Subatomic particles

Antiparticles (69)
Elementary particles (2776)
Energy particle (8)
Light particle (15)
Neutrino (14)
Neutron (88)
Particle (1465)
Positron (11)
Proton (136)
Subatomic particle (39)

Synopsis: Domenii: Nuclear physics: Nuclear physics generale: Subatomic particles:

Research into atomic-scale memory focuses on the#ability to move single atoms, one of the smallest particles of any element in the universe.#

and when the electrons flow from one material to another, energy is released. This was discovered by Luigi Galvani in 1780

From a distance the Advanced Photon Source at the US Department of energy Argonne National Laboratory resembles a giant,

Like its much larger sibling at Cern, the circular particle accelerator at Argonne shoots electrons around its 0. 7-mile (1. 1-km) circumference at a tiny fraction below the speed of light.

Each time one of 80 magnets spaced around this ring give the electrons a shove to keep them moving around,

These will enable us to look back in time 13.6 billion years to the immediate aftermath of the Big bang. They will be precise enough to capture single photons.

delivering 10 to 100 times faster 3d imaging speeds than laser scanning confocal, two-photon,

Although confocal and two-photon microscopy can image a single plane within a living sample,

While SCAPE cannot yet compete with the penetration depth of conventional two-photon microscopy Hillman and her collaborators have used already the system to observe firing in 3d neuronal dendritic trees in superficial layers of the mouse brain.

In addition, the materials used are highly stable under the proton and electron irradiation to which they are subjected in space.

thus be adapted according to whatever specific test the user wishes to conduct. ll the biology is contained in magnetic particles that we put in the system at the moment of operation.

The project team has developed particles tiny enough to invade cancer cells and deliver treatments to the very heart of the tumour.

and enhance the efficiency of the treatment. he decorating of nanoparticles very tiny particles with cyclodextrins allows us to play with the functionality,

says project coordinator Dr Konstantina Yannakopoulou. e can use the cyclodextrins to mask the drug-carrying particles

Five years later, Udalov was working as a researcher at the University of Twente in the field of high-power pulsed electron beams

are granulated to three-millimetre large particles. The particles are cooled with liquid nitrogen and then ground into elastomeric powders.

This is then conducted to the melt-mix process with thermoplastics and additives. Here we use, for example, polypropylene as a thermoplastic material.'

the particles are dispersed in the polymer through micro-extrusion and microinjection techniques, and are mixed finally to produce the final piece.'

it is 10 times smaller than the diameter of the average dust particle. The Gan layer was produced at the Paul Drude Institute by Oliver Brandt,

The predicted results include both the pyrolysis process of individual particles and the tar concentration in the gas as a response to the interaction between hot air and wood particles.

The city of San jos has installed a sensor demonstration platform using Intel Gateway Solutions for the Internet of things with an Intel Quark processor and third-party sensors.

##The RRS device works by measuring changes in energy levels of electrons in molecules after the laser has excited them.

and size single H1n1 virus particles. Researchers reported the first demonstrated of the concept in Nano Letters in 2010.

but none have been nearly as successful in detecting nanoscale viral particles in complex media##says Ã#nlã#referring to typical biological samples that may have a mix of viruses bacteria and proteins.##

##The shoebox-sized prototype diagnostic device known as the single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS) detects pathogens by shining light from multicolor LED sources on viral nanoparticles bound to the sensor surface by a coating

Interference of light reflected from the surface is modified by the presence of the particles producing a distinct signal that reveals the size and shape of each particle.

-like particles could give doctors a new option for curbing surgical bleeding and addressing certain blood clotting disorders without the need for transfusions of natural platelets.

Based on soft and deformable hydrogel materials the clotting particles are triggered by the same factor that initiates the body s own clotting processes.

The particles have been tested with human blood but have not undergone clinical trials in humans.####When used by emergency medical technicians in the civilian world

##If EMTS and medics had particles like these that could be injected and then go specifically to the site of a serious injury they could help decrease the number of deaths associated with serious injuries.##

The synthetic platelet-like particles use the same trigger and so are activated only when the body s natural clotting process is initiated.

To create that trigger researchers followed a process known as molecular evolution to develop an antibody that could be attached to the hydrogel particles to change their form

##The effectiveness of the platelet-like particles has been tested in an animal model and in a microfluidic chamber designed to simulate conditions within the body s circulatory system.

When the platelet-like particles were added to the platelet-depleted blood it was able to clot.

When platelet-like particles were added to the dilute neonate blood it was able to form clots.

Because that blood lacks the triggers needed to cause fibrin formation the particles had no effect.

Before they can be used in humans the particles will have to undergo human trials and receive clearance from the US Food and Drug Administration.

About one micron in diameter the particles were developed originally to be used on the battlefield by wounded soldiers who might self-administer them using a device about the size of a smartphone.

But the researchers believe the particles could also reduce the need for platelet transfusions in patients undergoing chemotherapy or bypass surgery and in those with certain blood disorders.##

##These particles could potentially be a way to obviate the need for a transfusion. Though they don t have all the assets of natural platelets a number of intriguing experiments have shown that the particles help augment the clotting process.##

##In addition to providing new treatment options the particles could also cut costs by reducing costly natural transfusions says Lam assistant professor in the biomedical engineering department at Georgia Tech and Emory University.

What ultimately happens to the hydrogel particles circulating in the bloodstream will be the topic of future research Brown says.

Particles of similar size and composition are eliminated normally from the body. While the platelet-like particles lack many features of natural platelets the researchers were surprised to find one property in common.

Clots formed by natural platelets begin to contract over a period of hours starting the body s repair process.

Clots formed from the synthetic particles also contract but over a longer period of time. Other researchers from Georgia Tech Emory Chapman University and Arizona State university are also coauthors of the paper.

The National institutes of health the US Department of defense and the American Heart Association funded the research. Source: Georgia Techyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license C

which specially-encapsulated miniscule particles are administered with sequences of BACTERIAL DNA that direct the immune system to suppress allergic immune responses,

while lung inflammation was lower than particles that did not contain Cpg. his is exactly

of which was followed esfenvalerate by lambda-cyhalothrin permethrin cypermethrin and tau-fluvalinate. Eighty percent of the carbamates were methomyl and carbaryl.

who has developed virus-like particles that act like Ebola, but pose no danger in the laboratory.

but it moves cells instead of electrons. Scaling up the device could mean sorting and storing hundreds of thousands of individual living cells in a matter of minutes.

The result is an integrated circuit that controls small magnetic objects much like the way electrons are controlled on computer chips.

By tagging cells with magnetic particles and directing them to different compartments, the cells can be separated,

Applications for HIV and cancer In a random access memory chip, similar logic circuits manipulate electrons on a nanometer scale, controlling billions of compartments in a square inch.

But cells are much larger than electrons, which would limit the new devices to hundreds of thousands of storage spaces per square inch.

by measuring changes in energy levels of electrons in molecules after the laser has excited them.

#Tiniest particles melt and then turn into Jell-o New york University rightoriginal Studyposted by James Devitt-NYU on October 20 2014the fact that microscopic particles known as polymers

and the particles will re-solidify. The new solid is a substance like Jell-o with the polymers adhering to the colloids

which posits that success is found in the middle rather than at extremes doesn t necessarily apply to the smallest of particles.

The study focuses on polymers and colloids#particles as small as one-billionth and one-millionth of a meter in size respectively.

By better understanding polymer and colloidal formation scientists have the potential to harness these particles

and larger colloidal crystals at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 85 degrees C. At room temperature the polymers act as a gas bumping against the larger particles

and applying a pressure that forces them together once the distance between the particles is too small to admit a polymer.

This result the researchers observe reflects enthalpic attraction#the adhesive energy generated by the higher temperatures and stimulating bonding between the particles.

By enhancing how particles are manipulated at the microscopic level these machines could begin creating objects that are more detailed and realistic than is currently possible.

and efficiency and it occurs on an ongoing frustrating basis. To help laser systems overcome loss operators often pump the system with an overabundance of photons

The Intel Labs University Research Office and the DARPA Inpho (Information in a Photon) Program supported the work n

In the experiment Lee Rozema a researcher in Steinberg s lab and lead author on the paper prepared qubits in the form of photons

The sun consists of hot plasma made of electrons and ions. Magnetic field lines extend from the solar surface all the way into the corona.

which the energy state of electrons is described with electronic materials. In particular the researchers examined surfaces of constant energy as these determine the conductivity of the material and its application potential.

and receive electrons to generate electrical current when exposed to light. The new polymer developed by Yu s group called PID2 improves the efficiency of electrical power generation by 15 percent

when added to a standard polymer-fullerene mixture. ullerene a small carbon molecule is one of the standard materials used in polymer solar cellslu says. asically in polymer solar cells we have a polymer as electron donor

and fullerene as electron acceptor to allow charge separation. n their work the researchers added another polymer into the device resulting in solar cells with two polymers and one fullerene.

In order for a current to be generated by the solar cell electrons must be transferred from polymer to fullerene within the device.

But the difference between electron energy levels for the standard polymer-fullerene is large enough that electron transfer between them is difficult.

which improve the mobility of electrons throughout the material. The fibers serve as a pathway to allow electrons to travel to the electrodes on the sides of the solar cell. t s like you re generating a street

and somebody that s traveling along the street can find a way to go from this end to anotheryu explains.

and the Institute for Molecular Engineering performed X-ray scattering studies using the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne

She used electron-beam deposition to create arrays regular arrangements of nanorods in each pixel.

You can create materials by design. he researchers use a direct laser writing method called two-photon lithography to ritea three-dimensional pattern in a polymer by allowing a laser beam to crosslink

Using electron-beam evaporation which is a common technique in CMOS processing Zheng deposited a thin layer of aluminum onto a silicon photodetector topped with an ultrathin oxide coating.

The metallic nanostructures use surface plasmons waves of electrons that flow like a fluid across metal surfaces.

The technology uses lasers to simultaneously cool particles and hold them in place. magine having a shallow bowl with a little molasses in itdemille explains. f you roll some balls into the bowl they will slow down

The researchers chose Srf for its structural simplicity it has effectively just one electron that orbits around the entire molecule. e thought it would be best to start applying this technique with a simple diatomic moleculedemille says.

Band gaps which free electrons must overcome to complete a circuit give materials the semiconducting properties that make modern electronics possible.

Each carbon atom has four electrons available to form covalent bonds. In their relaxed state the atoms in a carbyne chain would be spaced more or less evenly with two bonds between them.

Not only do the unstable nitro groups make the chemicals more explosive they also are characteristically electron deficient.

The device works by detecting the increased intensity in the light signal that occurs as a result of this interaction. e think that higher electron deficiency of explosives leads to a stronger interaction with the semiconductor sensorsays study co-lead author Sadao

and is more electron deficient than the DNT we detected in our experiments so the sensitivity of our device should be even higher than with DNTMA says.

By coupling electromagnetic waves with surface plasmons the oscillating electrons found at the surface of metals researchers were able to squeeze light into nanosized spaces

The study findings identify specific molecular vibrations that help enable charge separationhe process of kicking electrons free from atoms in the initial steps of photosynthesis. oth biological and artificial photosynthetic systems take absorbed light

The nanoparticles attract electrons from the silicon wafer surface, oxidizing it and allowing hydrogen fluoride to burn inverted pyramid-shaped nanopores into the silicon.

n-type which are rich in electrons and p-type which are poor in electrons. The problem? When exposed to the air n-type materials bind to oxygen atoms give up their electrons

and turn into p-type. Postdoctoral researcher Zhijun Ning Professor Ted Sargent and colleagues modeled and demonstrated a new colloidal quantum dot n-type material that does not bind oxygen

when exposed to air. Maintaining stable n -and p-type layers simultaneously not only boosts the efficiency of light absorption it opens up a world of new optoelectronic devices that capitalize on the best properties of both light and electricity.

For the first time researchers have detected the exciton a fundamental particle of light-matter interaction in metals. Physicists describe physical phenomena in terms of interactions between fields

and particles says lead author Hrvoje Petek professor in the physics and astronomy department at the University of Pittsburgh.

When light (an electromagnetic field) reflects from a metal mirror it shakes the metal s free electrons (the particles)

and the consequent acceleration of electrons creates a nearly perfect replica of the incident light (the reflection).

and outputs of this process but a microscopic quantum mechanical description of how the light excites the electrons is lacking.

Excitons particles of light-matter interaction where light photons become transiently entangled with electrons in molecules

and Petek and his team experimentally discovered that the surface electrons of silver crystals can maintain the excitonic state more than 100 times longer than the bulk metal enabling the excitons in metals to be captured experimentally by a newly developed multidimensional coherent spectroscopic technique.

uses two sheets of dissimilar materials one an electron donor the other an electron acceptor.

When the materials are in contact electrons flow from one material to the other. If the sheets are separated then one sheet holds an electrical charge isolated by the gap between them.

and electrons pass from one to the next with just enough resistance to produce heat as a byproduct.

The cosmic microwave background is a sea of photons (light particles) left over from the big bang that pervades all of space at a temperature of minus 270 degrees Celsiusâ##a mere 3 degrees above absolute zero.

Light from the cosmic microwave background is polarized mainly due to the scattering of photons off of electrons in the early universe through the same process by

Gravitational lensing it has long been predicted can twist E modes into B modes as photons pass by galaxies and other massive objects on their way toward earth.

The patterns can be used to map out the distribution of mass thereby more accurately defining cosmologically important properties like the masses of neutrinos tiny elementary particles prevalent throughout the cosmos.

or energized with electrons stripped from the atoms in resulting intense radiation as shockwaves. These shockwaves led to the formation of the network of cool filaments containing cold molecular hydrogen made of two hydrogen atoms.

Called a near broken-gap tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) the new device uses the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons through an ultrathin energy barrier to provide high current at low voltage.

which allowed electrons to tunnel through the barrier when desired. To improve amplification the researchers moved all the contacts to the same plane at the top surface of the vertical transistor.

A team of researchers from Penn State the National Institute of Standards and Technology and IQE a specialty wafer manufacturer jointly presented their findings at the International Electron Devices Meeting in WASHINGTON DC.

This is a quite remarkable spatial resolution. etasurfaces could make it possible to use single photonsâ##the particles that make up lightâ##for switching

While using photons would dramatically speed up computers and telecommunications conventional photonic devices cannot be miniaturized because the wavelength of light is too large to fit in tiny components needed for integrated circuits.

Optical nanophotonic circuits might harness clouds of electrons called urface plasmonsto manipulate and control the routing of light in devices too tiny for conventional lasers.

or in our case just stir in water all the particles will find one another and link togetherhe says. hey beautifully assemble into a three-dimensional crystal that we predicted computationally

and energy for all the particles to arrange themselves and find the spots they should be inmirkin says.

The semiconducting quantum wells at the center of the experiment contain particlesâ##in this case a dense collection of electrons

of which further quenched the electrons motions and made an atomlike system. The basic features were essentially the same as those known for superfluorescence in atomic systems.

Many-body theory gives physicists a way to understand how large numbers of interacting particles like molecules atoms

and electrons behave collectively. Superfluorescence is one example of how atoms under tight controls collaborate

However electrons and holes in semiconductors are charged particles so they interact more strongly than atoms

The quantum well as before consisted of stacked blocks of an indium gallium arsenide compound separated by barriers of gallium arsenide. t s a unique solid-state environment where many-body effects completely dominate the dynamics of the systemkono says. hen a strong magnetic field is applied electrons

and holes are fully quantizedâ##that is constrained in their range of motionâ##just like electrons in atomshe says. o the essential physics in the presence of a high magnetic field is quite similar to that in atomic gases.

or bands exist. he Kono team s goal was to keep the particles as dense as possible at liquid helium temperatures (about-450 degrees Fahrenheit)

When pumped by a strong laser these quantum degenerate particles gathered energy and released it as light at the Fermi edge:

the energy level of the most energetic particles in the system. As the electrons and holes combined to release photons the edge shifted to lower energy particles

and triggered more reactions until the sequence played out. The researchers found the emitted light shifted toward the higher red wavelengths as the burst progressed. hat s cool about this is that we have a material we excite it with a 150-femtosecond pulse wait for 100 picoseconds

and more efficient at harvesting energy from the sun. For solar panels wringing every drop of energy from as many photons as possible is imperative.

which excites electrons and causes them to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is electric current.

But to establish a consistent direction of their movement or polarity solar cells need to be made of two materials.

Once an excited electron crosses over the interface from the material that absorbs the light to the material that will conduct the current it can't cross back giving it a direction. here's a small category of materials

however that when you shine light on them the electron takes off in one particular direction without having to cross from one material to anothersays Andrew M. Rappe professor of chemistry

Moreover it would be a way around an inefficiency intrinsic to interfacial solar cells known as the Shockley-Queisser limit where some of the energy from photons is lost as electrons wait to make the jump from one material to the other. hink of photons coming from the sun

when you catch them. f you set your limit too high you might get more value per photon

but catch fewer photons overall and come out worse than if you picked a lower denominationhe says etting your bandgap to catch only silver dollars is like only being able to catch UV LIGHT.

all directions ookthe same from the perspective of an electron so there is no overall direction for them to flow.

which catches the most valuable photons and lets the less valuable ones pass through. Successive layers have lower and lower bandgaps getting the most energy out of each photon

but adding to the overall complexity and cost of the solar cell. he family of materials we've made with the bulk photovoltaic effect goes through the entire solar spectrumrappe says. o we could grow one material

In solid-state white lighting technology phosphors are applied to the LED chip in such a way that the photons from the blue gallium nitride LED pass through the phosphor

and others notseshadri says. n the wrong hosts some of the photons are wasted as heat

#Photon detector is quantum leap from semiconductors A new superconducting detector array can measure the energy of individual photons.

An MKID is a type of superconducting photon detector; microwave refers to the readout frequency rather than the frequency at

and arrival time of individual photons. orty years ago we were doing optical astronomy with photographic plates

which shows the arrival of each and every photon. This allows astronomers to see rapidly changing events a great advantage for many observations.

and see if you can hit a dendritehe adds. ost of the time you can t. ut Smith built his own two-photon microscope system to make things easier.

Jon Kuchenreuther a postdoctoral researcher in Britt s laboratory used a technique called electron paramagnetic resonance to study the structure of the intermediate steps.

which is when the polysulfide chains in the battery s cathode (positive end) dissolve in the electrolyte the ionizing liquid that allows electrons to flow.

An atomic-resolution electron micrograph reveals its design. It looks like bricks and mortar with very specific spacing between the well-defined interfaces.

The challenge for Angel Mart assistant professor of chemistry and bioengineering at Rice university and his team of student researchers was to get their large metallic particles through the much smaller pores of a zeolite cage.

#This electron accelerator is smaller than a grain of rice Stanford university rightoriginal Studyposted by Mike Ross-Stanford on September 30 2013researchers have used a laser to accelerate electrons at a rate 10 times higher than conventional technology

and cost of future high-energy particle colliders for exploring the world of fundamental particles and forcessays Joel England a physicist with the US Department of energy s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford university who led the experiments. t could also help enable compact accelerators and X-ray devices for security

and deliver a million more electron pulses per second. This initial demonstration reported in the journal Nature achieved an acceleration gradient

Today s accelerators use microwaves to boost the energy of electrons. Researchers have been looking for more economical alternatives and this new technique

Particles are accelerated generally in two stages. First they are boosted to nearly the speed of light. Then any additional acceleration increases their energy but not their speed;

In the accelerator-on-a-chip experiments electrons are accelerated first to near light-speed in a conventional accelerator.

Infrared laser light shining on the pattern generates electrical fields that interact with the electrons in the channel to boost their energy.

Turning the accelerator on a chip into a full-fledged tabletop accelerator will require a more compact way to get the electrons up to speed before they enter the device.

It simultaneously reports in Physical Review Letters its success in using a laser to accelerate lower energy electrons.

Byer says laser accelerators could drive compact X-ray free-electron lasers comparable to SLAC s Linac Coherent light Source that are all-purpose tools for a wide range of research.

The researchers were able to stabilize the light s frequency by developing a silica glass chip resonator with a specially designed path for the photons in the shape of

if we made the photons travel a longer path the whole device would become more stablesays Hansuek Lee a senior researcher in Vahala s lab

In the new design photons are applied to an outer ring of the spiraled resonator with a tiny light-dispensing optic fiber;

the photons subsequently travel around four interwoven Archimedean spirals ultimately closing the path after traveling more than a meter in an area about the size of a quarterâ##a journey 100 times longer than achieved in previous designs.

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