are defined by the spin of a single electron. But by reconfiguring traditional transistors to only be associated with one electron,
Dzurak and his team were able to have them define qubits instead. ee morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.
We then store the binary code of 0 or 1 on the'spin'of the electron,
which is associated with the electron tiny magnetic field, said Menno Veldhorst, the lead author of the research,
which has been published in Nature. The team then showed that they could use metal electrodes on these transistors to control the qubits
#Scientists say theye found a particle made entirely of nuclear force After decades of searching, scientists say theye finally identified a glueball-a particle made purely of nuclear force.
Hypothesised to exist as part of the standard model of particle physics, glueballs have eluded scientists since the 1970s because they can only be detected indirectly by measuring their process of decay.
Now, a team of particle scientists in Austria say they've found evidence for the existence of glueballs by observing the decay of a particle known as f0 (1710.
Protons and neutrons-the particles that make up everyday matter-are made of minuscule elementary particles called quarks,
and quarks are held together by even smaller particles called gluons. Also known as'sticky particles',massless gluons are described as a complicated version of the photon,
because just like how photons are responsible for exerting the force of electromagnetism, gluons are in charge of exerting a strong nuclear force."
"In particle physics, every force is mediated by a special kind of force particle, and the force particle of the strong nuclear force is the gluon,
"explains one of the researchers, Anton Rebhan from the Vienna University of Technology. But there is one major difference between the two:
while photons aren affected by the force they exert, gluons are. This important fact means that
while photons can exist in what known as a bound state, gluons can be bound together via their own nuclear force to form glueballs."
"The existence of glueball particles brings the idea that, not only can particles be forces or force carriers (i e.,
, photons), but that these massless particles are also contingent upon the force that they are made up of,
allowing glueballs to exist in a static state, "J. E. Reich writes for Techtimes. Gluons might be massless on their own,
but their interactions with each other give glueballs a mass, which, theoretically, allows scientists to detect them,
if only indirectly through their decay process. And while several particles have been identified in particle accelerator experiments as being viable candidates for glueballs
until now, no one been able to make a convincing case for any of them consisting of pure atomic force.
The closest scientists have gotten to finding a glueball is narrowing in on two possible candidates: f0 (1500) and f0 (1710),
which are called subatomic particles mesons that are composed of one quark and one antiquark each. For a while, f0 (1500) was considered the more promising candidate of the two,
because while f0 (1710) produced better results when applied to computer models, its decay process produced heavy quarks-also known as'strange quarks'.
'This was a problem, because some scientists assumed that gluon interactions did not usually differentiate between heavier and lighter quarks-something that Rebhan
and his colleagues say theye reconciled in their calculations, published in Physical Review Letters today."
"Our calculations show that it is indeed possible for glueballs to decay predominantly into strange quarks,
"he says, explaining that when the decay pattern for lighter quarks was measured also for f0 (1710),
the results agreed"extremely well"with their model. The researchers are hoping the new data from experiments at the Large hadron collider at CERN (TOTEM
"For these multi-particle processes, our theory predicts decay rates which are quite different from the predictions of other, simpler models.
"Need a crash course in quarks, strange quarks, and all the rest a
#Watch: This self-balancing wheelchair can climb and descend stairs automatically Stairs and uneven ground surfaces pose a huge problem for wheelchair users,
certain cancer biomarkers cling to the surface of the tiny particles, increasing their size and causing them to clump together.
Huo and her team at UCF's Nanoscience Technology Center developed a technique known as nanoparticle-enabled dynamic light scattering assay (Nanodlsay) to measure the size of the particles by analyzing the light they throw off.
The breakthrough, described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society and featured as ACS Editors'Choice for open access, addresses a decades-long challenge for electron-transport conducting polymers,
but until now have not been successful in developing an efficient electron-transport conducting polymer to pair with the established hole-transporting polymers.
a significant progress for electron-transporting? -conjugated polymers...With rational molecular design? -conjugated redox polymers will establish new design space in polymer chemistry
#Researchers deliver large particles into cells at high speed The researchers created a highly efficient automated tool that delivers nanoparticles, enzymes, antibodies, bacteria and other"large-sized"cargo into mammalian cells at the rate
the only way to deliver so-called large cargo, particles up to 1 micrometer in size, into cells is by using micropipettes, syringe-like tools common in laboratories,
Underneath the holes is a well of liquid that includes the particles to be delivered. Researchers use a laser pulse to heat the titanium coating,
The fissure allows the particle-filled liquid underneath the cells to be jammed into them before the membrane reseals.
the researchers have proposed that electromagnetic waves are generated not only from the acceleration of electrons, but also from a phenomenon known as symmetry breaking.
The phenomenon of radiation due to electron acceleration, first identified more than a century ago, has no counterpart in quantum mechanics,
where electrons are assumed to jump from higher to lower energy states. These new observations of radiation resulting from broken symmetry of the electric field may provide some link between the two fields.
which state that electromagnetic radiation is generated by accelerating electrons. However, this theory becomes problematic when dealing with radio wave emission from a dielectric solid, a material
which normally acts as an insulator, meaning that electrons are not free to move around. Despite this
The researchers determined that the reason for this phenomenon is due to symmetry breaking of the electric field associated with the electron acceleration.
Symmetry breaking can also apply in cases such as a pair of parallel wires in which electrons can be accelerated by applying an oscillating electric field."
The electromagnetic radiation emitted from dielectric materials is due to accelerating electrons on the metallic electrodes attached to them
you have to break the symmetry as well as have accelerating electrons--this is the missing piece of the puzzle of electromagnetic theory,
these proteins allow charged particles to flow into the cell or transport them outside the cell.
"The device uses gold nanoparticles (microscopic particles) and glowing quantum dots. The researchers developed a novel approach for rapid and sensitive detection of surface proteins of viruses from blood samples of turkeys.
Associate professor Morello said the method works by distorting the shape of the electron cloud attached to the atom,
which the electron responds.""Therefore, we can selectively choose which qubit to operate. It's a bit like selecting which radio station we tune to,
This interaction leads to a rapid creation of an electron distribution with an elevated electron temperature.
and rapidly converted into electron heat. Next, the electron heat is converted into a voltage at the interface of two graphene regions with different doping.
This photo-thermoelectric effect turns out to occur almost instantaneously, thus enabling the ultrafast conversion of absorbed light into electrical signals.
In addition to taking on different forms as a neutral molecule, KP1212 also could accept an extra proton,
The work taught his team how to create even more potent shape shifters--by decorating the KP1212 scaffold with groups of atoms and molecules that further raises their ability to capture protons."
"In our system, nanowires harvest solar energy and deliver electrons to bacteria, where carbon dioxide is reduced and combined with water for the synthesis of a variety of targeted, value-added chemical products."
"When sunlight is absorbed, photo-excited electron? hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires,
The photo-generated electrons in the silicon will be passed onto bacteria for the CO2 reduction while the photo-generated holes in the titanium oxide split water molecules to make oxygen."
For this study, the Berkeley team used Sporomusa ovata, an anaerobic bacterium that readily accepts electrons directly from the surrounding environment
the flow of electrons generated projects the molecules of interest toward the target area. To enable validation of this new technique,
The diarylethene molecule contact using electron-beam lithography and the subsequent measurements alone lasted three long years.
#Efficient method of producing metallic nanoparticles VTT's aerosol technology reactor for nanoparticle production can generate a variety of pure metal particles, particles of various alloys and carbon-coated particles.
The process generates an extremely high particle concentration, enabling a high production speed but with low gas consumption.
by adding particles which increase radar wave attenuation. VTT's researchers believe that the reactor has many applications
#From metal to insulator and back again Metals are compounds that are capable of conducting the flow of electrons that make up an electric current.
Metals are compounds that are capable of conducting the flow of electrons that make up an electric current.
The onsets of these transitions can be determined by the positions of electrons within the basic structure of the material.
electrons localize between the atoms and do not freely flow as they do in the metallic form."
#Ultra-sensitive sensor detects individual electrons In the same Cambridge laboratory in the United kingdom where The british physicist J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897,
European scientists have developed just a new ultra-sensitive electrical-charge sensor capable of detecting the movement of individual electrons."
and can detect the electrical charge of a single electron in less than one microsecond,"M. Fernando Gonzlez Zalba,
'will be used in quantum computers of the future to read information stored in the charge or spin of a single electron."
as well as detecting the movement of individual electrons, the device is able to control its flow
The researchers have demonstrated the possibility of detecting the charge of an electron with their device in approximately one nanosecond,
This has been achieved by coupling a gate sensor to a silicon nanotransistor where the electrons flow individually.
fridges and other electrical equipment is made up of electrons: minuscule particles carrying an electrical charge travelling in their trillions and
whose collective movement makes these appliances work. However, this is not the case of the latest cutting-edge devices such as ultra-precise biosensors, single electron transistors, molecular circuits and quantum computers.
These represent a new technological sector which bases its electronic functionality on the charge of a single electron,
a field in which the new gate sensor can offer its advantages s
#Researchers add a new wrinkle to cell culture Using a technique that introduces tiny wrinkles into sheets of graphene,
say, a virus or a bacteria particle.""In mass spectrometry, molecules are ionised (or electrically charged)
"We can analyse this measurement to get both the mass and shape of the attached particle,
"Radiation pressure physics in these systems have become measurable only when the oscillator is hit by millions of photons,
Because of the increased radiation pressure coupling, the oscillator observes the electromagnetic field with the precision of a single photon.
--Some claim that the theory holds only with very small particles. Nevertheless, the existence of an upper limit for the validity region has not been found--yet.
"The researchers resorted to the computational approach because of the difficulty of capturing the structure via X-ray crystallography or single-particle transmission electron microscopy, two of the most common imaging methods at the atomic scale.
Virus concentrations ranged from 13 to 2350 particles per cubic meter of air. A dose of 20 norovirus particles is usually enough to cause gastroenteritis.
According to Professor Duchaine this previously unknown mode of norovirus propagation could explain why gastroenteritis outbreaks are so hard to contain:"
#Bringing high-energy particle detection in from the cold Now researchers from Oak ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee think they have a good candidate material.
"From the theoretical study, we have identified the most detrimental defects that hinder the electron transport in thallium sulfide iodide
researchers can use synchrotrons--dedicated facilities where electrons run laps in football-stadium-sized storage rings to produce the desired radiation
Conversely, the CLS is a miniature version of a synchrotron that produces suitable X-rays by colliding laser light with electrons circulating in a desk-sized storage ring.
For the first time, the researchers were able to show that this mechanical system can be used to coherently manipulate an electron spin embedded in the resonator--without external antennas or complex microelectronic structures.
the research team led by Georg H. Endress Professor Patrick Maletinsky described how resonators made from single-crystalline diamonds with individually embedded electrons are suited highly to addressing the spin of these electrons.
In these"nitrogen-vacancy centers,"individual electrons are trapped. Their"spin"or intrinsic angular momentum is examined in this research.
in turn, influences the spin of the electrons, which can indicate two possible directions("up"or"down")when measured.
This means that the spin of the electrons switches from up to down and vice versa in a controlled and rapid rhythm and that the scientists can control the spin status at any time.
"This expansion and contraction of aluminum particles generates great mechanical stress, which can cause electrical contacts to disconnect.
which would be ok if not for the repeated large volume expansion and shrinkage that cause SEI particles to shed.
but yolk-shell particles feature a void between the two--equivalent to where the white of an egg would be.
The aluminum particles they used, which are about 50 nanometers in diameter, naturally have oxidized an layer of alumina (Al2o3)."
a better conductor of electrons and lithium ions when it is very thin. Aluminum powders were placed in sulfuric acid saturated with titanium oxysulfate.
if the particles stay in the acid for a few more hours, the aluminum core continuously shrinks to become a 30-nm-across"yolk,,
The particles are treated then to get the final aluminum-titania (ATO) yolk-shell particles. After being tested through 500 charging-discharging cycles,
and electrons to get in and out. The result is an electrode that gives more than three times the capacity of graphite (1. 2 Ah/g) at a normal charging rate
#Ultra-fast electron camera A new scientific instrument promises to capture some of nature's speediest processes.
It uses a method known as ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and can reveal motions of electrons
and atomic nuclei within molecules that take place in less than a tenth of a trillionth of a second--information that will benefit groundbreaking research in materials science, chemistry and biology.
The technique complements ultrafast studies with SLAC's X-ray free-electron laser. Similar to X-ray light, highly energetic electrons can take snapshots of the interior of materials as they pass through them.
Yet electrons interact differently with materials and"see"different things. Both methods combined draw a more complete picture that will help researchers better understand
and possibly control important ultrafast processes in complex systems ranging from magnetic data storage devices to chemical reactions.
This electron source produces highly energetic electrons, packed into extremely short bunches. It spits out 120 of these bunches every second
generating a powerful electron beam that the researchers use to probe objects on the inside.
But how can scientists actually catch a glimpse of the interior of materials with particles like electrons?
The method works because particles have a second nature: They also behave like waves. When electron waves pass through a sample,
they scatter off the sample's atomic nuclei and electrons. The scattered waves then combine to form a so-called diffraction pattern picked up by a detector.
The whole apparatus works like a high-speed camera, capturing differences in diffraction patterns over time that scientists use to reconstruct the sample's inner structure and how it changes.
Since electron bunches in SLAC's UED instrument are extremely short, they reveal changes that occur in less than 100 quadrillionths of a second, or 100 femtoseconds,
but the repulsive forces between electrons in the electron beam limited the time resolution of previous experiments,
"Electrons behave similarly to X-rays in the way they explore speedy phenomena in nature. Electrons scatter off both electrons and atomic nuclei in materials.
X-rays, on the other hand, interact only with electrons. Therefore, electron and X-ray studies of very fast structural changes complement each other.
The SLAC-led team has begun already to combine both approaches to better understand the link between the magnetic behavior of certain materials
and their structural properties in studies that could help develop next-generation data storage devices. Electrons also provide a path to studies that are very challenging to perform with X-rays."
"Electrons interact with materials much more strongly than X-rays do, "says SLAC's Renkai Li, the paper's lead author."
"We were able to analyze samples such as very thin films whose X-ray signals would be very weak."
"Due to the almost 1, 000-fold shorter wavelength of electrons compared to X-rays, UED can see much finer structural details.
--and will eventually reduce the size of the electron beam from its current 100 microns--the diameter of an average human hair--to below one micron.
"This will generate unforeseen possibilities for ultrafast science with electrons, similar to the great things we saw happening a few years ago at LCLS,
#New research may enhance display, LED lighting technology Recently, quantum dots (QDS)--nano-sized semiconductor particles that produce bright, sharp,
In addition, as an actual needle application, we demonstrated fluorescenctce particle depth injection into the brain in vivo,
Raman spectroscopy and transport measurements on the graphene/boron nitride heterostructures reveals high electron mobilities comparable with those observed in similar assemblies based on exfoliated graphene.
"Even though we're not sending a huge amount of photons, at short time scales, we're sending a lot more energy to that spot than the energy sent by the sun,
which the two quantum logic gates were applied to single photons in both orders. The results of their experiment confirm that it is impossible to determine which gate acted first
From a single measurement on the photon, they probed a specific property of the two quantum gates thereby confirming that the gates were applied in both orders at once.
Scientists unveil new technique for spotting quantum dots to make high performance nanophotonic devices A quantum dot should produce one and only one photon--the smallest constituent of light--each time it is energized,
which will enable control of the photons that the quantum dot generates. However finding the quantum dots--they're just about 10 nanometers across--is no small feat.
and used it to create high-performance single photon sources. Array"This is a first step towards providing accurate location information for the manufacture of high performance quantum dot devices,
Their coordinates in hand, scientists can then tell the computer-controlled electron beam lithography tool to place any structure the application calls for in its proper relation to the quantum dots,
the researchers demonstrated grating-based single photon sources in which they were able to collect 50 per cent of the quantum dot's emitted photons, the theoretical limit for this type of structure.
They also demonstrated that more than 99 per cent of the light produced from their source came out as single photons.
Such high purity is partly due to the fact that the location technique helps the researchers to quickly survey the wafer (10,000 square micrometers at a time) to find regions where the quantum dot density is especially low-only about one per 1
Now, researchers from the University of Bristol in the UK and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Japan, have pulled off the same feat for light in the quantum world by developing an optical chip that can process photons in an infinite number
This result shows a step change for experiments with photons and what the future looks like for quantum technologies.
Now anybody can run their own experiments with photons, much like they operate any other piece of software on a computer.
The method consists in converting the natural pomegranate juice in small dust particles that can be dissolved in water.
"The study was supported also by X-ray experiments at SSRL and at Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source."
so called because they use plasmons--collective excitations of electrons in a conductor--rather than electrons to transfer
electrons that tunnel across the gap can excite plasmons, although inefficiently.""Yang likens the excitation of plasmons in gratings to dropping pebbles in a swimming pool with swimming lanes demarcated by floats."
generating protons and electrons as well as oxygen gas. The photocathode recombines the protons and electrons to form hydrogen gas.
A key part of the JCAP design is the plastic membrane, which keeps the oxygen and hydrogen gases separate.
and electrons to pass through. The new complete solar fuel generation system developed by Lewis and colleagues uses such a 62.5-nanometer-thick Tio2 layer to effectively prevent corrosion
protons, and electrons and is a key to the high efficiency displayed by the device.
and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2009cb918500) and the National Natural science Foundation of China (21173013,11021463) to L. L. This research used the Advanced Photon Source for protein crystallography data collection
#Scientists'squeeze'light one particle at a time A team of scientists has measured successfully particles of light being squeezed,
In the journal Nature, a team of physicists report that they have demonstrated successfully the squeezing of individual light particles,
or photons, using an artificially constructed atom, known as a semiconductor quantum dot. Thanks to the enhanced optical properties of this system and the technique used to make the measurements,
That meant we were able to reach the necessary conditions to observe this fundamental property of photons
and prove that this odd phenomenon of squeezing really exists at the level of a single photon.
what photons should do.""Like a lot of quantum physics, the principles behind squeezing light involve some mind-boggling concepts.
It begins with the fact that wherever there are light particles, there are also associated electromagnetic fluctuations. This is a sort of static
It looks like there are zero photons present, but actually there is just a tiny bit more than nothing."
This excited the quantum dot and led to the emission of a stream of individual photons.
This states that in any situation in which a particle has linked two properties, only one can be measured
Atature added that the main point of the study was simply to attempt to see this property of single photons,
#Ideal single-photon source developed With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons.
For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. They have reported their findings in the scientific journal Nature Communications together with colleagues from the University of Bochum.
A single-photon source never emits two or more photons at the same time. Single photons are important in the field of quantum information technology where, for example,
they are used in quantum computers. Alongside the brightness and robustness of the light source the indistinguishability of the photons is especially crucial.
In particular, this means that all photons must be the same color. Creating such a source of identical single photons has proven very difficult in the past.
However, quantum dots made of semiconductor materials are offering new hope. A quantum dot is a collection of a few hundred thousand atoms that can form itself into a semiconductor under certain conditions.
Single electrons can be captured in these quantum dots and locked into a very small area. An individual photon is emitted
when an engineered quantum state collapses. Noise in the semiconductor A team of scientists led by Dr. Andreas Kuhlmann and Prof.
Richard J. Warburton from the University of Basel have shown already in past publications that the indistinguishability of the photons is reduced by the fluctuating nuclear spin of the quantum dot atoms.
For the first time ever, the scientists have managed to control the nuclear spin to such an extent that even photons sent out at very large intervals are the same color.
Quantum cryptography and quantum communication are two potential areas of application for single-photon sources.
These technologies could make it possible to perform calculations that are far beyond the capabilities of today's computers.
The study was supported by the QSIT-Quantum Science and Technology National Center of Competence in Research
"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be induced,
"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be stabilized."
"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be induced,
"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be stabilized."
"We're good at generating electrons from light efficiently, but chemical synthesis always limited our systems in the past.
"We're good at generating electrons from light efficiently, but chemical synthesis always limited our systems in the past.
In our current electronic equipment, information is transported via the motion of electrons. In this scheme, the charge of the electron is used to transmit a signal.
In a magnetic insulator, a spin wave is used instead. Spin is a magnetic property of an electron.
A spin wave is caused by a perturbation of the local magnetisation direction in a magnetic material.
Such a perturbation is caused by an electron with an opposite spin, relative to the magnetisation.
An electron can flow through the platinum, but not in the YIG since it is an insulator.
However, if the electron collides on the interface between YIG and platinum this influences the magnetisation at the YIG surface and the electron spin is transferred.
This causes a local magnetisation direction, generating a spin wave in the YIG. Spin wave detection The spin waves that the researchers send into the YIG are detected by the platinum strip on the other side of the YIG.
and transfers its spin to an electron in the platinum. This influences the motion of the electron, resulting in an electric current that the researchers can measure.
The researchers already studied the combination of platinum and YIG in previous research. From this research it was found that
or cooling of the platinum-YIG interface, depending on the relative orientation of the electron spins in the platinum and the magnetisation in the YIG I
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