and feedback and feed-forward linkages are established. 4. Innovation in systems or networks: innovation processes are distributed among different organizations
service or system 24, has long been considered a driving force behind economic growth 25. For a long time, internal R&d capabilities were associated closely with innovativeness.
4 Innovation in systems or networks Networked foresight P. van der Duin et al.//Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 64 investigated in terms of type, scope and foresight role.
Additionally, the application of the CIM can reveal various system failures that can limit the effectiveness of the use of futures research.
towards an agenda, R&d Management 36 (2006) 223 228.10 C. Edquist, Systems of Innovation Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, Routledge, Oxon, 1997.11 D. Rigby, C
Information Knowledge Systems Management 5 (2005) 245 259.36 S. Ahn, A new program in cooperative research between academia and industry in Korea involving Centers of Excellence, Technovation
curve modelling, leading indicators, envelope curves, long wave models Expert opinion Survey, Delphi, focus groups, participatory approaches Modelling and simulation Innovations systems descriptions
, complex adaptive systems modelling, chaotic regimes modelling, technology diffusion or substitution analyses, input output modelling, agent-based modelling Logical/causal analyses
reconfiguring the policy system; and having a symbolic function. These functions were an important outcome of the Second International Seville Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis held in 2006.
system NBIC Educational system Nanotech and science Agri-food supply ICT mathematics Infrastructures Mathematics Armed forces ICT Geology Engineering Economics Chemistry Biology
In this way, the future-oriented approach is disseminated through the whole of the government system, as well as the scientific communnit and society.
In 2007 The netherlands government decided to abandon the system of‘sector councils 'and to create new provisions within all ministries (so-called knowledge chambers).
if data can be incorporated from scans developed by countries on the other side of the world, at different stages of economic development or with contrasting political (and geopolitical) systems.
Creative system disruption: towards a research strategy beyoon Lisbon, Key technologies Expert Group. Available at<ftp://ftp. cordis. europa. eu/pub/foresight/docs/keytechnoologiesreport. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Creative system disrupttion towards a research strategy beyond Lisbon, Report of the Key technologies Expert Group. Available from<ftp://ftp. cordis. europa. eu/pub/foresight/docs/key-technologiesrepportpdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Michael Friedewald is at the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovattio Research Competence Center‘New Emerging Technologiees'Breslauer Strasse 48,76139 Karlsruhe, Germany;
She is currently in charge of the SIMPHS project dealing with market and innovation dynamics around personal health systems.
Michael Friedewald is head of the business unit for informatiio and communication technologies at the Fraunhofer Instiitut for Systems and Innovation research, Karlsruhe, Germany.
and strateeg formulation for action by system actors. Conceptually, this would be multifaceted a complex evaluation based on the broad impacts of an FTA PROCESS.
and members of the European community have used to guide their foresight design Quality of products Produce future-oriented materials for the system to use Development of reference materials for policy-makers and other innovation actors More informed science,
technology and innovation priorities Creating a language and body of practice for thinking about the future A source of inspiration for policy system actors More comprehensive,
repositioning of old ones Establishment of communications structures between innovation actors Support the empowerment of (innovation and futures) systems actors Contribute towards the development of actor identities Foresight provides many opportunities for enhanced
so as to gain agility and strengthen preparedness Learning effects impacts Supports system actors to create their own futures Creates a shared vision amongst diverse actors Gain insights into complex interactions
and emerging drivers of change Builds trust and shared basis of experience between system actors Detect
and analyze weak signals that enable actors to‘foresee'changes ahead Facilitate better understanding of potentially disruptive change Provide anticipatory intelligence about the systems
and their changes to system actors Development of significant new ways of thinking about challenges and opportunities Promote collective learning through open exchanges of information
and train over 300 senior government staff and managers in foresight methods so that at least a portion of the policy advisory system has had some exposure/familiarity to these methods Communications strategy:
and the change in government led to a more tightly controlled system for strategic messaging and press relations Stakeholder integration:
and knowledge systems that enable each other in pursuit of a common goal Nares Damrongchai obtained his MPHIL degree from the University of Cambridge, UK and a doctorate in engineering from Tokyo Institute of technology.
medical imaging, decision-making techniques, future knowledge management systems, and project management. Greg Tegart has had a long and varied career.
and knowledge systems that enable each other in pursuit of a common goal Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 43 The concept has been extended in the European union's Seventh Framework Program to the possibiliitie at the interface of micro nano systems and the living world.
Figure 1 illustrates how nanosysteems biosystems and IT can interact in biomedical biosecurity applications. In the present study we have applied the concept of converging technologiies particularly the pragmatic European definition,
Moreover, health systems research using social sciences, epidemioloog and anthropology is needed to understand how new technologies can be used most effectively from the viewpoints of the needs,
cheap No physical burden Continuous microbial monitoring system Table 2. Short term Medium term Long term Improving database of genome, proteome of causative microbe Need to have international/dome
stic system for sample delivery Research on personal diagnostic devices Need to solve problem of benefit sharing Research on field diagnostic devices New light source for internal body
for airports, thermal, chemical Chemical sensing Rapid high throughput systems, high polymerase chain reaction capacity High throughput genetic sequencing Multiplex testing Access to latest and developing diagnostic technologies High-level investigative capacity and capability Local site Regional
health centers International institutions Validation processes established Information collection and sharing system from the local diagnostic systems through to the international institutions Personal diagnostic devices, implantable or wearable biosennso-transmitter Sensing systems of adequate sensitivity Low cost, point of care amplification
systems Effective networks to collect, manage and analyse data National laboratory hierarchy accepted Acceptance of information collection processes Privacy concerns addressed Use of point of care
and personal diagnostic technologies in the community without adverse implications Education and communication to public (so that public understands the significance of EID control) Challenges:
technical, social, economic and political Ownership and sharing of biological material Long-term budget system for EID technology development and deployment, APEC‘Centers of Excellence'APEC collaboration projects
Validation standards developed Laboratory hierarchy strategy developed National (and international) information sharing systems developed BSL3-4 capability developed*Note:*
level 4 is highest level system could be based on a fully scientific base, and this should be established as a research
combining with establishhmen of a new network system to utilize other research sites effectively for the benefit of the APEC.
miniaturized systems are being developpe to track both animals and humans but standaard and protocols are needed to enable tracking across national boundaries.
interactive applicatioons personalization, recommendation systems and evaluation of Qoe and quality of service (Qos) in mobile environments.
general pocket radio service (GPRS) and universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), it covered a wireless environment offering various applications to a large panel of test users via different platforms (e g. personal digital assisstan (PDA), laptop etc.).
reporting Carpooling system I-map Manual download Mobile dating Automated tolling Shop alert Smart mobile messenger Mobile blog Receipt download‘Independent living'support Mobile feed reader
and friends (Social cluster) 2. 94/5 Traffic jam alerts 4. 01/5 Doing‘unusual tasks'more effectively by mobile Effective II cluster) 3. 68/5 Carpooling system 2. 93/5
This could be the next step towaard a real user-driven innovation system. References Alam, I 2002.
test and experimentation platfoorm for broadband systems. In Designing for Networked Communications: Strategies and Development, S b Heilesen and S Siggaard Jensen (eds.
Two-equation system (participation eqn. R&d effort eqn. R&d spending:++Patents:++Busom (2000), Spain R&d subsidy programme 1988 154 Selection correction:
Two-equation system (participation eqn.:R&d effort eqn. patent eqn. R&d expenditures: R&d personnel, R&d expenditures/sales, R&d personnel/employment:+
Three-equation system (two different participation eqns.:R&d spending eqn. employment eqn. R&d spending 1992:
Two-equation system (participation eqn. CIMT adoption eqn. Change in CIMT intensity (1990 1996:++for firms with less than 200 employees+for firms adopting CIMT for first time Donzé (2002),
Two-equation system (participation eqn.:CIMTADOPPTIO eqn. b) matched-pair analysis Change in CIMT intensity (1992 1998:+
, systems, rules and practices in response to grand societal challenges. This introductory paper provides an overview of selected conference contributions and the perspectives in
This edition of the conference focussed on the need and potential of FTA to address disruptive transformations in global and national structures, systems, rules and practices in response to grand societal challenges.
Historically evolved systems of national and international public administtratio demonstrably have fundamental difficulties in addressing grand challenges that is not the kind of univeers they were designed to handle.
and combination of existing tools and aligning them to governance systems, to address the complexity of the grand challenges.
and innovattio system towards major societal challenges, with greater integration of FTA;.the development and implementation of new approaches to FTA, particularly the application of horizon scanning;.
and the mutual positioning of innovattio system actors in relation to the future. At the same time, FTA can support
The emergence of the communication capacities of social networking technologies is itself providing a challenge to existing systems,
One response, based on introducing higher levels of flexibility into governance systems, is via a much more systematic embedding of FTA within government.
However, it has to be noted that FTA can challenge current systems and through its implementation it can explore for new approaches that might include incremental but also radical changes.
and have an open attitude to changes in systems. These should not be seen as threats
acknowledgement of the deep inadequacies of vertically structured systems and processes, and much greater experimentation with the development of more horizonnta mechanisms;.
Paulo University Medical school System (FMUSP..Strategic foresight exercise for the sustainable food production process in Brazil..
and supporting the national ST&I system. FINEP's portfolio includes: funding oriented to 250. C. C. Nehme et al.
FINEP's strategic management plan was developed in 17 months, in an intense and challenging process of looking into the future of the agency and its role in the national ST&I system.
FINEP was an important stakeholder in the Brazilian ST&I system, but did not have full governance to deal with all those variables
afterwards, promoting reflections on a more strategic and realistic positioning of FINEP in the national ST&I system.
In order to hear the opinion of government authorities and representative leaders from industry and the national system of ST&I, about the system itself, FINEP, its performmanc and future expectations,
allowed for shared commitments between the relevant players to facilitate the construction of a future vision and roles for FINEP in the national ST&I system.
it was imperative for the main stakehollder in the national ST&I system to be involved in order to be committed in the implementation phase.
Aside from contributing to the understanding of China's research and innovation policy and system, this paper provides insights into policy change in China more generally and also into the processes
The choice of China may be motivated by its sheer importtanc in the world scientific system, where it is quickly moving from laggard to leader.
the system for allocating funding is suscepttibl to various forms of rent-seeking and even corruptiio in lieu of transparent decision-making mechanisms.
They claim that the current research system‘wastes resourrces corrupts the spirit and stymies innovation'(Shi and Rao 2010.
Thus, China can be categorized clearly as a top-down and centralized planning system, which focuses on large-scale accomplishments and numerical accomplishments, with a preference for grandiose plans.
'This indicates that China is not moving towards a substitution of centralized reseaarc governance with a fully fledged pluralist system without strong coordinating mechanisms a`la Russia after the Soviet period (Graham and Dezhina 2008.
the peer review system. With the tougher fiscal climate of the 1960s and 1970s and the rise of several political challenges, a new steering model emerged where political priorities invaded the decisionmakkin process more explicitly (Elzinga 1985.
However, Emerging s&t systems, such as China's, combine rapid advances in S&t resources with significant Research priority setting in China. 259 systemic immaturities regarding for example funding allocattio mechanisms,
when the China Communist party Central Committee (CCPCC) issued policy documents outlining three major systems reforms: of the economic system in 1984, of the S&t system in 1985,
and of the education system in 1985. The latter reforms focused primarily on the funding system, pushing scientists to seek funding from the market
which explicitly proposed to establish the Socialist market economy system. A decision on accelerating the progress of S&t was launched in 1995,
is to strengthen China's higher education system by funding around 40 universities out of a total of around 2, 000 regular institutions of higher education in China (Marginson 2006).
A further indication of the‘bipolar'nature of China's university system is that the top nine universities,
and may continue to thwart the ambitiion of Chinese scientists to develop a more genuinely pluralist system of resource allocation.
Wittrick, B. and Elzinga, A. eds) The University research System. The Public policies of the Home of Scientist, pp. 191 220.
Foray, D. 2000)‘ On The french system of innovation: between institutional inertia and rapid changes'Paper prepared for the workshop on Innovation Paradigm:
Kroll, H.,Conle',M. and Schu ller, M. 2010)‘ China innovattio system and innovation policy'.'In:
System antecedents and institutionalizatioon'Research policy, 34: 894 913. Zhang, C.,Zhihua Zeng, D.,Mako, W. P. and Seward, J. 2009) Promoting Enterprise-Led Innovation in China.
2010)‘ Four Famous persons in the Scientific Community Give Suggestions to Deepen the reform of Science and Technology System, 16 august 2010,
agriculture. 1. Introduction Over the last two decades scholars working on innovattio systems have established different ways in
as generally acknowledged by the literature about innovattio systems, play an essential role in shaping and fosteriin the development of an innovation system,
and the configuration of the innovation systems The conception of the configuration of the three innovattio systems is established on the theoretical foundations of different system approaches.
Since each system approach has different focuses before we build the new concept for an innovation system we first review the key concepts of each approach,
as well as their analysis of the role of national institutions in the development of an innovaatio system.
The sectoral innovation system recognizes a system as a set of products which are developed in a global context.
A group of actors in the system carry out market and non-market actions for the creation, production and sale of the products.
However, because a different system approach uses different criteria to draw the boundary of an innovation system,
2008) have specified only that a technological system may be a sub-system of a sectoral innovation system or may cut across several sectoral innovation systems.
while a sectoral system usually crosses a geographical boundary, and a technological innovation system typically crosses both geograpphica and sectoral boundaries.
and explain the intersections between the three innovaatio systems. Based on Markard and Truffer's diagram (Markard and Truffer 2008), we redraw the relationships of the three innovaatio systems (see Fig. 2)
and define the configuration of the three innovation systems as the NSTIS. We assume that the system exists within a particular national border
and is embedded in the global context. The actors within the system such as institutional actors, use the knowledge of a particular technological field to produce a set of particcula products.
The actors within the system carry out market and non-market interactions in order to generate, diffuse and utilize the knowledge of a particular technologgica field to create,
produce and sell a particular set of products. The interactions and networks between the actors are shaped by national institutions.
The components of the system are shaped by national institutions. We choose the Taiwanese biotechnology and two biotechnology-related sectors as an empirical case because that case is discussed seldom in the existing literatuure Modern biotechnology,
we will discover how the technological innovattio system for biotechnology gradually emerged with the Taiwanese national innovation system,
Figure 1. Potential relationships between national (NSI) and sectoral (SSI) systems of innovation and a technological innovattio systems (TS.
Unlike the old generation of pharmaceutical experts, who were trained by the Japanese system, the younger generation was trained in the USA.
The research organizations of the system of agricultuura experiments stations (ASS which included the Agriculture Research institute,
The system expected the experts at the ASS to understand the processes involved in cultivation
i e. the Taiwanese national innovation system, the two sectoral systems of pharmaceuticals and agriculture, and the technological innovation system for biotechnology, were configured differently.
MNCS were involved only once in the manufacturing activities of the system and then gradually withdrew their investments in the 1990s.
In the Taiwanese pharmaceutical biotechnoloog system the main knowledge base of both local SMES and MNCS was chemical engineering.
The system only adopted modern biotechnology and did not produce any opportunities for the development of traditional biotechnollogy Modern biotechnology was introduced only to the system after the 1980s
and was used to extract and analyze the medical ingredients of herbs. Modern biotechnology was integrated with the traditional Chinese knowledge of herbal medicine to produce new herbaceous medicines.
In contrast, in the agricultural biotechnology system both the public research organizations and private SMES adopted biotechnology as their main knowledge base.
The system provided the chance for the development of both traditional and modern biotechnology. The traditiiona biotechnology of hybridization had already been used before 1945
The policies directed towards the pharmaceutical biotechnology system were regulations, FDI and R&d. Before the 1980s,
while pharmaceutical manufacturing was the main activity of the system, the main policies were regulation and FDI,
On the other hand the agricultural biotechnology system was supported only by agricultural policies. Before the 1980s while agricultural products were exported,
Even though the system certainly adopted biotechnnolog for innovation, the commercialization of agriculttura biotechnology was encouraged not by policies.
the evolution of technological systems in renewable energy technology',Industrial and Corporate Change, 13: 815 49.
Malerba, F. 2002)‘ Sectoral systems of innovation and productioon'Research policy, 31: 247 64..(2004)‘ Sectoral systems of innovation:
basic concept and issues'.'In: Malerba, F. ed.)Sectoral Systems of Innovation: Concepts, Issues and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe, pp. 9 35.
Cambridge: CUP..( (2005)‘ Sectoral innovation systems: how and why innovattio systems differs across sectors'.'In: Nelson, R.,Mowery, D. and Fagerberg, J. eds.
The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, pp. 380 406. Oxford: OUP. Markard, J. and Truffer, B. 2008)‘ Technological innovattio systems and the multilevel perspective:
Towards an integrated framework',Research policy, 37: 596 615. Mckelvey, M. 1996) Evolutionary Innovations: The Business of Biotechnology.
Mckelvey, M.,Orsenigo, L. and Pammolli, F. 2004)‘ Pharmaceutical analyzed through the lens of a sectoral innovaatio system'.
Malerba, F. ed.)Sectoral Systems of Innovation: Concepts, Issues, and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe, pp. 73 119.
It takes a‘systems of innovation'approach and focuses on the structural and functional aspects of such systems to consider the relevant roles of fta.
In this context, FTA can generate‘informing, '‘structuring'and‘capacity-building'benefits while enabling a shift in innovattio foci towards grand challenges.
technology and innovation (STI) systems might be reoriented to better address several grand challenges that affect not only contemporary societies but also the future of human civilisation itself.
STI agendas should seek to better orient innovation activities along more sustainable pathways that enable positive transformations of socio-technical systems
Section 3 describes the working of innovation systems around their structural elements focused on actors'capabilities, the scale and nature of system interactions,
This is followed by a discusssio (Section 4) of the systemic reorientation of innovattio systems towards grand challenges and the demands put on policy and governance.
This means there is no possibility of a one-size-fits-all policy mix to improve the performance of innovattio systems.
Innovation system analysis often takes as its starting point the system's structure. It is here that innovation system failures that demand policy attention tend to be identified,
focused around actors'capabilities, the scale and nature of system interactions, and the workings of institutions (Arnold 2004;
Indeed, expected system elements might be completely absent in some national settings particularly in less developed countries and/or weakly developed or dysfunctional in others.
either missing or are developed weakly, thereby hindering system performance. An organisation's history, culture and memory are expressed in its missions, values and routines.
Any reorientation of innovattio systems towards grand challenges is likely to require both the establishment of new organisations and the adaptation of existing ones..
when system connectivity is poor. However, higher levels of interaction need not necessarily be better for innovattio system functioning either.
This is because strong cooperative relationships can lead to overembedddedness marked by myopia and inertia (Woolthuis et al. 2005.
and codes of conduct that reduce uncertainty in the innovattio system. Institutions are emergent, in that they are generated by the activities of actors and their interacttion with one another.
Extending the heuristic construct of systems of innovation some authors (e g. Bergek et al. 2008) have recommended the functions of innovation system as an alternative point of analytical departure. 1 Such functional analysis,
In this regard, FTA as a tool of governance could have a promising role to play in reorienting innovattio systems towards grand challenges. 5. FTA for orienting innovation systems towards grand challenges Th paper takes FTA to refer to systematic processes
thereby enabling the system to undertake systemic transitions and new configurations Figure 1. Some common uses of FTA.
Such experimental spaces can occupy multiple positions in systems of multi-level governance, i e. FTA can be performed at different levels and in different places,
In this context, this paper has introduced some of the contributions that FTA could make to orienting innovattio systems towards grand challenges.
Taking a systems of innovation approach, the paper also suggests that FTA can support the spanning of traditional boundaries that might
One rectifying step would be to better consider the structural and functional aspects of innovattio systems with a view to identifying bottlenecks and appropriate points for effective policy intervention.
using the notion of an‘overall function'does not imply that all actors in a particular system exist for the purpose of serving that function
A systems world needs systems evaluations',Research Evaluation, 13:3 17. Bach, L. and Matt, M. 2005)‘ From economic foundations to S&t policy tools:
Woolthius, R. K.,Lankhuizen, M. and Gilsing, V. 2005)‘ A system failure framework for innovation policy design',Technovation, 25: 609 19.152.
Economies, sociopolitical and ecological systems are consequently under pressure to adapt, and undergo major structural and systemic shifts to new
The need to transform current systems is heightened by emerging global trends, in particular democratic crises in many societies worldwide, the growing political and economic power of Brazil, Russia, India and China,
We propose an approach which frames the wider societal requirements for FTA within specific forms of FTA systems,
FTA systems cover three levels of elements and the interdependencies between them namely:.the individual capabilities and mindsets to anticipate change in fast-changing environments;.
In order to focus on the organisational and institutional aspects of FTA systems, the individual level of analysis will not be addressed in this paper.
Drawing on recent experiences with alternative models of FTA systems, solutions will be identified based on a combinattio of social
organisational and technological innovations at the three levels of FTA systems, to make FTA fit for the challenges of the future.
What kinds of models for FTA systems exist? How can they be systematised in conceptual terms?.
Section 2 addresses the first two questions, including also the future conceptual requirements for FTA systems that are likely to emerge,
and the types of organisational models and governance contexts that make up FTA systems. Section 3 will draw primarily on recent empirical research presented at the FTA 2011 Conference, 1
Capturing new types of FTA systems in the light of specific circumstances This section introduces the conceptual framework for subseqquen analysis of recent empirical research on FTA systems.
Different types of contextual transformations that pose challenges for FTA systems are identified, taking into account the wider institutional setting and co-evolution of different governance modes.
In this section, a typology of transformations is developed to distinguish between different forms and sources of change in the system.
expertise and other resources required for effective policy responses. 2. 2 FTA systems and modes of governance FTA systems form an active part of the institutional context
and governance structures managing systemic and structural transformations. This relationship with the governance context demarcates how FTA systems evolve
and drive the anticipatory capabilities in society. Ko nno la et al. 2009) derive four modes of governance from argumeent that build on cultural theory (Tukker and Butter Figure 1. Identified types of transformations.
allowing a deeper understanding of how governance exercises influennc in the system. Two dimensions (rules and group ties) are used as axes to illustrate four approaches2 to social organisation.
Alternatively, the governance system may adopt a co-existence mode until abrupt changes such as an economic crisis,
FTA systems both affect and are affected by shifts in governance modes. The integration mode is likely to lead to the implementation of normative approaches that support common vision-building and priority setting.
Such dynamics call for further research into the design of tailored FTA systems which are fit for purpose. 2. 3 FTA systems
and strategies for, handling disruptive and structural transformations. 2. 4 Framework for analysis of FTA systems The three dimensions introduced in the previous sections constitute the conceptual framework for analysing the suitabiilit of different types of FTA systems
which raise quite different requirements for FTA systems as defined by the two other dimensions of our framework.
organisational model and governance mode need to be compatible with each other. 3. Diversity of FTA systems in practice Against this backdrop,
By looking into the latest developments in how FTA systems understood as combination of governance modes
we want to explore the direction in which FTA is likely to evolve in the future. 3. 1 Emerging developments in FTA systems This section looks at how emerging developments in FTA deal with challenges of transformative change,
which FTA is embedded and the organisational Table 2. Framework for analysis of FTA systems Dimensions Transformation types Organisational models of FTA Governance modes Sub-categories.
In a search for effective organisational forms of FTA systems, the papers presented at the 2011 FTA Conference call for a stocktaking of diverse forms of FTA ACTIVITIES
2011) have analysed types of Table 3. Changing rationales for FTA APPROACHES on FTA systems Dimensions Transformation types and consequent challenges Governance modes Organisational models of FTA Traditional
Tiits and Kalvet (2011) learned from recent foresight exercises in Estonia that the Table 4. Diversity of FTA systems in practice Approaches in FTA systems Transformation types Governance modes Organisational models
and networked organissatio of FTA systems Ko nno la et al. 2012b)‘ Implementing systemic RTI priorities:
and exploitation of FTA networks to provide agile and strategic support for decision-making. 3. 2 Reflecting on the way forward with FTA systems The above review of recent research work indicates a consideerabl diversity of FTA APPROACHES and systems with coexisting diverse
Emerging requirement profiles for FTA systems. The increasingly dynamic global and national context implies a greater breadth
and depth of functions to be provided by FTA systems, which in turn requires tailored approaches and highly specific skills.
Growing flexibility of FTA systems. FTA in support of organisations'and institutioons embedding in decision-making is needed in the light of a fast-changing turbulent environment.
Different models of FTA systems can be complementary in many respects. Service providers as well as FTA instituttion need to be able to draw on networks for many purposes,
and Joint Programming tends to favour such flexible arrangements for realizing FTA. 4. Conclusions This paper has explored FTA responses to a highly dynamic environment where disruptive events highlight the fragility of governance systems.
In response to these systemic and structural transformations, FTA systems play a critical anticipatory and early warning capacity-building role,
Based on this, a framework of analysis was developed for tracing the evolution of FTA systems. Empirical research highlights a diversity of FTA APPROACHES and systems in practice,
which reflect the differren mixes of transformations, governance and organisatioona modes. The complementarity between models of FTA is apparent with service providers
This heralds a new generation of FTA systems, reflecting a stronger emphasis on flexibility, networking and institutionalisation,
Complex systems, like the global economy, entail emergent properties that can radically transform the system (e g. Funtowitz and Ravetz 1994.
but also to the FTA systems that are already in place. There is a need Coping with a fast-changing world. 163 to invest in iterative processes of assessment
and monitoriin in order to ensure that FTA systems can address fast-changing requirements of the future.
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