The latest publication in the Journal of Biological Chemistry now was nominated as one of the best 50 out of this year's 6
associate professor and senior Cancer Research UK Fellow at the division of biomedical cell biology at Warwick Medical school.
"As a cell biologist you dream of finding a new structure in cells but it's so unlikely.
when they divide each new cell has a complete genome. Mitotic spindles are made of microtubules
A cell needs to share chromosomes accurately when it divides otherwise the two new cells can end up with the wrong number of chromosomes.
This is called aneuploidy and this has been linked to a range of tumours in different body organs.
The mitotic spindle is responsible for sharing the chromosomes and the researchers at the University believe that the mesh is needed to give structural support.
and cells had trouble sharing chromosomes during division. Dr Emma Smith, senior science communications officer at Cancer Research UK, said:"
"Problems in cell division are common in cancer-cells frequently end up with the wrong number of chromosomes.
This early research provides the first glimpse of a structure that helps share out a cell's chromosomes correctly
#Gene therapy advance thwarts brain cancer in rats Researchers funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging
and Bioengineering have designed a nanoparticle transport system for gene delivery that destroys deadly brain gliomas in a rat model,
rather than potentially harmful viruses, is a significant step that reinvigorates the potential for gene therapy to treat deadly gliomas as well as other cancers."
"Jordan Green, Ph d.,of the Johns hopkins university School of medicine Biomedical engineering Department and a senior author of the work,
Next, the gene therapy system was tested in live rats with brain gliomas. Because it is important that the nanoparticles spread throughout the entire tumor,
#New cell division mechanism discovered Canadian and British researchers have discovered that chromosomes play an active role in animal cell division.
It was observed by a team of researchers including Gilles Hickson, an assistant professor at the University of Montreal's Department of Pathology and Cell biology and researcher at the CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, his assistant Silvana Jananji, in collaboration with Nelio
and Sergey Lekomtsev, a postdoc, working in the group led by Buzz Baum of the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell biology at University college London.
and it was unknown until now that chromosomes could play an active role at this step in cytokinesis.
the separation of chromosomes followed by splitting of the cell into two new daughter cells by cytokinesis."
called microtubules, were involved in pulling chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell during the division process."
"At this time, microtubules physically separate the chromosomes via their central kinetochores while other microtubules signal to the cortex of the cell where its equator is, i e.,
Furthermore until now, it was believed that the chromosomes only played a passive role: that they were pulled by the microtubules
Chromosomes'active role Initially working with the cells of fruit flies using powerful genetic tools and sophisticated microscopy,
the research team discovered that chromosomes emit signals that influence the cortex of the cell to reinforce microtubule action.
This is what makes fruit flies such a powerful system for helping us to understand human biology.""When chromosomes are segregated,
they approach the membrane at the poles of the cell, and thanks to this enzyme's actions, this contributes to the softening of the polar membrane,
who has devoted the last 15 years of his research life to cell biology. In fact, all cancers are unchecked characterised by cell division,
"says Karen Knudsen, Ph d.,Director of the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, the Hilary Koprowski Professor and Chair of Cancer Biology, Professor of Urology, Radiation Oncology,
The tumor undergoes a number of changes to its DNA--mutations--that make the cells more mobile
A new trial will commence shortly using the Celgene CC-115 DNA-PKCS inhibitor. This new trial will be for patients advancing on standard of care therapies,
and the Air force Office of Scientific research and was carried out in Caltech's Center for Physical Biology,
#Liquid biopsy identifies mutations in colorectal cancer undetected in tissue biopsy The results of the trial were twofold:
liquid biopsy effectively unmasked different tumor-related mutations. More specifically, in a subgroup of 41 patients who had received previously anti-EGFR therapy,
it was revealed that they had acquired KRAS mutations during the course of their disease. Such accurate information is difficult to obtain using tissue biopsy
Moreover, the study concludes that regorafenib is effective in patients with KRAS and PIK3CA mutations."
and the results show the former (BEAMING technology) obtain more data on tumor mutation throughout the course of the disease,
The majority of clinical studies published on the use of DNA in blood to determine tumor genotype,
which limits the significance of the findings as well as the ability to research possible correlations between genotype and clinical outcome.
which mutations had been identified. Arraytumor genotype plays an important role in drug resistance in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer,
but the genotype obtained at diagnosis can vary after different treatment lines. Therefore, DNA analysis using liquid biopsy has clear advantages over DNA analysis with tissue biopsy
and is rapidly gaining importance and momentum in the oncology field. Liquid biopsy, also known as a blood-based biomarker test, is a fast, simple method for detecting RAS (KRAS and NAS) mutation status in tumors
as it only requires a blood test rather than a tissue biopsy or surgical procedure. Further, it also provides mutation status results in a matter of days,
helping to determine the most specific, targeted treatment in each case. It represents one more important step in realizing the true promise of precision medicine in oncology--the main focus behind research at VHIO which aims to both advance
as well as the difficulty of assigning a particular genotype for each particular tumor in patients with multiple metastases,
In collaboration with colleagues from the Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Biochemistry, scientists at the Helmholtz Zentrum München have gained now,
The results have just been published in EMBO Molecular Systems Biology. According to the World health organization (WHO), lung diseases are the third most common cause of death worldwide:
Matthias Mann, Director at the MPI of Biochemistry, and Prof. Oliver Eickelberg, Chairman of the Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) at the Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
However, recent data from the research group led by Markus Hengstschläger of the Institute for Medical Genetics of the Medical University of Vienna now suggest that another protein complex,
"said Cassandra Callmann, a graduate student in chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San diego,
and Bioengineering provided financial support. This novel approach to using enzyme-directed assembly of particle theranostics (EDAPT) is patent pending g
is one of the the largest genetics study to date to link a specific genetic mutation and information processing speed."
"It is well known that genetic variation plays an important role in explaining individual differences in thinking skills such as memory
Our team has identified a genetic mutation that may help unravel this puzzle.""The effort was conducted through the Cohorts for Heart and Aging research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium, in
Previous studies in families and in twins have shown genetics play an important role in cognitive functioning,
they examined genetic variations across 2. 5 million sites along each individual's DNA, looking for associations between genetic variants and performance on several different tests of cognitive function.
"It seems like, through this genetic analysis, we have identified a genetic variant which partly explains the differences in information processing speed between people,
"We now have the technology to measure across the entire genome in a much more fine-grained manner compared to a few years ago, in this case 2. 5 million sites,
#Novel glycoengineering technology gives qualitative leap for biologics drug research Researchers from the University of Copenhagen have discovered a way of improving biotech drugs.
Nature Biotechnology. If glycoprotein-based pharmaceuticals are to produce the desired effect, the protein must be provided with a special sugar structure for enhanced therapeutic effect and duration.
we envision the creation of a lubricant genome at some point in the future, "he said.""Having a materials database like this would allow us to pick
a biochemistry and molecular biology professor at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia who specializes in such research
and structural biology, are playing key roles in high-impact scientific discoveries.""Data analysis Helps Fill in Missing Piece Qingping Xu,
a scientist in the Joint Center for Structural genomics at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron radiation Lightsource who helped to solve the 3-D structure,
#Self-assembling, biomimetic membranes may aid water filtration A synthetic membrane that self assembles and is produced easily may lead to better gas separation,
This biomimetic membrane is composed of lipids--fat molecules --and protein-appended molecules that form water channels that transfer water at the rate of natural membranes,
and transport proteins are amazing machines present in biological membranes, "said Manish Kumar, assistant professor of chemical engineering, Penn State."
It's very different from the current view of how beta amyloid interacts with biological copper."
#Heating and cooling with light leads to ultrafast DNA diagnostics New technology developed by bioengineers at the University of California, Berkeley,
and research applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, with results coming in minutes instead of an hour or more.
study senior author Luke Lee, a professor of bioengineering.""It is done usually in a lab
The PCR test requires repeated temperature changes--an average of 30 thermal cycles at three different temperatures--to amplify the genetic sequence,
It has added the benefit of being inert to biological systems, so it can be used in biomedical applications.
Researchers from BUSM and the University of Cyprus compared the markers on the surface of the cancer cells to gene expression profile of breast tumors deposited by researchers in international public databases
"explained corresponding author Sam Thiagalingam, Phd, associate professor of genetics & genomics, medicine and pathology & laboratory medicine at BUSM.
and published in Global Change Biology, quantifies the reductions in climate pollution from the degradation and clearcutting of forests.
but may also provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanics of biological surface patterning. Once the material is printed,
a neurobiological Oz crewing our bodies and minds from behind the scenes with unique biology and unique pathologies.
genetic manipulation and surgery are therapeutic approaches worth pursuing. Dr. Josep Dalmau, a neurology professor at the University of Pennsylvania not involved with the new study, agrees that the new findings could help to explain the initiation, maintenance,
and Australian chemists have figured out how to unboil egg whites an innovation that could dramatically reduce costs for cancer treatments, food production and other segments of the $160 billion global biotechnology industry,
said Gregory Weiss, UCI professor of chemistry and molecular biology & biochemistry. n our paper, we describe a device for pulling apart tangled proteins
With these new findings, e now have an opportunity to investigate how gene mutations that cause
associate professor of biomedical engineering at Columbia Engineering and of radiology at Columbia University Medical center (CUMC), has developed a new microscope that can image living things in 3d at very high speeds.
The emergence of fluorescent proteins and transgenic techniques over the past 20 years has transformed biomedical research,
SCAPE can also be combined with optogenetics and other tissue manipulations during imaging because, unlike other systems,
including Randy Bruno (associate professor of neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience), Richard Mann (Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics), Wesley Grueber (associate professor
of physiology and cellular biophysics and of neuroscience, Department of Physiology & Cell Biophysics), and Kimara Targoff (assistant professor of pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics), all of whom are starting to use the SCAPE system in their research. eciphering the functions of brain
the Department of Neuroscience and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at Columbia. illman sophistication in optical physics has led her to develop a new imaging technique that permits large-scale detection of neuronal firing in three-dimensional
and biomedical engineering and diagnostic radiology. his chaotic cavity laser is a great example of basic research ultimately leading to a potentially important invention for the social goodsaid co-author A. Douglas Stone the Carl A. Morse Professor
and biomedical engineering said laser speckle is a major barrier in the development of certain classes of clinical diagnostics that use light. t is tremendously rewarding to work with a team of colleagues to
which had been hidden in plain sight in the sequence of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) that makes up this type of viral genome.
Professor of Biological Chemistry in the Faculty of Biological sciences at Leeds, who led the study,
Dr Roman Tuma, Reader in Biophysics at the University of Leeds, said: e have understood for decades that the RNA carries the genetic messages that create viral proteins,
hidden within the stream of letters we use to denote the genetic information, is a second code governing virus assembly.
Professor Reidun Twarock, of the Departments of Mathematics and Biology at York, said: he Enigma machine metaphor is apt.
Hidde Ploegh an MIT professor of biology and member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research is also a senior author of the paper.
and biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology who was involved not in the research. t very well-controlled
The study was led by Nenad Bursac associate professor of biomedical engineering at Duke university and Lauran Madden a postdoctoral researcher in Bursac laboratory.
and also to reproduce the functional and biochemical signals of diseasesspecially rare ones and those that make taking muscle biopsies difficult. ursac
and never have to bother the patient again. ther investigators involved in this study include George Truskey the R. Eugene and Susie E. Goodson Professor of Biomedical engineering and senior associate dean for research for the Pratt School of engineering and William Krauss
professor of biomedical engineering medicine and nursing at Duke university. The research was supported by NIH Grants R01ar055226 and R01ar065873 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin disease and UH2TR000505 from the NIH Common Fund for the Microphysiological Systems Initiative.
principal investigator and professor of chemistry and biochemistry at UCSB. eople are used already to the same starting materials for ATRP,
and for biological applications because of its toxicity to organisms and cells. Read de Alaniz Hawker, and postdoctoral researcher Brett Fors, now with Cornell University, led the study that was inspired initially by a photoreactive Iridium catalyst.
#Defying textbook science study finds new role for proteins Open any introductory biology textbook and one of the first things youl learn is that our DNA spells out the instructions for making proteins,
which another protein specifies which amino acids are added. his surprising discovery reflects how incomplete our understanding of biology is,
. a postdoctoral fellow in biochemistry at the University of Utah. ature is capable of more than we realize.
linking together amino acids in an order specified by the genetic code. When something goes wrong the ribosome can stall,
says Adam Frost, M d.,Ph d.,assistant professor at University of California, San francisco (UCSF) and adjunct professor of biochemistry at the University of Utah.
It took extensive biochemical analysis to validate their hypothesis. New RNA sequencing techniques showed that the Rqc2/ribosome complex had the potential to add amino acids to stalled proteins because it also bound trnas
Fang says, of biomolecules placed on the hybrid material surface. Sheng Shen, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie mellon University who was involved not in this research,
#Lawrence Livermore technology could help detect diseases in commercial swine industry Agricultural officials who seek to detect diseases affecting the commercial swine industry may gain a new ally a biological detection system developed by Lawrence Livermore
Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays represent one technology widely used for pathogen detection but typically only a handful of microorganisms can be identified in a single test.
said LLNL biologist Crystal Jaing, who oversees LLNL microbial detection array collaborations. PCR test cannot.
it becomes feasible to look at microarrays as everyday tools for use in the diagnostic laboratory. he beauty of the LLMDA is that it lets you identify unknown diseases that the researcher isn looking for,
Clostridium and Staphylococcus. he use of the microarray technology could help the U s. detect the emergence of foreign animal diseases at their outset to prevent major disease outbreaks,
has spent his Ph d. studies researching molecules that mimic nature biochemical machinery. He first designed an artificial pump two years ago,
Two types of lymphocytes, CD4 and CD8, find a way to cross this protective barrier. They attack the brain by destroying the myelin sheath that protects neurons,
which plays a crucial role in dysregulation of the immune system observed in multiple sclerosis. ur studies have shown that MCAM is necessary for the migration of CD4 and CD8 across the blood-brain barrier.
Independently, the biotechnology company Prothena Corporation plc also discovered complementary data regarding MCAM, which led to an ongoing collaboration between the CRCHUM and Prothena.
Cockayne syndrome is caused by mutations in either of two genes involved in the repair of DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV) rays.
He holds the Canada Research Chair in Human Stem Cell biology and is a professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical sciences of the Michael G. Degroote School of medicine.
Also playing a key role was Karun Singh, a co-author in the study and holder of the David Braley Chair in Human Stem Cell Research.
and biomedical engineering at USC, who led the surgical implant procedure and the USC/Rancho Los Amigos team in the collaboration. n taking care of patients with neurological injuries and diseasesnd knowing the significant
The discovery, reported in the journal Nature Genetics, could have implications for the development of new methods of pain relief.
Using detailed genome mapping, two teams of researchers collaborated to analyse the genetic make-up of 11 families across Europe
and acts like a switch to turn genes on and off (an effect known as epigenetics). The researchers showed that all the genetic variants of PRDM12 in the CIP patients blocked the gene function.
QAAFI Director and plant geneticist Professor Robert Henry said a Trailblazer award from The University of Queensland commercialisation arm
with global production of about 650 million tonnes and consumption in a variety of breads across different countries and cultures. rowing global demand for wheat requires ongoing genetic improvement to adapt to changing environmental conditions,
the process involved the successful testing of biological samples for levels of Trypsin and Collagenase,
said Nicholas Hud, a professor in Georgia Tech School of Chemistry and Biochemistry. ith this work,
which also included Martha Grover from Georgia Tech School of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering, has used so far the solvent to assemble three structures,
who is also director of the NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution and associate director of the Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience,
#DNA mutations get harder to hide Rice university researchers have developed a method to detect rare DNA mutations with an approach hundreds of times more powerful than current methods.
Rice researchers David Zhang, an assistant professor of bioengineering, and lead author and graduate student J. Sherry Wang applied their new molecular tools to 44 DNA samples with known cancer-related single-nucleotide variants.
The ability to accurately find mutations that are biomarkers for disease will help clinicians determine treatment paths for patients,
It may also help identify rare mutations and subtypes of infectious diseases as well as drug-resistant strains.
but mutations can leave the body vulnerable to disease, or even be the root cause.
The ability to accurately find rare single-nucleotide mutations is becoming increasingly important as scientists drill down into genomes to find biomarkers for early cancer detection. ee trying to solve the needle-in-a-haystack problem,
how do you detect a very rare mutation in a large pile of healthy DNA molecules?
The needle youe looking for might be a cancer-mutation DNA or bacterial-pathogen DNA,
and leave the probes to seek out mutations in the target DNA. Zhang and Wang carried this hybridization technique a step further as they determined the optimal conditions the window for each experiment, based on simulations.
Tests on amplified human genome samples showed excellent accuracy as well, they said. Zhang noted the technique should lead to significant savings,
especially if youe doing a multiplexed assay that checks for a few hundred different target mutations. he real benefit is still being able to do more specific detection,
basically being able to detect mutations at a much earlier phase when there not as much cancer DNA floating around,
said Edward H. Egelman of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular genetics. ee discovered what appears to be a basic mechanism of resistance to heat,
to desiccation, to ultraviolet radiation. And knowing that, then, we can go in many different directions, including developing ways to package DNA for gene therapy. inding effective packaging for DNA delivery is important
because the human body has many ways to degrade and remove foreign DNA; that how it combats harmful viruses
because many people have felt that this A-form of DNA is only found in the laboratory under very non-biological conditions,
it appears to be a general mechanism in biology for protecting DNA. gelman and his colleagues were able to crack the mystery only because of the remarkable power of U. Va. new Titan Krios electron microscope.
the massive microscope is insulated within many tons of concrete to provide the stability needed to examine biological samples in previously impossible detail.
Working with Shaoqin arahgong, a UW-Madison professor of biomedical engineering, Cai group addressed two key barriers to using wood-derived materials in an electronics setting:
The trial was funded by the manufacturer of T-VEC, Amgen, and is published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
because their infection defences are compromised by genetic errors. UK trial leader Professor Kevin Harrington, Professor of Biological Cancer Therapies at The Institute of Cancer Research, London,
and we also compared multipotent stem cells derived from fallopian tubes and fallopian tube mucosa according to their biological characteristics and therapeutic potential for treatment of autologous reproductive tract injury.
published in Current Biology, could help scientists design therapies to manipulate the cell repair process
The results suggest that adaptive immune signalling pathways important in distinguishing self from non-self in vertebrates appear to have evolved from a more ancient response designed to distinguished amaged selffrom ealthy Self will Wood, Professor of Developmental biology
In cell biology their role is to reduce the effectiveness of two immune checkpoint proteins responsible for telling the immune system to turn off
Chesney and his team, working with the pharmaceutical company Amgen, are taking the success of their trials a step further combining T-VEC with the immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab into a treatment regimen.
researchers from the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics demonstrated in mice that traces of old memories do remain in the amnestic brain,
the researchers used optogenetic technology to selectively activate neurons that were labeled genetically during their training in chamber A with a blue light-sensitive protein,
and will stimulate future research on the biology of memory and its clinical restoration. d
Larger scale gene function studies A relatively new method of targeting specific DNA sequences in zebrafish could dramatically accelerate the discovery of gene function and the identification of disease genes in humans, according to scientists at the National Human genome Research
. a senior investigator with NHGRI Translational and Functional genomics Branch and head of the Developmental Genomics Section. hat we have done is to establish an entire pipeline for knocking out many genes and testing their function quickly in a vertebrate
. Ph d. e anticipate that the techniques developed by NHGRI researchers will accelerate understanding the biological function of specific genes
whose genomes have been sequenced completely. The zebrafish is suited better to larger scale gene editing because about 70 percent of zebrafish genes appear to have human counterparts
Hearing is one of the other interests of Dr. Burgess lab.)This produced mutations in 82 of the 83 genes.
In screening embryos by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (a technology that allows researchers to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence)
mutations were passed on to the next generation in 28 percent of cases. The transmission rate was higher for some genes than for others,
but in most cases, screening offspring from parent fish should be enough to spot most mutations, the researchers reported.
The results demonstrated that using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique in zebrafish will make it possible to both generate mutants for all genes in the zebrafish genome
they noted in the Genome Research paper. The CRISPR/Cas9 methodology works in mice, too,
you could target every gene in the genome with what would be a relatively modest scientific investment in the low tens of millions of dollars. e
Lieber. his opens up a completely new frontier where we can explore the interface between electronic structures and biology.
which biology works. he idea of merging the biological with the electronic is not a new one for Lieber.
a process common to delivery of many species in biology and medicine you could go to the doctor
an associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry at UC San diego who headed the research effort with Seth Cohen,
chair of UC San diego Department of chemistry and Biochemistry. ntil now, this was the state of the art in terms of how we could document how nanostructures formed.
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