Nanoflares have been very useful for researchers that operate in the arena of quantifying gene expression. Aurasense, Inc.,a biotechnology company that licensed the Nanoflare technology from Northwestern University,
"The examination of epigenomes requires mapping DNA interactions with a certain protein in the entire genome.
At one point, the study of in vivo genome-wide protein-DNA interactions and chromatin modifications required approximately 10 million cells for an individual test.
Jewett. ur new protein-making factory holds promise to expand the genetic code in a unique and transformative way, providing exciting opportunities for synthetic biology and biomolecular engineering,
but the researchers expect expenses to drop over time (as has been the case with genome sequencing).
says lead author Dr Andrew Pocklington from Cardiff University MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics. ur study marks a significant step towards understanding the biology underpinning schizophrenia,
based at Cardiff University MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics. This paper not only confirms their previous findings,
and using transgenic animals to model the disease, the group found that low levels of PICALM in brain endothelial cells lead to amyloid-beta accumulation in the brain.
they found that this genetic alteration disrupted amyloid-beta clearance by cerebral blood vessels. These new findings have prompted Zlokovic to address new questions about the role of PICALM in Alzheimer.
including gene therapy, and screening for new drugs to overcome PICALM deficiency e
#DNA Breakage Underlies Learning and Age Related Neurodegeneration The process that allows our brains to learn
a professor of genetics and neurology at Harvard Medical school who was involved not in the research. he work elegantly links DNA strand break formation by the enzyme topoisomerase IIß to the temporal control of transcription,
Although our genetic information the ode of lifeis written in our DNA, our genes are turned on and off by epigenetic witches For example,
small methyl molecules attach to our DNA in a process known as methylation and contribute to the regulation of gene activity,
Almost all of this epigenetic information is erased, however in germ cells prior to transmission to the next generation.
Professor Surani and colleagues showed that a process of reprogramming the epigenetic information contained in these primordial germ cells is initiated around two weeks into the embryo development
These scapeeregions of the genome contain some genes that are particularly active in neuronal cells,
ur study has given us a good resource of potential candidates of regions of the genome where epigenetic information is passed down not just to the next generation but potentially to future generations, too.
which may provide us with the opportunity to study their function in greater detail. pigenetic reprogramming also has potential consequences for the so-called ark matterwithin our genome.
As much as half of human DNA is estimated to be comprised of etroelements regions of DNA that have entered our genome from foreign invaders including bacteria and PLANT DNA.
In fact, the researchers found that a notable fraction of the retroelements in our genome are scapeesand retain their methylation patterns particularly those retroelements that have entered our genome in our more recent evolutionary history.
This suggests that our body defence mechanism may be keeping some epigenetic information intact to protect us from potentially detrimental effects.
and chromatin reorganization volutionarily young and hazardous retrotransposons remain partially methylated ome demethylation resistant loci are candidates for epigenetic inheritancesummary Resetting of the epigenome in human primordial germ cells (hpgcs) is critical
revealing potential for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance that may have phenotypic consequences. We provide comprehensive insight on early human germline transcriptional network
and epigenetic reprogramming that subsequently impacts human development and disease. Unique Gene Regulatory Network Resets the Human Germline Epigenome for Developmentby Walfred W c. Tang
. Vannevar bush professor of biology and director of the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental biology. ost regenerative models today derived from genetic experiments are arrow diagrams,
and biology at Tufts before earning his Ph d. in genetics. Lobo earned a Ph d. in the field before joining the Levin lab. The paper represents a successful application of the growing field of obot sciencewhich Levin says can help human researchers by doing much more than crunch enormous datasets quickly. hile
a nematode worm widely used for genetic experiments. The worms became paralyzed within about 10 days.
#Researchers Discover New Epigenetic Mecahnism in Brain cells For decades, researchers in the genetics field have theorized that the protein spools around
which DNA is wound, histones, remain constant in the brain, never changing after development in the womb.
This histone replacement, known as turnover, enables our genetic machinery to adapt to our environment by prompting gene expression,
and at the Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, was published today in the journal Neuron.
and protect genetic material in chromosomes, are highly stable proteins in non-dividing cells like nerve cells.
The newfound mechanism is epigenetic meaning it fine-tunes gene expression without changing the DNA code we inherit from our parents.
The study results revolve around the fact that, although some cell types, such as skin cells, constantly self-destruct and are replaced in an ongoing turnover that keeps tissues viable, others,
Assistant professor of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics at the Icahn School of medicine at Mount sinai. y identifying this new mechanism of epigenetic regulation,
or changes to gene expression caused by external and environmental factors, this work provides a novel conceptual framework for further studies aimed at identifying the molecular underpinnings of neurodevelopmental disease and psychiatric illness. pecifically,
with the histone variant H3. 3 accumulating to near-saturating levels throughout the neuronal genome by mid-adolescence.
Despite such accumulation, H3. 3-containing nucleosomes remain highly dynamicn a modification-independent mannero control neuronal-and glial-specific gene expression patterns throughout life.
cause an optic atrophy spectrum disorderis published in the journal Nature Genetics. Patients with mutations in this gene present symptoms similar to optic atrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 2 (CMT2), including vision loss and weakening of the lower leg and foot
said Dr. Stephan Züchner, professor and chair of the Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human genetics, at UM Miller School of medicine,
and a senior author of the study. nly through the new genome sequencing methods and active global data exchange were we able to solve this puzzle. r
and stoked concerns about setting a new precedent for genetic manipulation. In Britain the legislation known as the Human Fertilization and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations 2015 is seen as having a good chance at being approved.
#Scientists Give Genetically modified organisms A Safety Switch Researchers at Harvard and Yale have used some extreme gene-manipulation tools to engineer safety features into designer organisms.
In this case, they're actually rewriting the language of genetics. The goal is to make modified organisms safer to use,
But George Church a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical school, has created a bacterium that requires an additional amino acid,
With their altered genetic code, they are resistant to viruses that frequently attack bacteria. Viruses need the conventional DNA language
"I think it's commendable they're starting to design safety into genetically modified organisms, "says Jennifer Kuzma, co-director of the Genetic engineering and Society Center at North carolina State university."
The new technique could be combined with optogenetics and other tissue manipulations, the researchers said. It could also be used for imaging cellular replication,
Harvard professor of genetics George Church previously used this DNA method to print 70 million copies of his book to DNA, fitting all that data in a drop of liquid,
including advanced DNA TESTING that is now used to protect endangered or threatened animals. Detecting illegal wood products is more challenging,
In other tests the scientists used a technique known as optogenetics, where mice have been modified so that their neurons are lights sensitive,
and it was unknown until now that chromosomes could play an active role in cell division. In animal cells, division involves mitosis,
the separation of chromosomes followed by splitting of the cell into two new daughter cells by cytokinesis. ivision is a complex and robust process that is generally performed flawlessly,
Working with fruit fly cells, Dr Hickson and co-authors discovered that chromosomes emit signals that influence the cortex of the cell to reinforce microtubule action.
Dr Hickson said. hen chromosomes are segregated, they approach the membrane at the poles of the cell,
TERT stabilizes chromosomes by elongating the protective element at the end of each chromosome in a cell. Scientists have discovered that cells harboring these mutations aberrantly increase TERT expression,
Daniel Lobo/Michael Levin-Tufts University"Most regenerative models today derived from genetic experiments are arrow diagrams,
and biology at Tufts before earning his Ph d. in genetics. Lobo earned a Ph d. in the field before joining the Levin lab. The paper represents a successful application of the growing field of"robot science
"says senior study author Jeffrey Ravetch, professor of Molecular genetics and Immunology at Rockefeller University.""We believe these results may represent a preliminary step toward a universal flu vaccine,
#Gene therapy Restores Hearing In Deaf Mice Using gene therapy, researchers at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical school have restored hearing in mice with a genetic form of deafness.
Their work, published online July 8 by the journal Science Translational Medicine, could pave the way for gene therapy in people with hearing loss caused by genetic mutations."
"Our gene therapy protocol is not yet ready for clinical trials--we need to tweak it a bit more
Sensory hair cells in the cochlea of a Beethoven mouse treated with TMC2 gene therapy. In this confocal microscopy image, microvilli are shown in red and cell bodies in green.
The researchers tested gene therapy in two types of mutant mice. One type had the TMC1 gene completely deleted
or AAV1, together with a promoter--a genetic sequence that turns the gene on only in certain sensory cells of the inner ear known as hair cells.
In the recessive deafness model, gene therapy with TMC1 restored the ability of sensory hair cells to respond to sound--producing a measurable electrical current--and also restored activity in the auditory portion of the brainstem.
but with gene therapy, they jump as high as a normal mouse, "says Holt. The force of their jump was measured by a plate on the floor underneath them;
In the dominant deafness model, gene therapy with a related gene, TMC2, was successful at the cellular and brain level,
and is already in use in human gene therapy trials for blindness, heart disease, muscular dystrophy and other conditions.
Holt hopes to partner with clinicians at Boston Children's Department of Otolaryngology and elsewhere to start clinical trials of TMC1 gene therapy within 5 to 10 years."
"Holt believes that other forms of genetic deafness may also be amenable to the same gene therapy strategy.
"I can envision patients with deafness having their genome sequenced and a tailored, precision medicine treatment injected into their ears to restore hearing,
However, Holt's study also showed that gene therapy with TMC2 could compensate for loss of a functional TMC1 gene,
"The implications of successful gene therapy are profound, and we are delighted to be associated with this study program,
#New Cell division Mechanism Discovered Researchers have discovered that chromosomes play an active role in animal cell division.
and it was unknown until now that chromosomes could play an active role at this step in cytokinesis.
the separation of chromosomes followed by splitting of the cell into two new daughter cells by cytokinesis."
called microtubules, were involved in pulling chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell during the division process. t this time,
microtubules physically separate the chromosomes via their central kinetochores while other microtubules signal to the cortex of the cell where its equator is, i e.,
it was believed that the chromosomes only played a passive role: that they were pulled by the microtubules
the research team discovered that chromosomes emit signals that influence the cortex of the cell to reinforce microtubule action.
"When chromosomes are segregated, they approach the membrane at the poles of the cell, and thanks to this enzyme actions, this contributes to the softening of the polar membrane,
PP1DS22 couples chromosome segregation to polar relaxationin Nature on July 13, 2015. http://dx. doi. org/10.1038/nature14496
The study, of people with the rare condition Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), is published in the journal Nature Genetics.
and reprogram them to have a therapeutic effect. his process could substantially bring down the cost of gene therapy,
This provides the conditions needed to study primary cells, such as neurons, opening doors for exploration of the pathogenic mechanisms of neural diseases and potentially leading to new gene therapies.
Comparing her genome to others with OMS and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), another form of childhood blindness, uncovered a new gene that is critical for vision.
who is also a researcher at the Research Institute of the MUHC and a Professor of Human genetics, Paediatric Surgery and Ophthalmology at Mcgill University."
Current tests rely on the detection of Ebola genome by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique which is not suitable for on-site screening.
"highly sensitive whole-genome sequencing of single neurons and a new technology that identifies inserted bits of DNA caused by retrotransposons,
"says Christopher Walsh, MD, Phd, chief of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's and co-senior author on the paper."
which developed methods to sequence the genomes of single neurons, and represents the first time single neurons have been sequenced in their entirety.
study published by Walsh's lab in 2014 used single-neuron sequencing to detect copy number variants--another type of mutation affecting the number of copies of chromosomes or chromosome fragments.
However gene expression studies showed that it is churned actually out by non-neuronal cells called astrocytes.
Louis-Jan Pilaz and Debra Silver of Duke's Molecular genetics and Microbiology Department; and Daniel Wilton and Beth Stevens of Boston Children's Hospital Department of Neurology Harvard Medical school.
When 720 genes from the human genome were screened against lung cancer and breast cancer cells, Bub1 emerged as playing a strong role in TGF-beta signaling.
Initial lab testing suggests that a Bub1 inhibitor can very specifically target Bub1 without causing damage to other parts of the cell. hen you look at gene expression in cancer,
Newer genome editing tool shows promise in engineering human stem cells In a recent online report on the work in Molecular Therapy the Johns Hopkins team says the findings could streamline
The engineered editing system makes use of an enzyme that nicks together DNA with a piece of small RNA that guides the tool to where researchers want to introduce cuts or other changes in the genome.
The researchers compared the ability of both genome editing systems to either cut out pieces of known genes in ipscs
and AAVS1 a gene that's been discovered recently to be a safe harbor in the human genome for inserting foreign genes.
However when using these genome editing tools for replacing portions of the genes such as the disease-causing mutations in JAK2
CRISPR-mediated genome editing opens the door to many genetic applications in biologically relevant cells that can lead to better understanding of
The researchers speculate that byproducts from other bacteria infections in other diseases might change gene expression using similar mechanisms.
The prostate cancer study identified 20 hotspots of greatest chromosomal instability as additions or deletions in less than 0. 5 percent of the total DNA present in human chromosomes.
It examines the entire genome rather than known specific gene point mutations. Robust mutation panels vastly improve monitoring
Since the entire genome was surveyed the researchers were able to identify a non-coding region of the genome as a hotspot which may be generating previously unrecognized chromosomal control elements in prostate cancer.
which there is no direct blueprint in the genome. Instead, however, the scientists developed an approach using amphiphilic proteins.
"said senior author James Mitchell, associate professor of genetics and complex diseases.""However, the real importance of this work is the identification of unexpected molecular pathways underlying cerebral malaria that we can now target with existing drugs."
It can produce hydrogen under saline and alkaline conditions in amounts that rival genetically modified organisms Mormile says.
and director of the U s. Department of energy-funded Nanoporous materials Genome Center based in Minnesota. Predicting the zeolites'performance required serious computing power efficient computer algorithms and accurate descriptions of the molecular interactions.
The consortium known as the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) shared results from analyses of genetic data
ENIGMA's scientists screen brain scans and genomes worldwide for factors that help or harm the brain said ENGIMA cofounder Professor Paul Thompson from University of Southern California.
This crowdsourcing and sheer wealth of data gives us the power to crack the brain's genetic code.
Microbes are pretty promiscuous with their genetic information and they share it across species fairly easily.
However, researchers from the University of Zurich now reveal that so-called epigenetic factors play a role in the formation of metastases in malignant skin cancer.
A highly active epigenetic factor in cancer cells The readability of genes is controlled by epigenetic factors, namely factors
whether epigenetic factors are especially active in melanoma cells --and stumbled across EZH2, an epigenetic control protein found very frequently in malignant melanoma cells compared to normal cells.
Joining forces with dermatologists and oncologists from the University Hospital in Zurich and backed by the University Research Priority Program"Translational Cancer Research,
the epigenetic factor EZH2 controls genes that govern tumor growth as well as genes that are important for the formation of metastases.
Epigenetic factors like EZH2 therefore appear to be highly promising targets for future cancer treatments,
#Neuroscientists lead global consortium to crack brain's genetic code In the largest collaborative study of the brain to date,
An international team of roughly 300 scientists known as the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) Network pooled brain scans
"ENIGMA's scientists screen brain scans and genomes worldwide for factors that help or harm the brain--this crowdsourcing and sheer wealth of data gives us the power to crack the brain's genetic code,
The ENIGMA researchers screened millions of"spelling differences"in the genetic code to see which ones affected the size of key parts of the brain in magnetic resonance images (MRIS) from 30,717 individuals.
of mouse Ngly1 gene expression. Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science the paper details how lack of the Ngly1 protein results in the incomplete removal of the sugar portion of glycoproteins--a process called deglycosylation.
It provides data on the gene expression profiles of hundreds of individual cells in a single experiment producing an exact picture of the individual cell types.
or biological processes can be taken into account making it possible to create a more accurate picture of gene expression in different cell types
If all you have is gene expression data from single cells you need a way to identify
The emergence of fluorescent proteins and transgenic techniques over the past 20 years has transformed biomedical research even delivering neurons that flash as they fire in the living brain.
SCAPE can also be combined with optogenetics and other tissue manipulations during imaging because unlike other systems it does not require any movement of the imaging objective lens
and gene therapy, said Daiger, the report's senior author and holder of the Thomas Stull Matney Ph d. Endowed Professorship in Environmental and Genetic sciences at UTHEALTH School of Public health."
"For approximately three decades, Daiger, a member of the Human genetics Center at the UTHEALTH School of Public health, has been following the progress of hundreds of families across the country with retinitis pigmentosa."
study author Vincent Lynch, Phd, assistant professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago.""Most remarkably, we found the genetic changes that likely underlie the evolution of pregnancy are linked to domesticated transposable elements that invaded the genome in early mammals.
So I guess we owe the evolution of pregnancy to what are effectively genomic parasites."
The team found that this process was driven by ancient transposons--stretches of non-protein coding DNA that can change their position within the genome.
Sometimes called"jumping genes""transposons are thought generally to be genomic parasites that serve only to replicate themselves.
By randomly inserting themselves into other places in the genome, transposons appear to have passed on this activation mechanism to nearby genes."
genome-wide changes that allowed numerous genes to be activated by the same signal--in this case, progesterone,
Stunning advances in gene-sequencing technologies in concert with their plummeting costs have turned many scientists'attention to minute variations in the genome--the entire toolbox of genes carried in virtually every cell in the body--in the hope of predicting people's future health.
if you sequence someone's genome you can tell what diseases they're going have 50 years later said Mark Davis Phd professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection.
Monozygotic twins inherit the same genome. Despite inevitable copying errors when cells divide which cause tiny genetic divergences to accumulate between monozygotic twins over time they remain almost 100 percent genetically identical.
Other Stanford co-authors of the study are Atul Butte MD Phd associate professor of pediatrics (systems medicine) and of genetics;
The scientists obtained fragments of the viral genetic material from the insect samples and joined these fragments together like a puzzle,
thus reconstructing the entire genome sequence.""That alone took four years,"reported lead authors Marco Marklewitz and Florian Zirkel.
During the comparison of the genetic information with other viruses, it was found that Jonchet and Ferak viruses are two phylogenetically independent bunyavirus lineages.
The electrical signals used in electronics are replaced by molecular signals that control gene expression. It is thus now possible to implant simple genetic"programmes"into living cells in response to different combinations of molecules.
"Most regenerative models today derived from genetic experiments are arrow diagrams, showing which gene regulates which other gene.
and biology at Tufts before earning his Ph d. in genetics. Lobo earned a Ph d. in the field before joining the Levin lab. The paper represents a successful application of the growing field of"robot science
#'Chromosome shattering'seen in plants, cancer Plants can undergo the same extreme'chromosome shattering'seen in some human cancers and developmental syndromes,
UC Davis researchers have found. Chromosome shattering, or'chromothripsis,'has until now only been seen in animal cells.
A paper on the work is published in the online journal elife. The process could be applied in plant breeding as a way to create haploid plants with genetic material from only one parent,
said Ek Han Tan, a postdoctoral researcher in the UC Davis Department of Plant Biology and first author on the paper.
it might also allow cancer researchers to use the laboratory plant Arabidopsis as a model to study chromosome behavior in cancer.
Chromothripsis involves slicing chromosomes into apparently random pieces, and reassembling it like a broken vase,
which chromosomes are moved and allocated to daughter cells during cell division. They discovered that when a variant of the model plant Arabidopsis with weakened centromeres is crossed to a plant with normal centromeres,
the cut-and-reassembly process leading to'shattered chromosomes
#Single protein causes Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy Typical of neurodegenerative disorders is disrupted the communication between brain cells together with a loss of cells in specific brain regions.
"says Professor Veerle Baekelandt from the Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene therapy.""You could compare it to the construction of a house,
"His research team has completed sequencing its genome to support future research into the genetic elements that allow the bacterium to grow on uranium.
'said Simon Gayther, Ph d.,professor in preventive medicine, Keck School of medicine of USC, corresponding author of the international genome-wide association study (GWAS).'
'By finding these genetic markers, we begin to understand more about the biology of the disease itself.
'By using a genome-wide scan, we could identify genetic variants that were significantly more common in women with MOC compared to those without ovarian cancer.'
#Bacterial genome scalpel can identify key gene regions Arraybacteria use CRISPR-Cas as a self-cleansing defense mechanism and immune system against unwanted DNA invaders such as viruses,
Cutting out one of the islands--the one that contained the milk-utilization genes--reduced the genome by about 5 percent.
Overall, elimination of all four areas reduced the genome by 7 percent.''We did not expect that magnitude of reduction in a relatively small genome,
'Barrangou said.''When you use pinpointed targeting of a specific portion of the genome, you expect a smaller deletion to occur.'
'The researchers say that that the same techniques can be used as a template to study essential and nonessential genomic regions in any bacterium of interest
''This work represents a stunning discovery of the grand and expansive genome rearrangements that occurred in beneficial bacteria that evolved to preserve foods,
to see how seasonal differences in exposure to ultraviolet B radiation, dietary Vitamin d, genetics, and pigmentation affected Vitamin d levels,
genetics and other variables played very small roles in Vitamin d status, although some genetic variations did influence the success of supplementation.
To test how Vitamin d status affected the immune system and HIV-1 in particular the researchers exposed blood samples from Xhosa and Cape mixed participants taken during the summer
DHFR is a small enzyme that plays an essential role in the building of genetic material and proteins,
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