In the first case, EMA is combined with System Dynamics (SD) to study plausible dynamics for mineral and metal scarcity.
what kinds of surprising dynamics can occur given a variety of uncertainties and a basic understanding of the system.
Future-oriented technology analysis Exploratory Modeling and Analysis Deep uncertainty System dynamics Adaptive policymaking Agent-based modeling 1. Introduction Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) is understood as an umbrella label for various approaches
Thus, technological systems can be decomposed in the physical components as well as the social components including institutions.
The solar system of planets is a relatively small system the sun and the eight planets and can be observed very well,
or systems in which humans are involved, the situation is different. In these cases, there are many components
and the system can only partly be observed. The use of predictive models for such systems is problematic.
There have been scientists who have realized this. Some claim the forecast is always wrong 4, others say all models are wrong 5,
and yet again others qualify arithmetic for such systems as useless 6. Such comments raise the question
Exploratory Modeling and Analysis (EMA) is a research methodology that uses computational experiments to analyze complex and uncertain systems 12,13.
but where this information does not allow specifying a single model that accurately describes system behavior.
Knowing that a system can exhibit such behavior can change the debate or open up new directions for the design of targeted solutions.
The third case presents an EMA study into transition pathways for the Dutch electricity system.
Recent contextual developments constitute a backdrop of change for the Dutch electricity system. Institutional change driven by liberalization, changing economic competitiveness of the dominant fuels, new technologies,
System Dynamics is used for modeling and simulating dynamically complex issues and analyzing their resulting nonlinear behaviors over time
diverging beliefs and ideas about system functioning, and complex interactions between supply, demand, substitution, and recycling, necessitating a more exploratory approach.
Causal loop diagrams are used often to communicate feedback loop structures included in System Dynamics models.
The model has been implemented as a System Dynamics model using the Vensim software 27.421 J. H. Kwakkel,
E. Pruyt/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 419 431 This small and simplistic System Dynamics model was developed in about one day in close collaboration with a mineral/metal expert
, based on his mental model of the underlying structure of the mineral/metal system 18. The objective of the joint modeling endeavor was twofold:(
Both objectives were achieved at first by means of traditional System Dynamics modeling and manual exploration of the influence of key assumptions, changing one assumption at a time.
Airports are a crucial element in this system and are major drivers of regional and national economies.
Emissions Emission Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) the FAA required tool for emission analysis 41. Third party risk Methodology developed by the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) for third-party risk 42,43 the NATS methodology has been extended to apply to multiple runways 49,50.
or by modifying the stricter slot allocation regime. 3. 3. Identification of plausible transition pathways for the future Dutch electricity generation system Recent contextual developments constitute a backdrop of change
for the Dutch electricity system. Institutional change driven by liberalization, changing economic competitiveness of the dominant fuels, new technologies,
The consequences of each of these alternative developments are assessed using an agent-based model 45 of the Dutch electricity system.
which explicitly focuses on multiple actor groups within the electricity system, most importantly the end users and the generation companies.
The first case showed how EMA can be combined with System Dynamics to investigate the types of behavior that can occur with respect to mineral and metal shortages.
while in particular the first and third case demonstrate how this can be combined with nonlinear dynamic models (System Dynamics and Agent Based Modeling respectively),
which are more appropriate for the types of systems and phenomena FTA applies to. FTA intends to guide policy
diverging or even conflicting understanding of how a system is working, and different sources and types of information and data.
the different ways of understanding a system, and utilizes the plethora of information sources available. Moreover, EMA can also be used for creatively imagining possible futures
reflections on becoming a systems scientist, Syst. Dyn. Rev. 18 (2002) 501 531.6 O. H. Pilkey, L. Pilkey-Jarvis, Useless Arithmetic:
a generic exploratory system dynamics model, in: T. H. Moon (Ed.),The 28th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, 2010, Seoul, Korea. 19 E. Alonso, J. Gregory, F. Field
, R. Kirchain, Material availability and the supply chain: risks, effects, and responses, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41 (2007) 6649 6656.20 A. Valero, A. Valero, Physical geonomics:
An Exploratory System Dynamics Model and Analysis of the Global Copper System in The next 40 Years, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2011.22 J. H. Kwakkel, W
Econ. 61 (2007) 115 128.24 J. Forrester, Principles of Systems, Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, MA, 1968.25 J. D. Sterman, Business Dynamics:
an exploratory system dynamics approach, in: M. H. Lee (Ed.),The 28th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 2010, Seoul, Korea. 27 Ventana Systems Inc, in:
Vensim Reference manual, 2011.28 G. van Rossum, in: Python Reference manual, CWI, 1995.29 Ventana Systems Inc, in:
Vensim DSS Reference Supplement, Ventana Systems, Inc, 2010.30 D. N. Ford, A behavioral approach to feedback loop dominance analysis, Syst.
Dyn. Rev. 15 (1999) 3 36.31 R. J. Lempert, D. G. Groves, S. Popper, S. Bankes, A general analytic method for generating robust strategies and narrative scenarios, Manag.
Res. 10 (2010) 227 250.36 R. de Neufville, A. Odoni, Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management, Mcgraw-hill, New york, 2003.37 Schiphol Group, in:
Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System User's Manual, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environment and Energy, WASHINGTON DC, 2009.42 P. G. Cowell, R. Gerrard, D
Erik Pruyt is Assistant professor of System Dynamics and Policy analysis at the Faculty of technology, Policy and Management of Delft University of Technology.
Social and Political sciences & Solvay Business school of the Free University of Brussels. His research focuses mainly on the multidimensional dynamics of complex uncertain systems,
Due to the social dynamics of innovation, new socio-technical subsystems are emerging, however there is lack of exploitation of novel ideas
This is needed because innovation itself needs to be oriented along more sustainable pathways enabling transformations of socio-technical systems. 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
and systems of innovation are shaped by social, cultural and political power as well as by technological rationalism and such indeterminism makes systemic approaches to innovation policy far from linear or predictable.
In that sense the potential for innovation within the system (i e. inward reflection) is acknowledged less. When considered from the perspective of creating legitimacy for action we also suggest that the scenarios in this group could benefit fromcomplementary techniques connecting the long-term future images to the present via stepping stones.
The innovation potential of the scenarios can be strengthened through broadening the system boundaries and enriching the future images.
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 432 443 5. Discussion Due to the social dynamic characteristic of innovation, new socio-technical subsystems are emerging 24.
and defining areas for innovation Weak on complexity of socio-technological systems Evolutionary Interaction Engage in sustainable pathways enabling transformations of innovation systems Allows a systemized negotiation process linking a variety of social actors
i e. integrating different modes of futures thinking, is needed for orienting innovation along more sustainable pathways enabling transformations of socio-technical systems.
climate change, food security, rural development, agricultural knowledge systems. The 2nd SCAR Foresight exercise. Last accessed on 29/06/11 and available at http://ec. europa. eu/research/agriculture/scar/pdf/scar 2nd foresight exercise en. pdf 6. 3rd SCAR Foresight exercise EC (2011), Sustainable
C. Edguist (Ed.),System of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, Pinter publishers, London, 1997.39 B. Carlsson, R. Stankiewicz, On the nature, function,
and composition of technological systems, J. Evol. Econ. 1 (1991) 93 118.40 M. P. Hekkert, R. A a. Suurs, S. O. Negro, S. Kuhlmann, R. E. H. M
Peter De Smedt has a background in ecological system analyses. His professional challenge is connecting science and policy.
and systems that exploit these newproperties. 1 This broad definition covers clusters of technologies that may have different characteristics and applications.
a third generation of 3-D nanosystems and systems of nanosystems (characterized by various syntheses and assembling techniques),
The pluralistic nature of the US R&d system, the diverse, dynamic nature of US national political bodies and the limitations of US foresight history makes centralized goal-setting across many
as in the case of emerging technologies, the diverse and dynamic environment enables the actors within the pluralistic system to use FTA to build up governance networks
including fullerenes, synthetic supramolecular systems, nanotubes, and nanobiology. These reports provided information on the technology field
and reconfiguring the policy system) was enhanced by building networks among government departments, agencies, industry and a broad variety of academic disciplines.
and implementation is organized not by involving a broad variety of stakeholders and the policy system remains unchanged.
Envisioning structural transformation lessons from a foresight project on the future of innovation Elna Schirrmeister, Philine Warnke Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany a r t
many foresight exercises do not look into paradigm shifts but rather tackle different variants of the established system view.
A number of studies are pointing towards the need for more fundamental changes using notions such as transformative innovation 6, system transition 7,
scenarios and roadmaps challenging today's paradigms and basic assumptions on system dynamics. A third arena where systemic change needs to be addressed is innovation itself as its very definition seems to be shifting.
and long-term transition emerging from within the system. For this reason, Postma and Liebl 21 suggest to neglect complex causalities
or inconsistent judged by characteristics of today's system. The aim is to explore the future of innovation in a rigorous inductive approach with a strong emphasis on open collection of phenomena
A Model of industrial systems in which all waste materials are reincorporated productively in new production and use phases. 462 E. Schirrmeister, P. Warnke/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 453 466 (2) Participation:
In order to envision and explore pathways for system transformation, foresight methodology needs to be developed further. Wewould like to highlight some of the aspects of the INFU experience that seemto be of particular relevance to be explored further by foresight practitioners
Elna Schirrmeister is a senior researcher and project manager at Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research since 1999.
new FTA systems for anticipatory action in a fast-changing world, Sci. Public policy 39 (2)( 2012) 153 165.15 K. Haegeman, F. Scapolo, A. Ricci, E. Marinelli, A. Sokolov, premises and practices in combining quantitative and qualitative FTA METHODS
Again the authors take a more empirical or applied approach, by focusing on a particular case study, the‘‘Intelligent Manufacturing Systems 2020''project.
Marinho and Cagnin propose the inclusion of elements of FTA PROCESSES in strategic management with the explicit aim of‘‘improving Performance Measurement Systems''.
and monitoring of complex dynamic systems and may enable organizations to use long-term visions to effectively link strategy and operations across the whole value chain.
when such systems are assumed not to abide by the definitional and operational parameters imposed by a roadmapping exercise.
1 there is evidence of the usefulness of an anticipatory systems approach. This strand of thinking considers anticipation to be a fundamental attribute of this universe
and organization of anticipatory systems seems to offer shared sense-making framework for the FTA and Foresight communities.
and provoking further conversations on to use the future in ways that take advantage of humanity's many anticipatory systems. 1 R. Miller, R. Poli, P. Rossel, The discipline of anticipation, forthcoming, UNESCO.
The internal context relates to the structures and behaviours of the organisation or system in
This organisation or system includes all parties and institutions (e g. administrative system and political system) that are involved in the performance of a foresight process and implementation of the results.
This paper focuses on internal context. There is no doubt that each foresight exercise must be adapted narrowly to its actual context.
‘‘tend to rely on markets to coordinate endeavours in both financial and industrial relation systems''.''while CME‘‘.
and employee associations to supervise a public subsidised training and education system. A considerable amount of technology development is financed by public or quasi-public institutions.
food and bio products Intelligent solutions for society Production systems of the future Strategic growth technologies Health and prevention From basic research to individualised treatment Chronic disease between prevention and rehabilitation
'such as the dynamics of change, future challenges, risks and opportunities, strengths and weaknesses of the current system, visions for change,
which relates to the function of reconfiguring the policy system, as mentioned by Costa et al. 25,
which in turn implies that foresight exercises can lead to the reconfiguration of a policy system and increase its ability to meet major challenges.
Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Oxford university Press, Oxford, 2003.9 G. Ringland, Scenarios In public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, West sussex, 2002.10 P. van Notten
Lessons from a scenario and roadmapping exercise on manufacturing systems Cristiano Cagnin a b,,*Totti Ko nno la c adg Joint research Centre for Prospective and Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS), Seville, Spain b Center for Strategic studies and Management
The aim is to draw lessons for international foresight processes on the basis of a specific international foresight project on intelligent and sustainable manufacturing systems.
and managing the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) 2020 project. The first principle is interconnected understanding innovation systems. This principle ensures that participants position the foresight exercise and their own activities in a global context.
an international FTA project addressing the future of intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS). Section 4 outlines the lessons learned from the authors'experiences in designing
and a‘glocal'impact orientation. 2. 1. Understanding interconnected innovation systems Before starting any foresight venture is important to have a clear idea of the system being analysed
and related interconnected systems (e g. social, technological, economic, environmental, political, value, cultural, among others) 6. Managers of international exercises must also take into account the distinctiveness of local, regional and national subsysstem around the world.
At the same time, a spectrum of foresight methods can be applied to develop a better understanding of possible future developments of the systems under analysis 7. In this context
examining system properties in the international context in which the exercise takes place supports the development of a common understanding of different, even diverging, viewpoints.
Ultimately this allows the system to become more adaptive. In this context it is necessary, the authors argue,
and to embed the exercise in the systems it is part of. Towards this end, it may be crucial to ensure multiple communication channels to enable knowledge to flow,
and improve the performance of the global system of local, regional, and national systems that it is also important for the people making decisions to be involved in the process and feel ownership of its results.
intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) 2020 IMS2020 was an FP7 project funded by the NMP division of the European commission within the IMS Framework, conducted by an international consortium of 15 core partners and a large group
In order to understand the state of the art on intelligent and sustainable manufacturing systems, the background work involved the mapping and analysis of
which enable different ways of organising production systems, including infrastructures, and which reduce the time between engaging with end users
At the same time, new schemes and frameworks to support manufacturing systems research are being developed. These are intended to stimulate small and medium enterprises (SMES) to participate in international cooperative research and development (R&d) projects.
when designing and managing an international foresight exercise. 4. 1. Understanding interconnected innovation systems In the IMS2020 project the understanding of the global system of sub-systems was attained by mapping scientific literature,
European commission and roadmapping group) to share a common understanding of the system under analysis. It also allowed all the involved parties to explore likely ways in which it could evolve.
Ultimately it is hoped that once the findings of this project are put into practice it will help EU manufacturing systems to flourish sustainably. 9 4. 2. Responsiveness towards diverse languages
could have been justified in the IMS2020 project to gain more insight on the developments of different systems. 10 The mentioned framework has been used by JRC-IPTS in a number of projects
.,Norcross, GA, United states c Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA d Public policy, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA e
and activities likely to lead to the attainment of both lower and higher level system goals,
(ii) the huge diversity of higher education systems and individual universities cannot be reflected;(iii) the role of other research actors,
GA. He is also Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering, and of Public policy at Georgia Tech, where he co-directs the Technology policy and Assessment Center.
and market pull approaches due to increasing complexity and uncertainty of systems, more distributed nature of knowledge creation and innovation,
'Such Foresightful innovation requires investigations into systems through (i) anticipation of the drivers and weak signals of change with the intention of being prepared for whatever might follow from the ongoing and future social, economic and political mayhem with a rich understanding of systems, their history and possible futures,(ii) analysis of different stakeholder perspectives
and their social relationships, which can affect and be affected by the Foresight process, and (iii) investigation into the formal and informal networks and procedures,
which may be in harmony or in conflict with other systems. Zooming in on the interaction with current and anticipated users as a crucial yet very specific group of stakeholders
Another crucial evolution concerns the growing convergence of TV and the Internet and the introduction of new hardware systems and services.
Proceedings of the 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Society, 2010.23 E. Von Hippel, Lead users:
developing and refining assumption personas for secure system design, in: Proceedings of the Third international conference on Human-centred software engineering (HCSE'10), Springer-verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 111 118.29 W. Gaver, A. Boucher, S
The roles of fta in improving performance measurement systems to enable alignment between business strategy and operations: Insights from three practical cases Sidnei Vieira Marinho a,,
Performance measurement systems FTA Strategy Implementation A b s T R A c T Despite the growing number of publications on firms'performance measurement systems (PMS), consensus
which their system was applied, they highlight that the inclusion of Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) would have prevented some of the failures experienced.
In this context, systems which are able to measure the performance of a firm (performance measurement systems
Such systems aim at enhancing a firm'advantages, both internal and external, with a focus on process improvements.
These systems have been developed to allow an organisation to focus on results and to allocate resources rapidly and efficiently.
Section 3 outlines the empirical application of the proposed system in three case studies. Results show,
and its implementation across a firm value chain does not allow the whole system to become flexible and adaptive over time.
and improve the operationalisation of the proposed system. In particular we argue that embedding FTA in the system would enable firms to steer solutions to possible challenges through joint-up decision making and implementation processes.
Finally, section 5 summarises the main conclusions. 2. Proposed system The system proposed, as reported in Fig. 1,
is articulated in four different phases which seek to optimise the use and implementation of the BSC.
The proposed system supports formulation and implementation to be designed in alignment. It does so by helping an organisation to better understand the process by which mission, vision, values,
This is done by initially analysing the existing system of measures and how these are formalised within the firm's routines.
It is important to highlight that the chosen targets must take Fig. 1. Proposed system. 1 The system proposes the use of the Dynamic System 32 to capture the key variables that influence the system behaviour
thus enabling the firm to build a robust system for measuring performance. S v. Marinho C. Cagnin/Futures 59 (2014) 50 61 52 into account the availability and facility to access information,
These are paramount to enable learning to take place across the system (i e. value chain. The relationship between the four phases of the proposal is dynamic
This offers a robust tool for systemic processes aiming to align strategy and operations across a given system (i e. value chain.
and both joint and individual strategic objectives and related customised operational processes and monitoring systems. 3. Empirical applications:
identification of the system's limitations Once validated, the system proposed was tested in three case studies.
if the proposed system would deal with the difficulties and limitations of the BSC;(b) transparency and access to information generated by their BSC to understand the problems each organisation faces
and to generate solutions via the proposed system and (c) select organisations from different sectors to assess the need to adapt
and refine the proposed system. The organisations facilitated access to information through meetings between managers and the staff responsible for implementing the proposed system.
These served to exchange information and experiences as well as obtain consensus on the changes needed in their existing BSC,
the involvement of managers in the implementation of the proposed system generated commitment on the one hand and, on the other hand,
in order to test the proposed system in public administration. The reality of public management in Brazil is marked by a lack of financial resources and excessive social problems
In this context, the proposed system aimed to become an important strategic tool for monitoring the effectiveness of public management. 3. 1. 2. Description The first case aimed to assess the efficiency of the Brazilian State of Parana in sharing
The implementation of the proposed 3 The system proposes the use of the Commonkads 35
and the Hoshin Kanri 36 37 tools to support the acquisition, representation, modelling and maintenance of a firm's knowledge system.
the latter being responsible for describing the capability of a firm's knowledge system to solve problems using organisational learning. 4 In the proposed system the method of perpetual budget 38 offers such characteristics as it supports the analysis of cause
S v. Marinho, C. Cagnin/Futures 59 (2014) 50 61 53 system followed the designed phases and steps.
5 since one of the differences between a typical BSC and the proposed system is the creation of shared objectives.
while implementing the proposed system. In turn, the link between citizens'expectations and desires collected via dialogue (phase 3)
To sum up, the implementation of the proposed system did not enable an effective space for mutual learning
In this context, the proposed system was implemented to support a rethinking of the institution, its values and its development into a desired future,
The implementation of the proposed system enabled an understanding that indicators in use reflected only philanthropy instead of social inclusion.
the proposed system allowed mutual learning to take place. On the other hand, the learning process enabled the identification of the problem itself,
Thus, the system fostered the possibility to reshape the organization's strategy. 3. 2. 3. Positive results The construction of strategic maps through system dynamics (step 2 phase 3) enabled an in depth understanding
since teachers, students and employees are obliged to stop 5 Phases in between brackets relate to the proposed system.
among others. 3. 2. 4. Negative results Through the application of the proposed system it was possible to observe,
it was possible to see that the institution was not able to shape a process to build a shared understanding of stakeholders'views as well as of risks, opportunities, system capabilities and dynamic changes.
As a consequence, the positive results attained during the implementation of the proposed system are at risk
For this reason we became interested in applying the proposed system to assist the organisation in achieving its vision through a well defined strategy aligned with its implementation,
and enable the community to become more independent in the future. 3. 3. 3. Positive results The proposed system enabled community members to develop their own strategies,
the proposed system allowed the preparation of a business plan for obtaining resources from the UNDP Programme.
Hence, the proposed system should improve in terms of its notion of stakeholder involvement to enable the development of a common vision to be pursued across the system,
and to develop an action plan to monitor the achievement of the agreed vision as well as enable adaptation over time. 3. 4. Limitations of the proposed system
In spite of the success factors enabled through the use of the proposed system, its application in practice (case studies) has shown that there are still a number of elements
Also, in combining robust measures with learning and knowledge while monitoring the system and enabling it to become operational.
Moreover, the timeframe of the analysis provided by the system proposed is, like any other BSC, most often short-term (usually five years or less).
Moreover, although the system proposed enables knowledge to be shared formalised and transferred across the value chain,
and (iii) a common vision to be pursued across the system based upon the mutual positioning of value chain actors in relation to the future.
which must then be embedded in the proposed system to enable an effective connection between strategy and implementation across the value chain. 4. Roles of fta FTA and its elements of strategic foresight,
and the overall system to become adaptive over time. The limitations of BSC which were still not effectively addressed by the proposed system,
as noted above, can all be overcome, in principle, by embedding FTA in the proposal. FTA has a long tradition in creating spaces for dialogue
Embedding this form of dialogue in the proposed system would thus improve the ways in
The link between learning and strategy around a common vision in the value chain enables trust to be developed across the system through participatory instruments.
However, such common vision to be pursued across the system should be based upon the mutual positioning of value chain actors in relation to future needs 52.
aligning therefore strategy and operations across the system. Rather than reducing the uncertainty firms and their stakeholders in the value chain confront, both individually and together,
(thus supporting phases 3 and 4). Enabling spaces like this through foresight embedded within the proposed system to formalise this collective process of mutual learning and experimentation would enable increased communication across the value chain.
(thus supporting phase 1). It does so by enabling a shared understanding of stakeholders'views as well as of risks, opportunities, system capabilities and dynamic changes (thus supporting phase 2). This builds upon knowledge
(thus supporting phase 1). The breakdown of individual strategies into action plans and related monitoring systems aligned to a common goal in the value chain would
embedding FTA within the proposed system would enable firms to steer solutions to possible challenges through joint-up decision making and implementation processes.
Hence, it supports the system to undertake systemic transitions and develop new configurations through a multilevel governance approach,
Fig. 2 outlines the proposed‘‘renewed''system including the FTA aspects here outlined. The‘‘renewed''system proposed in Fig. 2 holds the promise of supporting the shaping of a shared vision across the value chain
which is key to enable alignment between strategy and its implementation across a firm'value chain.
Also, such a system shall enable the development of associated collective and individual strategies with related action plans as well as monitoring and evaluation systems.
The system outlined in Fig. 2 builds upon the structure of the BSC and its typical phases,
STRATEGIC LEARNING PHASE 4 FTA provid es a sha red unde rstandin g of stakehold ers'vie ws as well as of risks, opportun itie s, system capab
which the system migh t evolve. Th is is critical for the de fin itio n of a visio n t o be pu rsue d. FTA in volves the collective articulatio n of visions
Fig. 2. FTA embedded within the proposed system. S v. Marinho, C. Cagnin/Futures 59 (2014) 50 61 57 intelligence systems, direction setting, priority setting, strategy formulation, marketing, organisational change,
and innovation 39. More importantly, the system outlined in Fig. 2 addresses all limitations encountered both in research
and practice related to the effective implementation of the BSC. This is particularly true with a view of aligning value chain actors towards a shared vision enabled through FTA.
However, a new piloting of the system would be critical to both validate and refine the system.
Such an application of the system in practice shall be subject of future work to be developed by the authors. 5. Conclusions The system proposed was developed based on perceived gaps in the process of implementing the BSC The guiding objective was to combine characteristics inherent to PMS, such as participation
, dynamism and its direct relationship with organisational strategy. Therefore, contributions from a variety of tools were combined in such a manner as to allow these objectives to be embedded within a system based on the BSC.
The application of the proposed system in practice shows that the notion of stakeholder involvement, mutual experimentation and learning,
and of a common vision to be pursued across the system is neglected however still. The paper attempts to bridge such gap by bringing together management research
and practice with FTA, which in itself is an original contribution to the former field.
By doing so the authors'claim that the use of the system proposed aligned with FTA helps overcoming overall PMS (and in particular BSC) limitations.
It does so by supporting the shaping and monitoring of complex and dynamic systems. Hence, it should effectively enable the overall system under analysis
(i e. value chain) and individuals to become adaptive over time. Finally, embedding FTA within the system proposed shall enable firms to steer solutions to possible challenges through joint-up decision making and implementation processes.
These include the coordination and mobilisation of resources across the value chain. Ultimately the renewed system with embedded FTA supports the system under analysis
(i e. value chain) to undertake systemic transitions and to develop new configurations through a multilevel governance approach,
and refine such a renewed system the authors propose its application in practice as an avenue for future research.
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-based assessment of the external environment 60 SWOT analysis 26 There is a lack of any system to define measures linked to consistent targets 58,59 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 58 SWOT analysis
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