You physically make the sample bigger rather than trying to magnify the rays of light that are emitted by the sample says Ed Boyden an associate professor of biological engineering and brain and cognitive sciences at MIT.
Unfortunately in biology that's right where things get interesting says Boyden who is a member of MIT's Media Lab and Mcgovern Institute for Brain Research.
And the cast itself is swollen unimpeded by the original biological structure Tillberg says. The MIT team imaged this cast with commercially available confocal microscopes commonly used for fluorescent imaging
There are lots of biological questions where you have to understand a large structure Boyden says. Especially for the brain you have to be able to image a large volume of tissue
helps explain the biologic basis of these diseases and suggests targets for drug treatments and gene therapy, said Daiger, the report's senior author and holder of the Thomas Stull Matney Ph d. Endowed Professorship in Environmental and Genetic sciences at UTHEALTH School of Public health."
"The challenge now is to block the activity of these mutations and clinical trials are underway to do just that,
"he said.""Dr. Daiger is trying to make a breakthrough in potentially blinding diseases with no known treatments,
"For approximately three decades, Daiger, a member of the Human genetics Center at the UTHEALTH School of Public health, has been following the progress of hundreds of families across the country with retinitis pigmentosa."
This means that only one parent needs the mutation in order to pass the disease to a child.
"The story of the HK1 mutation is itself interesting. What we found is a mutation present in families from Louisiana, Canada and Sicily.
Our evidence suggests the mutation arose in a common ancestor who lived centuries ago, "Daiger said."
"The mutation spread in Europe and North america, and may be common among Acadians in Louisiana. This is called a founder mutation
#Ancient'genomic parasites'spurred evolution of pregnancy in mammals An international team of scientists has identified large-scale genetic changes that marked the evolution of pregnancy in mammals.
They found thousands of genes that evolved to be expressed in the uterus in early mammals,
study author Vincent Lynch, Phd, assistant professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago.""Most remarkably, we found the genetic changes that likely underlie the evolution of pregnancy are linked to domesticated transposable elements that invaded the genome in early mammals.
So I guess we owe the evolution of pregnancy to what are effectively genomic parasites."
The team found that this process was driven by ancient transposons--stretches of non-protein coding DNA that can change their position within the genome.
Sometimes called"jumping genes""transposons are thought generally to be genomic parasites that serve only to replicate themselves.
By randomly inserting themselves into other places in the genome, transposons appear to have passed on this activation mechanism to nearby genes."
"Lynch and his colleagues note their findings represent a novel explanation for how entirely new biological structures
genome-wide changes that allowed numerous genes to be activated by the same signal--in this case, progesterone,
Stunning advances in gene-sequencing technologies in concert with their plummeting costs have turned many scientists'attention to minute variations in the genome--the entire toolbox of genes carried in virtually every cell in the body--in the hope of predicting people's future health.
if you sequence someone's genome you can tell what diseases they're going have 50 years later said Mark Davis Phd professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection.
Monozygotic twins inherit the same genome. Despite inevitable copying errors when cells divide which cause tiny genetic divergences to accumulate between monozygotic twins over time they remain almost 100 percent genetically identical.
Other Stanford co-authors of the study are Atul Butte MD Phd associate professor of pediatrics (systems medicine) and of genetics;
Holden Maecker Phd associate professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Human Immune Monitoring Center;
Information about Stanford's Department of Microbiology and Immunology which also supported the work is available at http://microimmuno. stanford. edu
the study is directed by Erwin Wagner head of the BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer cell Biology Program.
In recent years a number of biochemical processes involved in the differentiation of keratinocytes have been identified.
The high penetration of X-rays is favoured for three-dimensional tomographic imaging of objects such as biological cells
a team of biomedical engineering undergraduates has developed a kit to teach front-line health care workers in developing countries how to implant contraceptives.
a team of Johns hopkins university biomedical engineering undergraduates has developed a teaching set called the Contraceptive Implant Training Tool kit or CITT Kit, for short.
"The student inventors showcased their device recently at the annual Johns Hopkins Biomedical engineering Design Day event, organized by the university's Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Design.
directed by Robert H. Allen, a lecturer in the Department of Biomedical engineering, which is shared by the university's Whiting School of engineering and its School of medicine.
Mutations or imbalances in the noncoding RNA repertoire within the body can therefore cause a variety of diseases such as cancer.
hyperactive mutations of which are often found in acute myeloid leukemia. Dr. Hirano and his collaborators at the School of medicine in Juntendo University showed that CCDC26 transcript levels are high in the nuclear fraction of human myeloid leukemia cell lines.
The scientists obtained fragments of the viral genetic material from the insect samples and joined these fragments together like a puzzle,
thus reconstructing the entire genome sequence.""That alone took four years,"reported lead authors Marco Marklewitz and Florian Zirkel.
During the comparison of the genetic information with other viruses, it was found that Jonchet and Ferak viruses are two phylogenetically independent bunyavirus lineages.
#Intelligent bacteria for detecting disease Another step forward has just been taken in the area of synthetic biology.
Since the advent of biotechnology, researchers have modified bacteria to produce therapeutic drugs or antibiotics. In this novel study, they have actually become a diagnostic tool.
This is where biological systems come into play. Living cells are real nanomachines that can detect and process many signals
Jérôme Bonnet's team in Montpellier's Centre for Structural Biochemistry (CBS) had the idea of using concepts from synthetic biology derived from electronics to construct genetic systems making it possible to"programme"living cells like a computer.
The electrical signals used in electronics are replaced by molecular signals that control gene expression. It is thus now possible to implant simple genetic"programmes"into living cells in response to different combinations of molecules.
a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at UC Santa cruz and corresponding author of the paper, the connection between clock disruption and cancer is still unclear."
Several clock gene mutations have been identified in people with disorders that involve the timing of the biological clock,
#'Highly effective'new biomarker for lung cancer discovered Arrayif the accuracy of this biomarker can be confirmed in a larger trial,
the researchers identified the protein AKAP4 as a potential biomarker that could effectively distinguish between patients with and without NSCLC.
The researchers then tested AKAP4 as a biomarker in a pilot cohort that contained 264 blood samples from patients with NSCLC and 135 control samples.
I diagnosis. The researchers analyzed the effectiveness of the biomarker by looking at the area under the curve (AUC),
"AKAP4 appears to be a highly effective biomarker for the detection of non-small cell lung cancer.
'said Chien Ho, the alumni rofessor of biological sciences at Carnegie mellon.''When the drugs collect in those organs,
Professor Thomas is working on a delivery technology with Dendright Pty Ltd (a Uniquest start-up company) in collaboration Janssen Biotech Inc,
#Planarian regeneration model discovered by artificial intelligence Arrayin order to bioengineer complex organs, scientists need to understand the mechanisms by which those shapes are produced normally by the living organism.
shape and orientation, said the paper's senior author, Michael Levin, Ph d.,Vannevar bush professor of biology and director of the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental biology."
"Most regenerative models today derived from genetic experiments are arrow diagrams, showing which gene regulates which other gene.
and developmental biology, said the paper's first author, Daniel Lobo, Ph d, . postdoctoral fellow in the Levin lab. To address this challenge,
Tufts biologists devloped an algorithm that used evolutionary computation to produce regulatory networks able to"evolve"to accurately predict the results of published research on planarian regeneration.
and bring an unusual perspective to the field of developmental biology. Levin majored in computer science and biology at Tufts before earning his Ph d. in genetics.
Lobo earned a Ph d. in the field before joining the Levin lab. The paper represents a successful application of the growing field of"robot science
which is still the gold standard in the health care industry for making a definitive diagnosis. Also routinely used today is a newer method for rapidly identifying bacteria based on a DNA-analysis technique called quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr),
The researchers analyzed microarray data of samples from German patients and from an IPF cohort of the Lung Tissue Research Consortium in the U s. The analysis revealed elevated levels of the protein FKBP10
specialists in biomedical engineering, have developed a device which will allow bacterial meningitis to be diagnosed in babies in seconds with a high-resolution ultrasound of the fontanelle.
"says co-senior study investigator and NYU Langone cell biologist Susan Schwab, Phd. Schwab, an assistant professor at NYU Langone and its Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, says similar laboratory test plans are underway for more potent CXCR4 antagonists, most likely in combination with established chemotherapy regimens.
She notes that anti-CXCR4 drugs are already in preliminary testing for treating certain forms of myeloid leukemia,
Co-senior study investigator and cancer biologist Iannis Aifantis, Phd, says the study offers the first evidence that"drugs targeting
"The ability to precisely control droplets using fluidic computation could have a number of applications in high-throughput biology and chemistry,
#Stem cell discovery paves way for targeted treatment for osteoarthritis Researchers in the Departments of Biology and Physics at York,
It is made from gelatin-based biomaterials reinforced with nanoparticles and seeded with cells, and it mimics the anatomical microenvironment of lymphoid tissue.
#'Chromosome shattering'seen in plants, cancer Plants can undergo the same extreme'chromosome shattering'seen in some human cancers and developmental syndromes,
UC Davis researchers have found. Chromosome shattering, or'chromothripsis,'has until now only been seen in animal cells.
A paper on the work is published in the online journal elife. The process could be applied in plant breeding as a way to create haploid plants with genetic material from only one parent,
said Ek Han Tan, a postdoctoral researcher in the UC Davis Department of Plant Biology and first author on the paper.
Although plants don't get cancer it might also allow cancer researchers to use the laboratory plant Arabidopsis as a model to study chromosome behavior in cancer.
Chromothripsis involves slicing chromosomes into apparently random pieces, and reassembling it like a broken vase,
often with pieces completely missing or in the wrong place. Generally speaking, this is not a good thing,
which chromosomes are moved and allocated to daughter cells during cell division. They discovered that when a variant of the model plant Arabidopsis with weakened centromeres is crossed to a plant with normal centromeres,
the cut-and-reassembly process leading to'shattered chromosomes
#Single protein causes Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy Typical of neurodegenerative disorders is disrupted the communication between brain cells together with a loss of cells in specific brain regions.
"says Professor Veerle Baekelandt from the Research Group for Neurobiology and Gene therapy.""You could compare it to the construction of a house,
and biological systems at the atomic level with high efficiency is a current roadblock to solving many of today's greatest scientific challenges in energy,
"explained Professor Andreas Diefenbach of the Department of Medical microbiology and Hygiene of the Mainz University Medical center.
inspired by biological chromatophores, which creates patterns that change and morph over time and mimic biological patterning.
Arraythe researchers have shown the artificial skin, made from electroactive dielectric elastomer, a soft, compliant smart material, can effectively copy the action of biological chromatophores.
Chromatophores are pigmented small cells embedded on cephalopods skin which can expand and contract and that work together to change skin colour and texture.
"said Lee Kerkhof, a professor of marine and coastal sciences in the School of Environmental and Biological sciences."
"His research team has completed sequencing its genome to support future research into the genetic elements that allow the bacterium to grow on uranium.
"Biology is a way to solve this contamination problem, especially in situations like this where the radionuclides are diluted highly
'said Simon Gayther, Ph d.,professor in preventive medicine, Keck School of medicine of USC, corresponding author of the international genome-wide association study (GWAS).'
'By finding these genetic markers, we begin to understand more about the biology of the disease itself.
This study tells us more about the biology of ovarian cancer from the early development stage than most research has.'
'Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer in American women and seventh most common cancer in women throughout the world (World health organization.
'By using a genome-wide scan, we could identify genetic variants that were significantly more common in women with MOC compared to those without ovarian cancer.'
#Bacterial genome scalpel can identify key gene regions Arraybacteria use CRISPR-Cas as a self-cleansing defense mechanism and immune system against unwanted DNA invaders such as viruses,
Cutting out one of the islands--the one that contained the milk-utilization genes--reduced the genome by about 5 percent.
Overall, elimination of all four areas reduced the genome by 7 percent.''We did not expect that magnitude of reduction in a relatively small genome,
'Barrangou said.''When you use pinpointed targeting of a specific portion of the genome, you expect a smaller deletion to occur.'
'The researchers say that that the same techniques can be used as a template to study essential and nonessential genomic regions in any bacterium of interest
''This work represents a stunning discovery of the grand and expansive genome rearrangements that occurred in beneficial bacteria that evolved to preserve foods,
to see how seasonal differences in exposure to ultraviolet B radiation, dietary Vitamin d, genetics, and pigmentation affected Vitamin d levels,
genetics and other variables played very small roles in Vitamin d status, although some genetic variations did influence the success of supplementation.
To test how Vitamin d status affected the immune system and HIV-1 in particular the researchers exposed blood samples from Xhosa and Cape mixed participants taken during the summer
The international team of researchers co-led by Dr Natalie Borg from the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology at Monash University,
enabling in-situ measurements in various security and health relevant fields including biology, medicine, food control, and pharmacy.
and will lead to new candidates for biological and medical applications, and new production routes for enzymes of industrial use."
DHFR is a small enzyme that plays an essential role in the building of genetic material and proteins,
and ink-jet printing of biomolecules has been proposed previously by scientists. However, the heat-sensitive nature of these unstable compounds means printed materials rapidly lose functionality,
Benedetto Marelli, Miaomiao Yang and Bo An, of the Department of Biomedical engineering at Tufts University;
and David Kaplan, of the Department of Biomedical engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological engineering at Tufts University.
'said Barbour, Senior Lecturer in Biomaterials in the School of Oral and Dental Sciences.''Our initial focus will be in the dental market,
"We believe we have identified a mechanism that seizes the cancer's biological engine and could potentially stop it in its tracks."
and pollen, are thought to activate entirely different parts of the same bee genome--converting one larva into the queen while others,
it might be useful to detect the level of AIM2 expression in polyps taken from colonoscopy and use this as one of the biomarkers for prognosis,
Cancer researchers had known that mutations in AIM2 were frequently found in patients with colorectal cancers.
And a study by other researchers had found that more than half of small bowel tumors had AIM2 mutations.
especially in those who have mutations in the AIM2 gene, by simply giving them'good'microbiota.''
scientists estimate as many as 500,000 cruciform-forming sequences may exist on average in a normal human genome.
Small cruciforms enable DNA replication and gene expression, essential for human life. But scientists have suspected also these small cruciforms--a structure of DNA itself--to be linked to mutations that can elevate cancer risk.
DNA cruciforms are created by short inverted repeats of the nucleotides Adenine-Thymine-Cytosine-Guanine that form the bases of DNA structure.
and under in a reference database of mutations in human cancer that are somatic, meaning not inherited.
'We found that short inverted repeats are enriched indeed at translocation breakpoints in human cancer genomes,
Bacolla is a research associate in the Vasquez Lab.'What we found in our study was that the sites of chromosome breaks are not random along the DNA double helix;
built by the short inverted repeats, mark the spots for chromosome breaks, mutations, and potentially initiate cancer development.'
According to Paul Okano, program director at the Division of Cancer Biology of the National Cancer Institute,
'The focus of Dr. Vasquez'research on the mechanisms of alternate DNA structure-induced mutations, DNA breaks,
and chromosome translocations is a novel and significant aspect of NCI grant supported studies on mechanisms of genomic instability.
'COSMIC is maintained a database by the Sanger Institute in the U k. of mutations found in human somatic, or noninheritable cancer.'
'Our next steps are to go forward with a mouse model that can detect mutations and translocations in the mouse genome using human sequences from these cancer breakpoints,
'Vasquez said. Does this really occur now in the context of chromosomes in living organisms?
Is it tissue specific? Does aging make a difference? These are the types of questions that the researchers will ask.'
Bioinformatics and computational centers like TACC are critical for the next steps in science. It's an exciting time,
which are regulated mainly at the protein level rather than the gene expression level. Instead, the researchers developed a sophisticated protein-tracking technique based on the presence of a hypoxia-responsive protein called Hif-1alpha.
"This fate-mapping approach, based on protein stabilization rather than gene expression, is an important tool for studying hypoxia in the whole organism.
'Extra'DNA base found to be stable in mammals Array'This modification to DNA is found in very specific positions in the genome--the places which regulate genes,
but the fact that we've demonstrated it can be stable in living tissue shows that it could regulate gene expression and potentially signal other events in cells.'
The way these bases are ordered determines the makeup of the genome. In addition to G, C a and T, there are also small chemical modifications,
or epigenetic marks, which affect how the DNA sequence is interpreted and control how certain genes are switched on or off.
The study of these marks and how they affect gene activity is known as epigenetics. 5fc is one of these marks,
making it likely that it plays a key role in the genome. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry,
its position in the genome suggests that it has a key role in the regulation of gene expression.'
'The research was supported by Cancer Research UK, the Wellcome Trust and the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council UK K
The researchers say that the results could be used to set a biomarker, a biological feature used to measure the presence or progress of a disease.
To take the test, patients breathe into a device similar to a breathalyser which is connected to a bag.
In collaboration with Pr Véronique Del Marmol (Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, ULB) and the group of Pr François Fuks (Laboratory of cancer epigenetics, Faculty of medicine, ULB), Larsimont and colleagues demonstrated that
"explained Herr, a Phd in the Department of Cell biology.""You want to know which molecules are located precisely where,
#Biomanufacturing of Cds quantum dots A team of Lehigh University engineers have demonstrated a bacterial method for the low-cost, environmentally friendly synthesis of aqueous soluble quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals at room temperature.
along with a team of chemical engineering, bioengineering, and material science students present this novel approach for the reproducible biosynthesis of extracellular,
water-soluble QDS in the July 1 issue of the journal Green Chemistry. This is the first example of engineers harnessing nature's unique ability to achieve cost effective and scalable manufacturing of QDS using a bacterial process.
This biosynthetic approach provides a viable pathway to realize the promise of green biomanufacturing of these materials.
the biomanufacturing technique cuts that cost to about $1-$10 per gram. The substantial reduction in cost potentially enables large-scale production of QDS viable for use in commercial applications."
"While biosynthesis of structural materials is established relatively well, harnessing nature to create functional inorganic materials will provide a pathway to a future environmentally friendly biomanufacturing based economy.
We believe that this work is the first step on this path
#ick and mixsmart materials for robotics Researchers have combined successfully multiple functions into a single smart lifelike material for the first time.
"says lead investigator Agneta Richter-Dahlfors, professor of cellular microbiology.""The sensing component of the artificial neuron senses a change in chemical signals in one dish,
"says first author Alphonsus Ng who recently graduated with a Phd from the U of T Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical engineering (IBBME) and Donnelly Centre,
or macromolecules promises intriguing potential for many areas of biology, chemistry, and nanoscience. Spectroscopic measurements on large ensembles of nanoparticles suffer from the fact that individual differences in size, shape,
from the characterization of nanomaterials and biological nanosystems to spectroscopy of quantum emitters. e
#Nanostructure design enables pixels to produce two different colors depending on polarization of incident light Through precise structural control,
"explained Ting Lu, an assistant professor of bioengineering at Illinois."Simultaneously, it provides a powerful tool for guiding strain design and protocol optimization,
It typically involves complex biochemical processes implemented through the orchestration of metabolic reactions and gene regulation,
and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at Illinois."The complexity and systems nature of the process have been largely underappreciated,
More broadly, by using the ABE fermentation as an example, the work further sheds light on systems biology toward an integrated and quantitative understanding of complex microbial physiology
#RNASEH1 mutations impair mtdna replication, cause adult-onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology offers an incredible opportunity for the rapid and relatively low-cost characterization of individual genomes,
giving us a chance to make a substantial leap ahead in the molecular dissection of all mitochondrial disorders in humans.
This technology has led to the identification for the first time of pathological mutations in the RNASEH1 gene in six subjects from three unrelated families.
The identification of a new mitochondrial disease gene not only provides valuable basic information about the biological function
A biological element? Arrayclark Johnson, a professor of geoscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Biologists say this process"is really deep in the tree of life, but we've had little evidence from the rock record until now,
that early biological molecules may have been based iron.""NASA has made the search for life in space a major focus and sponsors the UW-Madison Astrobiology Institute,
"In my introductory geochemistry textbook from 1980, there is no mention of biology, and so every diagram showing
Researchers at the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN) of A*STAR have developed a drug-delivering hydrogel to treat chronic diseases such as hepatitis C a liver disease that kills around 500,000 people worldwide every year."
The study was published recently in the leading journal, Biomaterials, and conducted in collaboration with the Institute of Molecular and Cell biology of A*STAR.
Up to 150 million people globally suffer from chronic hepatitis C infections according to the World health organization.""I believe that our method can pave the way for more effective and safe treatment of hepatitis C. We are also testing the microstructured gel for the treatment of other chronic diseases besides hepatitis C,"added Dr Kurisawa.
Biomaterials, 2015; 63: 146 DOI: 10.1016/j. biomaterials. 2015.06.00 0
#Mechanism of T cell self/non-self'education'The immune system discriminates between self and non-self and responds specifically to remove non-self pathogens invading our body.
T cells play a central role in the immune response to non-self pathogens. The T-cell repertoire is shaped by"education"that occurs in the thymus.
The Food safety and Technology Research Centre under the Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology of The Hong kong Polytechnic University (Polyu) has developed a new method for rapid authentication of edible oils and screening
the UNC School of medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Department of Genetics. e found that AIM2 inhibits tumorigenesis in multiple animal models of colorectal cancer by restricting the pro-survival signaling molecule, Akt,
Distinguished Professor in the UNC School of medicine Department of Genetics and a UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center member.
and the tissue beneath it--enhancing biometrics and information security for smartphones and other devices. Fingerprint sensor technology currently used in smartphones like the iphone 6 produces a two-dimensional image of a finger's surface,
so we anticipated that a biometric solution was said ahead David A. Horsley, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of California,
"Within the realm of biometrics and information security, the group's work is particularly significant, Horsley said."
"Beyond biometrics and information security purposes, the new technology is expected to find many other applications, including"low-cost ultrasound as a medical diagnostic tool or for personal health monitoring,
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