureza Humana e da Consciência Baseada na Nova Física.

This unique set of technologies represents the development of a strong and innovative R&d portfolio.

whose predominant activities are to proviid research and development, technology, and innovation services to enterprises, governments, and other clients.

Modularisation allows one to form a tailored‘response chain'to answer different kinds of research and development problems (see, e g.

Our model separates roadmaps with R&d scope and roadmaps with systemic scope. Figure 3 shows an ideal model of roadmap knowledge spaces.

R&d, adoption, etc. Building a technological vision Scoping new enabling technologies or new products Identifying temporal sequences Identifying singular elements,

The first roadmap scope is R&d I, with a perspective of a single technology or object.

The second roadmap scope is R&d II with a perspective of a single organisation or firm.

Roadmap scope Description Process aims Primary use of the roadmap R&d I: R&d perspective on a single technology or object Roadmapping single technologies from a certain perspective Enhancing organisational capacities in a certain technology field Building vision

and associated steps mainly in the technological space Drafting action steps to advance the implementatiio of the technology in question R&d II:

R&d perspective on a single organisation or firm Roadmapping organisattiona capacities in developing new competencies Roadmap for developing organisational/firm capacities Combination of roadmap knowledge spaces

depends on the specific aims of the process Forming practical organisatioona conclusions on the basis of the roadmapping Systemic I:

technology and social/actor space, R&d I scope Our first example is a roadmapping process that is aimed to renew a line of organisational compettenc that is already rather well established at VTT.

Knowledge spaces and systemic capacities The building services roadmap can be perceived as an R&d I type of technology roadmap that is aimed to contribute to the technology space and the social/actor space.

and systemic capacities The SSB roadmap can be perceived as an R&d II type of technology roadmap that aims to contribute to the strategy space and the social/actor space.

which was about building an explicit service-oriented R&d trajectory in an engineering-oriented RTO,

'Anticipating innovation pathways can assist R&d managers as they set priorities, new product managers as they compose development teams,

and national policy-makers as they formulate infrastructures to encourage innovation. 2. Background 2. 1. Tech Mining and FTAS Bibliometrics counting activity levels and identifying patterns in R&d bibliographic records,

(i e. to reach beyond R&d). Here, we go further to apply text mining tools (see www. thevantagepoint. com) to such compilations of research article and patent abstracts.

We search for R&d activity in suitable‘ST&I'databases and profile that activity and the associated actors from these data (Steps C and D). Many analytical tools can serve to profile R&d,

including bibliometric analyses, social netwoor analyses, and trend analyses. We adapt these to facilitate our study as a function of the state of development of NESTS.

Within the context of ongoing empirical analyses of nanotechnology(‘nano')R&d, we focus here on how nanomaterials are being used to enhance the performance of solar cells,

with J). Detailing how the solar cells function (Step A is treated only briefly (Appendix 2). DSSC R&d (Step C) profiling outputs are illustrated selectively.

Review of the TDS by several knowledgeable persons helped tune this simple conceptualisation. 4. 2. Profile R&d (Step C) This activity draws heavily on bibliometric

Extracting the organisational entities particularly those publishing R&d articles, those patenting, and those discussed in the business-oriented literature identifies possibly important actors in the DSSC arena.

and Rafols 2009) to locate DSSC R&d among the disciplines. This approach uses the Subject Categories assigned to journals bywos.

an especially useful analytical step is to profile their R&d and business activity in detail. Using Vantagepoint and MS Excel,

with R&d emphases distributed among them. In one stream of exploration, we consider the intersection of advanced dye formulations (to enhance light energy capture)

Alan L. Porter is Director of R&d for Search Technology, Inc.,Norcross, GA. He is also Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering,

R&d Management 40, no. 2: 195 208. Hekkert, M. P.,R. A a. Suurs, S. O. Negro, S. Kuhlmann,

and extensive coverage of key elements including priority research and development, human resource development, social conditions to be improved,

and the region's place in the era of globalization. 3. Integrative study 3. 1 Advantage of combination A good public investment in research and development needs an overall picture of facets of science

or national challenges goes far beyond the border of research and development in a single discipline, and necessarily involves collaboration across disciplines.

the 12-month exercise has had the aim of identifying up to 20 priority areas for the allocation of public funding of research and development over five years.

Through targeted research and development, it was put forward that Ireland could pilot new approaches for dealing with challenging areas such as energy and healthcare. 5. Conclusions With the increasing recognition of the concept of grand challenges over recent years,

The natural resources sector includes numerous players (federal and regional government agencies, public and private companies and industrial enterprises, R&d centres, environment protection organisations,

B identification of R&d areas that are most important and promising to Russia; B estimation of possible timeframes for major S&t breakthroughs;

B evaluation of the position of Russian R&d centres in the international S&t landscape; and B determination of the most relevant steps to be taken to support the development and commercialisation of science and technology.

representing all leading R&d and industrial centres. More than 150 experts were recruited to assess development prospects for the Rational Use of Natural resources area.

B current level of Russian R&d; B world leader country; B support measures for Russian R&d;

B expected timeframes for commercialisation and implementation; B support measures for commercialisation; and B possible results.

including R&d level, contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding and fixed assets.

Table II Characteristics of most developed technology groups in the‘‘Rational Use of Natural resources''thematic area Technology group Index of R&d levela Cumulative effectb Monitoring and control systems,

this index shows an average estimation of R&d level according to aggregated expert opinion. bcalculated as sum of the number of answers for the two top scores (among the following possible answers:‘‘

B estimates of the level of Russian R&d vis-a vis the world leaders for major S&t areas;

and B measures to support R&d and their commercialisation for all major S&t areas. These FS1 results were used as an information source for many political purposes:

importance, current level of Russian R&d, support measures and others A large database of promising S&tareas, estimated by nine criteria by 2, 000 experts.

In some Asian countries such as Japan, South korea and China, foresight has been taken as a tool for priority setting or R&d agenda setting.

In general, CTI is competitive intelligence within the R&d arena (Herring, 1993; Ashton et al. 1994). ) It has been defined as:..

i e. to guide R&d decisions. In looking at the timeframes associated with CTI, they are of a shorter duration to foresight

''foresight activity was regarded as a‘‘search tool''to identify their strengths in R&d, and in particular to identify innovation potentials

or in the R&d agenda setting process, it may therefore be strategically important to identify what kind of technologies are rated as important for these three countries;

Calof, J. and Smith, J. 2010),‘The integrative domain of foresight and competitive intelligence and its impact on R&d management'',R&d Management, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 31-9

the key to R&d'',Journal of Business strategy, Vol. 15, pp. 10-12. Kayal, A. 1999),‘Measuring the pace of technological progress:

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