Wee already able to send data in the form of photons at incredible speeds through the optical fibres that make up our Internet,
so it can be converted into electrons and pushed through wires around our devices. This process isn't just slow
By designing very precise segments of silicon and pairing them together-according to the instructions of the algorithm-the team are able to create switches or conduits that control the flow of photons,
just like wires currently do with electrons.""Our structures look like Swiss cheese but they work better than anything we've seen before,
#Engineers have created a computer that operates on water droplets Researchers in the US have built a fully functioning computer that runs like clockwork-but instead of electrons,
#Material with superfast electrons displays mind-blowing magnetoresistance Researchers have found a material that could be used to build smaller and fast electronics in the future.
The material has such incredible magnetoresistance because of another interesting property-its electrons are superfast, with a top speed of around 300 km/s. In a magnetic field,
which causes an increasing percentage of electrons to flow in the'wrong'direction as the magnetic field becomes stronger."
"The faster the electrons in the material move, the greater the Lorentz force and thus the effect of a magnetic field,"explains Binghai Yan, one of the lead researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids
which make some of its electrons act as if they have no mass and allows them to zoom around at such incredible speeds.
The resulting particles are less than 8 nanometres thick (a human hair is around 80,000-100,000 nanometres)
"These tiny particles are camouflaged kind of, I would say, "explains bioengineering professor, Dipanjan Pan, who worked on the study alongside his colleague Rohit Bhargava.
you can pretty much make these particles at home, "says Pan in a press release.""You just mix them together
so you can do multidrug therapy with the same particles.""H/T: Techrada d
#This new insulin patch could soon replace injections for diabetics A new'smart patch'lined with painless microneedles full of insulin has been developed by researchers in the US in an effort to do away with the uncomfortable injections that have become a part of life for the millions
virus-sized particle called an exosome, which is released by the body cells into all kinds of bodily fluids,
#The LHC has discovered a brand new class of particles Just months after switching the Large hadron collider (LHC) back on at record-breaking energy levels,
researchers at CERN in Switzerland have reported the discovery of a whole new class of subatomic particles, called pentaquarks.
Not only has solved it a 50-year mystery surrounding the elusive particle, but it's providing new insight into the ways in
Quarks are the building blocks that make up composite subatomic particles, and these particles are classified depending on how many quarks they're comprised of.
For example both protons and neutrons are made up of three quarks, and are classed as baryons. But this is the first time researchers have shown that a five-quark arrangement
-or pentaquark-exists.""The pentaquark is not just any new particle, "CERN spokesperson Guy Wilkinson told the press."
"It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over 50 years of experimental searches."
"Scientists have been looking for pentaquarks since 1964, when American physicist Murray Gell-Mann first proposed the quark model.
Although his work was on baryons, the model allowed the existence of other quark composite states,
such as a hypothetical pentaquark, which would be comprised of four quarks and an antiquark. But no one has been able to find evidence of such a state existing until now, thanks to the powerful LHCB experiment.
Physicists noticed the pentaquarks while examining the decay of a baryon known as Lamda b into three other known particles.
For the first time they also observed a transition state, in which they identified two never-before-seen particles:
Pc (4450)+ and Pc (4380+.+After studying the mass of these particles, the team concluded that they could only be explained by being in pentquark states."
"More precisely, the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark, and one anti-charm quark,"said LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki.
They were able to finally confirm this, thanks to the huge amount of data provided by the LHCB."
"It as if the previous searches were looking for silhouettes in the dark, whereas LHCB conducted the search with the lights on,
and the team is now studying the new pentaquarks further to try to work out exactly how the five quarks are bound together.
Working this out will help physicists understand more about the structure of all particles, as well as provide insight into how quarks interact."
"Studying the pentaquarks properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which wee all made,
is constituted,"said Wilkinson s
#Scientists figure out how to make solar cells produce fuel AND electricity A new type of solar cell can convert liquid water into clean hydrogen fuel 10 times more effectively than any other technology,
But the graphene retains its ability to move electrons quickly and gives it the quick charge
As a result an electrode particle swells as a whole i e. it increases in volume only to shrink again once the charges leave the particle.
This process may lead to instabilities in the electrode material in terms of structural changes and contact losses.
This increases conductivity while at the same time protecting the electrode particles. However it does not impede electrons
and lithium ions as they are transported through the electrodes. Afyon used this vanadate-borate glass powder for the battery cathodes
The measurement approach is called sequential two-photon laser induced fluorescence (2p-LIF) and uses two different laser beams to excite mercury atoms
titled"Deployment of a sequential two-photon laser-induced fluorescence sensor for the detection of gaseous elemental mercury at ambient levels:
Packing single-photon detectors on an optical chip is crucial for quantum-computational circuits Single-photon detectors are notoriously temperamental:
In experiments the researchers found that their detectors were up to 100 times more likely to accurately register the arrival of a single photon than those found in earlier arrays.
According to quantum mechanics tiny physical particles are counterintuitively able to inhabit mutually exclusive states at the same time. A computational element made from such a particle--known as a quantum bit
or qubit--could thus represent zero and one simultaneously. If multiple qubits are entangled meaning that their quantum states depend on each other then a single quantum computation is in some sense like performing many computations in parallel.
With most particles entanglement is difficult to maintain but it's relatively easy with photons.
For that reason optical systems are a promising approach to quantum computation. But any quantum computer--say one whose qubits are trapped laser ions
or nitrogen atoms embedded in diamond--would still benefit from using entangled photons to move quantum information around.
which they deposit the superconductor niobium nitride in a pattern useful for photon detection. At both ends of the resulting detector they deposit gold electrodes.
and attach it to the optical Chip in previous arrays the detectors registered only 0. 2 percent of the single photons directed at them.
Quantum information promises unbreakable encryption because quantum particles such as photons of light can be created in a way that intrinsically links them.
Interactions with either of these entangled particles affect the other no matter how far they are separated.
The X-ray diffraction patterns collected there were used to create an electron density map, a 3-D, atomic-level resolution of the molecule's shape.
and Gregory Robbins members of the Desimone and Ting labs reveals that a particle's surface charge plays a key role in eliciting immune responses in the lung.
Using the Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates (PRINT) technology invented in the Desimone lab Fromen
and Robbins were able to specifically modify the surface charge of protein-loaded particles while avoiding disruption of other particle features demonstrating PRINT's unique ability to modify particle attributes independently from one another.
When delivered through the lung particles with a positive surface charge were shown to induce antibody responses both locally in the lung and systemically in the body.
In contrast negatively charged particles of the same composition led to weaker and in some cases undetectable immune responses suggesting that particle charge is an important consideration for pulmonary vaccination.
The findings published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences also have broad public health implications for improving the accessibility of vaccines.
and destroys cells in charge of receiving photons and transferring light signals to the brain for decoding.
and since electrons can't go through the membrane between the electrodes, they go through a circuit
the electrons have a path within the battery, shorting out the circuit. This is how the battery fires on the Boeing 787 are thought to have started."
By demonstrating a new way to change the amount of electrons that reside in a given region within a piece of graphene they have a proof-of-principle in making the fundamental building blocks of semiconductor devices using the 2-D material.
because its charge-carrier density the number of free electrons it contains can be increased easily
or gain electrons to cancel out those charges but we've come up with a third way.
or gaining electrons the graphene says'I can hold the electrons for you and they'll be right nearby.'
and the possibility of waveguiding lensing and periodically manipulating electrons confined in an atomically thin material.
"As they eat, the bacteria produce electrons and protons. The voltage that arises between these particles generates energy that we can exploit.
Since the waste in the wastewater (organic material) is consumed and thus removed, the water itself becomes purified,
but which could also transfer electrons to a metal electrode, "he says. The idea behind this water purification approach was born many years ago
these core/shell particles self-assemble into a thin film upon water removal. The whole procedure takes less then 24 hours.
As the water bounces off the super-hydrophobic surfaces it also collects dust particles and takes them along for the ride.
Roughly half of the dust particles were removed with just three drops of water. It took only a dozen drops to leave the surface spotless.
Although confocal and two-photon microscopy can image a single plane within a living sample acquiring enough of these layers to form a 3d image at fast enough rates to capture events like neurons actually firing has become a frustrating
While SCAPE cannot yet compete with the penetration depth of conventional two-photon microscopy Hillman
If the cost per photon is to fall, a higher optical power density must be generated,
the researchers discovered particles of unknown bunyaviruses. Agents of human disease have developed from insect viruses"These were two groups of as yet-unknown viruses
and thereby control the electron density in the film. By employing this method the researchers have succeeded in converting non-superconducting multilayer Fese films into high-Tc superconductors with Tc as high as 50 K. The present result gives a great impact to both the basic
closely approaching the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). The present report would lead to intensive researches to further increase Tc by changing the number of atomic layers, the amount of doped electrons and the species of substrate.
we make use of the fact that a heat current passing through a magnetic material creates a separation of electron spins.
Spin transfer torque is the transfer of the spin angular momentum from conduction electrons to the magnetization of a ferromagnet
The new technology, developed by a team of scientists from Argonne's Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS), involves a small microelectromechanical system (MEMS) mirror only
"Extremely compact devices such as this promise a revolution in our ability to manipulate photons coming from synchrotron light sources,
"said Stephen Streiffer, Associate Laboratory Director for Photon Sciences and Director of the Advanced Photon Source."
more elaborate X-ray optical schemes for studying the structure and dynamics of matter at atomic length and time scales,"added Edgar Weckert, the director of photon science at DESY, a German synchrotron research facility."
These include newly planned light source facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade.""Such small sources and tiny MEMS devices form an ideal combination to make 3-D X-ray ultrafast movies with nanometer resolution,"added Jin Wang, a senior scientist at the APS and one
including the proposed upgraded Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. New synchrotron light sources using multi-bend achromat technology
so that electron and hole injection could be balanced, the constructed GQD LEDS exhibited luminance of 1, 000 cd/m2,
these effectively prevent the synthesis of new virus particles. It is known already that the messenger substance interleukin-22 has a variety of functions in immune response reactions,
"or the act of accepting electrons, Kerkhof said it's still a mystery how the reduced uranium produced by this microorganism ultimately behaves in the subsurface environment."
The group found a striped pattern of layers of densely and loosely packed electrons. Lithium ions distribute themselves so as not to disturb this striped pattern.
In addition, the intermediate state showed high lithium/electron conductivity compared to the charged or discharged state.
That is, both lithium ions and electrons could move faster in the intermediate state, contributing significantly to accelerating lithium-ion battery charge
presumably safeguarding the delicate tissue from the damage that sediment particles could cause.""""Larval fish have very high growth rates.
which the wave nature of electrons allows them to tunnel through any material with varying resistance.
Datta credits a theoretical understanding of the electron transport in the 2d layered materials to his post-doc
Nanoscale mirrored cavities that trap light around atoms in diamond crystals increase the quantum mechanical interactions between light and electrons in atoms.
#New material with superfast electrons: 300 kilometers per second Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids have discovered that the electrical resistance of a compound of niobium
This force causes an increasing percentage of electrons to start flowing in the"wrong"direction as the magnetic field is ramped up,
Superfast electrons cause extremely large magnetoresistance"The faster the electrons in the material move, the greater the Lorentz force and thus the effect of a magnetic field,"explains Binghai Yan, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids in Dresden.
and phosphorus. This material contains superfast charge carriers, known as relativistic electrons that move at around one thousandth the speed of light,
In the process, they discovered why the electrons are so fast and mobile. The material owes its exotic properties to unusual electronic states in niobium phosphide.
Some electrons in this material, known as a Weyl metal act as if they have no mass. As a result, they are able to move very rapidly.
an exciting world-record performance,'said study co-author Yi Cui, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford and of photon science at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
'Breaking down metal oxide into tiny particles increases its surface area and exposes lots of ultra-small,
'This process creates tiny particles that are connected strongly, so the catalyst has very good electrical conductivity and stability.'
however, rotating particles that leak from the edge of the plasma accelerate the plasma in the opposite direction,
In this so-called"flow battery,"the electrodes are suspensions of tiny particles carried by a liquid and pumped through various compartments of the battery.
it is composed of a similar semisolid, colloidal suspension of particles. Chiang and Carter refer to this as a"semisolid battery."
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles instead of consolidated slabs greatly reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material--a property known as"tortuosity."
Using an engineered strain of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to control particle size the team biosynthesized QDS using bacteria
when particle size falls to the range of a few ten nanometers where a single particle provides only a vanishingly small signal.
As a consequence, many investigations are limited to large ensembles of particles. Now, a team of scientists of the Laser spectroscopy Division of Prof.
There is thus a large interest to develop single-particle-sensitive techniques.""Our approach is to trap the probe light used for imaging inside of an optical resonator,
in order to bring the particle step by step into its focus. At the same time, the distance between both mirrors is adjusted such that the condition for the appearance of resonance modes is fulfilled.
we can determine the optical properties of the particles from the transmission signal quantitatively and compare it to the calculation."
when both absorptive and dispersive properties of a single particle were determined at the same time. This is interesting especially
if the particles are not spherical but e g. elongated. Then, the corresponding quantities depend on the orientation of the polarization of light with respect to the symmetry axes of the particle."
"In our experiment we use gold nanorods (34x25x25 nm) and we observe how the resonance frequency shifts depending on the orientation of the polarization.
and is a very sensitive indicator for the shape and orientation of the particle.""""As an application of our method, we could think of e g. investigating the temporal dynamics of macro molecules,
'"An ultrafast electron-based imaging technique developed by Ruan and his team at MSU allowed the group to observe the changes in the materials.
#New method of quantum entanglement packs vastly more data in a photon A team of researchers led by UCLA electrical engineers has demonstrated a new way to harness light particles,
or photons, that are connected to each other and act in unison no matter how far apart they are--a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement.
In previous studies, photons have typically been entangled by one dimension of their quantum properties--usually the direction of their polarization.
and entangle each photon pair into multiple dimensions using quantum properties such as the photons'energy and spin.
called hyperentanglement, allows each photon pair to carry much more data than was possible with previous methods.
what happens to one particle in an entangled pair also happens instantly to the other particle, even over great distances.
In the new study, researchers sent hyperentangled photons in a shape known as a biphoton frequency comb, essentially breaking up entangled photons into smaller parts.
In secure data transfer, photons sent over fiber optic networks can be encrypted through entanglement. With each dimension of entanglement
the amount of information carried on a photon pair is doubled, so a photon pair entangled by five dimensions can carry 32 times as much data as a pair entangled by only one.
The result greatly extends from wavelength multiplexing, the method for carrying many videos over a single optical fiber."
"We show that an optical frequency comb can be generated at single photon level, "Xie said."
"With the help of state-of-the-art high-speed single photon detectors at NIST and support from Dr. Franco Wong, Dr. Xie was able to verify the high-dimensional and multi-degrees-of-freedom entanglement of photons.
Producing spin-entangled electrons A team from the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, along with collaborators from several Japanese institutions, have produced successfully pairs of spin-entangled electrons and demonstrated, for the first time,
that these electrons remain entangled even when they are separated from one another on a chip. This research could contribute to the creation of futuristic quantum networks operating using quantum teleportation,
which could allow information contained in quantum bits-qubits-to be shared between many elements on chip,
The ability to create non-local entangled electron pairs--known as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs--on demand has long been a dream.
says,"We set out to demonstrate that spin-entangled electrons could be produced reliably. So far, researchers have been successful in creating entangled photons,
since photons are extremely stable and do not interact. Electrons, by contrast, are affected profoundly by their environment.
We chose to try to show that electrons can be entangled through their spin, a property that is relatively stable."
"To perform the feat, Deacon and his collaborators began the painstaking work of creating a tiny device, just a few hundred nanometers in size.
The idea was to take a Cooper pair--a pair of electrons that allows electricity to flow freely in superconductors
--and get them, while tunneling--a quantum phenomenon--across a junction between two superconductor leads,
this would mean that the electrons, which can be used as quantum bits--the qubits, or bits used in quantum computing--remain entangled even
the team was able to show clearly that the spin of the electrons remained entangled as they passed through the separate quantum dots."
"Since we have demonstrated that the electrons remain entangled even when separated,"says Deacon, "this means that we could now use a similar,
albeit more complex, device to prepare entangled electron pairs to teleport qubit states across a chip."
electron spin is a very promising property for these applications, as it is relatively free from the environment
It could be combined with photons, by using the spin-entangled electrons to create photons that themselves would be entangled.
This could allow us to create large networks to share quantum information in a widely distributed way."
"We have demonstrated simultaneously reversible storage of both solar energy and electrons in the cell, "Dong Liu said."
"Release of the stored electrons under dark conditions continues solar energy storage, thus allowing for unintermittent storage around the clock."
when electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object is absorbed by the Q-Eye sensor, even down to the level of very small packets of quantum energy (a single photon).
The electrons in the silicon layer are isolated so from the silicon lattice they become highly sensitive to incoming radiation.
They discovered through neutron scattering experiments at BER II not only how the crystal structure changes, but also uncovered new magnetic phases.
Due to their different configurations of electrons, these tetrahedra become elongated along the crystallographic c-axis for nickel,
Phase diagramm between 2 and 900 Kelvin Using neutron scattering experiments at the BER II research reactor,
instead depends upon the uncanny ability of gold atoms to trap silicon-carrying electrons to selectively prevent the etching.
harnessing its output for imaging applications that make microscopic particles appear huge.""The device makes an object super-visible by enlarging its optical appearance with this super-strong scattering effect,
"To study this, the researchers used their technique, ultrafast electron crystallography. The technique, a new development--different from Zewail's Nobel prize-winning work in femtochemistry, the visual study of chemical processes occurring at femtosecond scales--allowed researchers to observe directly the transitioning atomic configuration of a prototypical phase-change
followed by a pulse of electrons. The laser pulse causes the atomic structure to change from the crystalline to other structures
Then, when the electron pulse hits the sample, its electrons scatter in a pattern that provides a picture of the sample's atomic configuration as a function of the time.
toxic particles, infections, and chronic inflammatory responses pose a permanent threat to our lungs. To date, the regenerative mechanisms leading to healing of lung injury remain incompletely understood.
This novel approach to using enzyme-directed assembly of particle theranostics (EDAPT) is patent pending g
It is made of small smooth spherical beads, about one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter--the size of a typical dust particle.
these particles attach themselves to potassium ions in the lower part of the colon, where the concentration of free potassium is the highest.
#Metal foams capable of shielding X-rays, gamma rays, neutron radiation Research shows lightweight composite metal foams are effective at blocking X-rays, gamma rays and neutron radiation,
To that end, she and her colleagues conducted multiple tests to see how effective it was at blocking X-rays, gamma rays and neutron radiation.
the high-Z foam outperformed other materials at blocking neutron radiation. The high-Z foam performed better than most materials at blocking X-rays,
They tried incorporating nanodiamond particles into their simulations to see if the hard material could help stabilize the nanoscrolls
and silver particles with nanoscale dimensions oxidise particularly rapidly; meanwhile, indium is one of the rarest elements on earth crust
The OIST researchers ran 2d simulations involving tens of thousands of particles. To govern the simulated particles
they fed existing equations of intermolecular crowd control into their system and plugged in values that would lead to the formation of aggregates.
or LEDS, the UC Berkeley researchers were able to heat electrons at the interface of thin films of gold and a DNA solution.
or the interaction between light and free electrons on a metal's surface. When exposed to light
the free electrons get excited and begin to oscillate, generating heat. Once the light is off, the oscillations and the heating stop.
or down, depending on the material intended use. he main thing is the relative sizing of particles
it also collects dust particles and takes them along for the ride. To test this self-cleaning property,
Roughly half of the dust particles were removed with just three drops of water. It took only a dozen drops to leave the surface spotless.
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