#Researchers may have discovered unseen particle that holds others together For decades, scientists have been searching for'glueballs'a mysterious particle that is vital to the workings of the standard model of physics.
A glueball is thought to be made up entirely of gluons, which are the'sticky'particles that keep nuclear particles together.
In other words, they are created particles purely from force. But because they are so unstable, glueballs can only be detected by studying their decay and so far,
no one has been able to spot this process in action. Now researchers claim they have found a strong nuclear decay pattern
called f0 (1710), in the data from a number of particle accelerator experiments that may have been created by a glueball.
This argues that four forces make up the interactions of particles: gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear.
Quarks are small elementary particles that make up such things as neutrons and protons. These quarks are bound together by strong nuclear force.'
'In particle physics, every force is mediated by a special kind of force particle, and the force particle of the strong nuclear force is said the gluon
Anton Rebhan (TU Wien). Gluons can be seen as more complicated versions of the photon. The massless photons are responsible for the forces of electromagnetism,
while eight different kinds of gluons play a similar role for the strong nuclear force. However, there is one important difference:
gluons themselves are subject to their own force. This is why there are no bound states of photons,
but a particle that consists only of bound gluons, of pure nuclear force, is theoretically possible.
Several particles have been found in particle accelerator experiments which are considered to be viable candidates for glueballs.
But there has never been a scientific consensus on whether or not one of these signals could in fact be the mysterious particle made of pure force.'
'Unfortunately, the decay pattern of glueballs cannot be calculated rigorously, 'says Anton Rebhan.''Simplified model calculations have shown that there are two realistic candidates for glueballs:
the mesons called f0 (1500) and f0 (1710.''A meson is composed a subatomic particle of one quark and one antiquark.'
'For a long time, the former was considered to be the most promising candidate, 'said Rebhan.''The latter has a higher mass,
which agrees better with computer simulations, but when it decays, it produces many heavy quarks (the so-called'strange quarks').
''To many particle scientists, this seemed implausible, because gluon interactions do not usually differentiate between heavier and lighter quarks.
But the latest study found that it is possible for glueballs to decay predominantly into strange quarks.
Surprisingly, the calculated decay pattern into two lighter particles agrees extremely well with the decay pattern measured for f0 (1710.
Up until now, these alternative glueball decays have not been measured, but within the next few months, two experiments at the Large hadron collider at CERN (TOTEM and LHCB) and one accelerator experiment in Beijing (BESIII) are expected to yield new data.'
'These results will be crucial for our theory, 'says Anton Rebhan.''For these multi-particle processes, our theory predicts decay rates
which are quite different from the predictions of other, simpler models.''If the measurements agree with our calculations,
this will be a remarkable success for our approach.''It would be overwhelming evidence for f0 (1710) being a glueball.
Plumestop is composed of very fine particles of activated carbon (1-2 m) suspended in water through the use of unique organic polymer dispersion chemistry.
A Dalton is roughly equal to the mass of a single nucleon--either a proton or neutron.
Here a dye particle is affixed to the molecule to be studied, but the labeling molecule can profoundly alter the properties of small molecules under scrutiny.
This finding is likely to spawn new developments in emerging technologies such as low-power electronics based on the spin of electrons or ultrafast quantum computers.
"The electrons in topological insulators have unique quantum properties that many scientists believe will be useful for developing spin-based electronics and quantum computers.
In Science Advances, the researchers report the discovery of an optical effect that allows them to"tune"the energy of electrons in these materials using light,
which arises from quantum interference between the different simultaneous paths electrons can take through a material
#A resonator for electrons More than two thousand years ago the Greek inventor and philosopher Archimedes already came up with the idea of using a curved mirror to reflect light in such a way as to focus it into a point-legend has it that he used this technique to set
A team of physicists at ETH Zurich, working within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology (NCCR QSIT), have managed now to build a resonator that focuses electrons rather than light waves.
which electrons are free to move only in a single plane. At one end of that plane there is a so-called quantum dot:
a tiny trap for electrons, only a hundred nanometers wide, in which owing to quantum mechanics the electrons exist in well-defined energy states similar to those of an atom.
"At the other end, just a few micrometers away, a bent electrode acts as a curved mirror that reflects electrons
Better materialsthe possibility to focus electrons in this way was investigated already in 1997 at Harvard university. The ETH researchers,
"and consequently the electrons can move undisturbed a hundred times longer.""This, in turn, allows the quantum mechanical wave nature of the electrons to become very clearly visible,
which was not the case in those earlier works. In their experiments, the physicists detect this wave nature by measuring the current flowing from the quantum dot to the curved mirror.
"Our results show that the electrons in the resonator do not just fly back and forth, but actually form a standing wave
Differently from light waves, the spin of the electrons also causes them to behave as tiny magnets.
Indeed, the researchers were able to show that the interaction between the electrons in the quantum dot
Basic science could also benefit from the electron resonators realized by the ETH researchers, for instance in studies of the Kondo effect.
when many electrons together interact with the magnetic moment of an impurity in a material. With the help of a resonator and a quantum dot simulating such an impurity,
"Hasan's method, developed at the University's Nanoscience Centre, works by suspending tiny particles of graphene in a'carrier'solvent mixture,
Light goes infinitely fast with new on-chip material Electrons are so 20th century. In the 21st century, photonic devices,
or waveguide to emit photons which are always in phase with one another, "said Philip Munoz,
and infinitely long, enabling even distant particles to be entangled.""""This on-chip metamaterial opens the door to exploring the physics of zero index
In the metal state, electrons move freely, while in the insulator state, electrons cannot flow.
This on/off transition, inherent to vanadium dioxide, is also the basis of computer logic and memory.
This work will be reported at the IEEE International Electron Device Meeting, the leading forum for reporting technological breakthroughs in the semiconductor and electronic device industry, in December."
#Umbrella-shaped diamond nanostructures make efficient photon collectors Standard umbrellas come out when the sky turns dark,
a team of researchers in Japan has discovered that"umbrella-shaped"diamond nanostructures with metal mirrors on the bottom are more efficient photon collectors than their diamond nanostructure"cousins"of other shapes.
"Umbrella-shaped diamond provides significantly better photon collection efficiency than bulk diamond or its pillar-shaped diamond counterpart,
The significance of the team's discovery is that they've shown that the brighter fluorescence intensity of umbrella-shaped diamond nanostructures can be achieved by improving the photon collection efficiency of the nitrogen vacancy centers,
Brighter fluorescence intensity is an essential aspect of improving the photon collection efficiency from nitrogen vacancy centers.
Due to the high refractive index (2. 4) of diamond, the photon collection efficiency from the nitrogen vacancy centers in bulk diamond is low."
"Our goal now is to improve the nanostructures'photon collection efficiency, "she said.""We also plan to demonstrate quantum sensors--in particular,
"What's unique about this paper is that we show not the use of metal particles, not the use of metal nanoparticles,
"The particles doing this chemistry are as small as you can possibly get.""Even particles on the nanoscale work only at the surface,
he said.""There are so many atoms inside the nanoparticle that never do anything. But in our process the atoms driving catalysis have no metal atoms next to them.
"Our current study suggests one mechanism at play is that a unique and rare type of tau has the properties we were looking for-it is released from neurons,
"Previous research has shown that tau tangles first appear in a structure located deep within the brain called the entorhinal cortex,
Several 2013 studies from Hyman's group and others showed the movement of a mutant form of tau between brain structures and resultant neurodegeneration in a mouse model.
only 1 percent of the tau in those samples was taken up by the neurons. The tau proteins that were taken up were high molecular weight-meaning that a number of smaller proteins are bound together into a larger molecule-soluble,
and studded with a large number of phosphate molecules, a known characteristic of the tau in Alzheimer's-associated tangles.
The process by which this version of tau passes between neurons was illustrated using a microfluidic device developed at the MGH Biomems Resource Center.
The team found that applying this rare form of tau from the brains of the mouse model to neurons in the first chamber resulted in the protein's being taken up by those neurons and
A few days later, tau was detected at the end of axons extending from the second to the third chamber,
Removal of tau from the first chamber did not cause it to disappear from the second chamber,
Additional experiments with tau from the brains of Alzheimer's patients confirmed that the high-molecular-weight
and uptake of this form of tau is an important step in the spread of disease from one brain region to another,
"The electrons in topological insulators have unique quantum properties that many scientists believe will be useful for developing spin-based electronics and quantum computers.
In Science Advances, the researchers report the discovery of an optical effect that allows them to"tune"the energy of electrons in these materials using light,
which arises from quantum interference between the different simultaneous paths that electrons can take through a material
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
and stop electrons at will via bandgaps, as they do in computer chips. As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps,
a technique using electrons (instead of light or the eyes) to see the characteristics of a sample,
Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
and extent to which electrons scattered throughout the material.""We're looking at fundamental physical properties to verify that it is, in fact,
If the photons merely pass through, or get reflected, they won deposit enough energy for cutting.
When electron-laden lithium ion diffuse across this gap and offload their electrons at the other side,
the researchers did have needed the insight to put the particles through their experimental paces, rather than simply throwing them out.
This means that there was nothing larger or more organized than single subatomic particles the constituents of relatively enormous things like protons.
A helium-3 nucleus is made of two protons (thus, making it helium) and a neutron, making it one neutron lighter than the most common helium isotope On earth.
This three-particle nucleus was chosen because it is one particle heavier than a two-particle deuterium atom,
which the Large hadron collider and the RHIC have smashed previously into gold in search of similar results.
These helium collisions were conducted in 2014 and have just now been published; the team conducted similar tests with single protons in 2015.
The results of those collisions have yet to be published. The ability to create an ever wider array of samples of quark-gluon plasma will be important,
#New quantum dot could make quantum communications possible A new form of quantum dot has been developed by an international team of researchers that can produce identical photons at will,
Many upcoming quantum technologies will require a source of multiple lone photons with identical properties,
The reason we need identical photons for quantum communication comes back to the non-quantum idea of key distribution.
In particular, the wavelength of photons changes as they move down an optical fiber not good since creating photon with precise attributes is the whole source of quantum security.
So, unless youe less than one quantum dot range away from the person you want to talk to,
These quantum dots basically achieve perfect single-photon emission by super-cooling the quantum dots so the emitting atoms do not fluctuate.
reading each photon as it absorbed and reemitted. Potential attackers could install optical splitters so they get
The fact that chlorophyll absorption spectrum makes things surprisingly green reflects the compromises inherent in being able to capture every photon possible
. While Oncor Electric is still sending electrons to its 7. 5 million customers throughout Texas using high-voltage transmission lines,
The electrons are sent then by microgrids to keep those operations running. The concept is catching on nationally,
generating protons and electrons as well as oxygen gas. The photocathode recombines the protons and electrons to form hydrogen gas.
NO EXPLOSIONS A key part of the design is the plastic membrane, which keeps the oxygen and hydrogen gases separate.
and electrons to pass through. The new system uses such a 62.5-nanometer-thick Tio2 layer to effectively prevent corrosion
This catalyst is among the most active known catalysts for splitting water molecules into oxygen, protons,
and electrons and is a key to the device high efficiency. The photoanode was grown onto a photocathode
says Schwab. e all know quantum mechanics explains precisely why electrons behave weirdly. Here wee applying quantum physics to something that is relatively big,
laser cutting, and particle acceleration. ou generally would need a large optical setup, consisting of multiple components,
This phase, characterized by an unusual ordering of electrons, offers possibilities for new electronic device functionalities and could hold the solution to a longstanding mystery in condensed matter physics having to do with high-temperature superconductivityhe ability
first consider a crystal with electrons moving around throughout its interior. Under certain conditions, it can be energetically favorable for these electrical charges to pile up in a regular,
In addition to charge, electrons also have a degree of freedom known as spin. When spins line up parallel to each other (in a crystal, for example
But what if the electrons in a material are ordered not in one of those ways?
And like the cuprates, iridates are electrically insulating antiferromagnets that become increasingly metallic as electrons are added to
where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For decades, scientists have debated the origin of the pseudogap
if only briefly, notes Kyros Kutulakos, a professor of computer science at the University of Toronto. ven though wee not sending a huge amount of photons, at short time scales,
Graphene has already been identified as a superior substance for the transformation of photons to electrical current
In other words, the excitation of the molecules of graphene by the laser pulses causes the electrons in the material to heat up,
And, as the electrons in the laser-excited graphene do not cool down rapidly because they do not easily recouple with the graphene lattice,
constant laser pulse excitation of an area of graphene quickly results in superfast electron distribution within the material at constantly elevated electron temperatures.
This rapid conversion to electron heat is converted then into a voltage at the p-n junction of two graphene regions.
This is because their operation is dependent upon overcoming of the binding electron energy inherent in the material for an incoming photon to dislodge an electron
In the ICFO device, the continued excitation of electrons above this bandgap level results in the much faster and easier movement of them when subjected to incoming photons to create an electric current.
"Electron flow at molecular length-scales is dominated by quantum tunneling, "said professor"The efficiency of the tunneling process depends intimately on the degree of alignment of the molecule discrete energy levels with the electrode continuous spectrum.
because the repeated expansion and shrinkage inside the electrode cause aluminium particles to shed their outer layer.
Encasing the aluminum particles within a titanium dioxide shell, however, prevents the shedding, again prolonging the cell's lifetime.
the researchers began by placing aluminum particles about 50 nanometers in diameter in a solution of sulfuric acid and titanium oxysulfate,
After a few hours in the acid, the aluminum particles shrank down to about 30 nanometers while leaving the outer shell unchanged.
but the aluminum particles were damaged hardly, even at very high charging rates. While standard graphite can store approximately 0. 35 ampere-hours per gram (Ah/g),
and manipulate photons in an infinite number of ways. Created from glass and silicon using standard semiconductor fabrication techniques,
and 15 integrated interferometers (devices that superimpose one photon beam over another to look for anomalies in intensity or phase), each
"The number of photon inputs and outputs also means the the new processor can be applied to new areas of research straight away,
While some of the silver and copper particles do leach into the clean water, Dankovich says that the levels are well below Environmental protection agency and World health organization limits.
and reconfiguring them so they would only hold a single electron each. The spin of the electron sets a code of 0 or 1,
and an external current and microwave field control the qubits and make them interact as needed."
would be to conduct virtual experiments simulating the behavior of atoms and particles in unusual conditions,
and reconfiguring them so they would only hold a single electron each. The spin of the electron sets a code of 0 or 1,
and an external current and microwave field control the qubits and make them interact as needed."
would be to conduct virtual experiments simulating the behavior of atoms and particles in unusual conditions,
examined the electron transport function of the sensors, whilst contributing researchers in the US and Belgium established that boron atoms were melded into the graphene lattice
#Wrong Turn in the Skies Leads to Accidental Antimatter Discovery Antimatter plentiful in science fiction is a rare phenomenon in the real world
he was surprised to discover antimatter in their midst. Dr. Joseph Dwyer and the crew spent long minutes trying to find their way out,
and discover that he found antimatter in the thunderclouds. When antimatter comes into contact with a particle of normal matter
the two wipe out each other, and it doesn stick around long enough for scientists to study it at length.
Until now, scientists have theorized only that antimatter could exist in a thunderstorm actually discovering it was nothing short of a major shock. his was so strange that we sat on this observation for several years,
Dwyer is now chasing down antimatter by releasing weather balloons and planning more head-on flights into storms h
which is made up of tiny little particles of carbonnd if you put a lot of carbon under enough pressure,
while simultaneously leaving behind tiny black carbon particles that could be recycled into jewelry. After collecting $127, 000 to build it through a Kickstarter fundraising page that offered rings and cufflinks as rewards for donations,
or photons, to transfer data could therefore allow for much greater speeds. But until now, scientists had struggled to find a way to create a light-based device that can store data for a significant period of time. here no point using faster processors
raising little hope among those who favor the tau theory. This makes the announcement in Nature Medicine that salsalate inhibits
and reverses the acetylation of tau particularly significant. Dr. Li Gan of Gladstone Institutes found evidence that acetylated tau is particularly damaging,
impeding the capacity of neurons to avoid the buildup of tau. Gan sought a drug that would prevent acetylization from occurring."
"We identified for the first time a pharmacological approach that reverses all aspects of tau toxicity, "said Gan in a statement."
"Remarkably, the profound protective effects of salsalate were achieved even though it was administered after disease onset, indicating that it may be an effective treatment option."
Tau buildup is observed also in rarer conditions, including progressive supranuclear palsy and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
By making precise measurements of particle mass and electric charge, researchers from the University of São paulo (USP) and the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) confirmed the symmetry between the nuclei of particles and antiparticles in terms of charge, parity
and identification capabilities to take measurements of particles produced from high-energy heavy ion collisions. The purpose of their experiment was to look for subtle differences in the ways protons
and neutrons join in the nuclei and then compare that to how antiparticles join in the antinuclei.
The researchers are also hoping ALICE will help them better understand how heavy quarks such as the charm
and beauty quarks are produced.""After the Big bang, for every particle of matter an antiparticle was created. In particle physics, a very important question is
whether all the laws of physics display a specific kind of symmetry known as CPT, and these measurements suggest that there is indeed a fundamental symmetry between nuclei
and antinuclei,"said Marcelo Gameiro Munhoz, a professor at USP's Physics Institute (IF) and a member of the Brazilian team working on ALICE.
and combined it with recent high-resolution measurements comparing proton and antiproton properties. As we know
they produce a massive amount of particles and antiparticles. Data shows these particles combine to form nuclei as well as antinuclei at almost the same rate,
allowing for a detailed comparison. The team measured both the curvature of particle tracks within the detector magnetic field
and the particlesflight time in order to calculate the mass-to-charge ratios. After measuring both the curvature of particle tracks in the detector's magnetic field and the particles'time of flight
that information was used then to determine the mass-to-charge ratios for nuclei and antinuclei.
they will better grasp the relationship between matter and antimatter.""These laws describe the nature of all matter interactions,
"so it's important to know that physical interactions aren't changed by particle charge reversal, parity transformation, reflections of spatial coordinates and time inversion.
The facility world-class equipment includes an instrument known as The swiss Muon Source (S S) which uses muon beams acting as magnetic probes to reveal magnetic properties on a nanoscale.
To take this initial experiment to the next level, the researchers may try to influence the phase transitions by experimenting with the size, shape,
By coating tiny food safe particles with natural sugar like sucrose or glucose, the technology can trick the sweetness receptors on your tongue into thinking youe eating a full serving.
%That means it also cheaper than a normal recipe. f the coated particle were the same sweetness as sugar,
The sugar-carrying particle is already a commonly used food additive, so it doesn require new safety testing.
that the electrons, excited by the light are accumulated in the negative electrode. In the future, experts intend to create a mart box
which involves the gaining of electrons. The reduced-graphene oxide-coated materials were found to be particularly sensitive to detecting nitrogen dioxide
and measures the refracted light with a photon sensor to find optical aberrations that affect eyesight.
and uses it to excite electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons, and the empty spaces they leave behind,
are then capable of driving forward the two half-reactions required to split water into oxygen and hydrogen.
like a dust particle, to start the process of nucleation, the bubbles formed by boiling water also require nucleation.
on its orbital path through space, collides with particles from a comet or an asteroid. The Perseids come from the tail of Comet Swift-Tuttle,
however, means that the quantum effects of particles at that scale could disrupt their functioning.
The scientists teleported photons (packets of light) across a spool of fiber optics 63 miles (102 kilometers) long, four times farther than the previous record.
which subatomic particles can become linked and influence each other instantaneously, regardless of how far apart they are.
Scientists cannot distinguish the state of either particle until one is measured directly, but because the particles are connected,
measuring one instantly determines the state of the other. Currently physicists can't instantly transport matter (say, a human),
In a recent experiment, scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) were able to teleport photons farther across an optical fiber than ever before."
The new distance record was set using advanced single-photon detectors made of superconducting wires of molybdenum silicide that were about 150 nanometers
"Only about 1 percent of photons make it all the way through 100 kilometers (60 miles) of fiber,
"The detectors used in this new experiment could record more than 80 percent of arriving photons, according to the scientists.
Moreover, the new experiment detected 10 times fewer stray photons than the previous record-holder. Prior research did achieve quantum teleportation over longer distances over open air a span of 89 miles (144 kilometers) between the two Canary islands of La Palma and Tenerife, located off the northwest coast
The researchers now plan to develop even better single-photon detectors to push distances for quantum teleportation even farther,
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