#Chip Simplifies Quantum Optics Experiments A silicon chip that can process photons in an infinite number of ways could speed up development of quantum computing.
The system consists of a cascade of 15 Mach-Zehnder interferometers with 30 thermo-optic phase shifters and 12 single-photon detectors.
Now anybody can run their own experiments with photons, much like they operate any other piece of software on a computer.
#Spinal Neuron Connections Probed with Fluorescence microscopy Using two-photon fluorescence microscopy, researchers have gained new insight into how the spinal cord mediates commands from the brain to get the body moving.
will be used on Rocket Labs Electron orbital launch vehicle, which will get its first test spin later this year.
Rutherford is produced also via electron beam melting, an advanced form of 3d printing. Its engine chamber, injector, turbopumps,
The Rutherford engine will be the main propulsion source for Rocket Labs Electron vehicle which the company hopes to use as a low-cost method for launching satellites and other small payloads of up to 220 pounds into space.
"Graphene, a one-atom-thick, 2-D sheet of carbon atoms, is known for moving electrons at lightning speed across its surface without interference.
and stop electrons at will via bandgaps, as they do in computer chips. As a semimetal, graphene naturally has no bandgaps,
a technique using electrons (instead of light or the eyes) to see the characteristics of a sample,
Data gathered from the electron signatures allowed the researchers to create images of the material's dimensions and orientation.
and extent to which electrons scattered throughout the material.""We're looking at fundamental physical properties to verify that it is, in fact,
Ultimately, it is these electrons which are transferred to the protons in the water moleculend thereby create elementary hydrogen.
the scientists had to add platinum nanoparticles and an electron donor to their powder polymer."
"The platinum nanoparticles work as microelectrodes on which the electrons are transferred from the COF to the protons to form hydrogen,
"And the electron donor is necessary to remove the residual positive charge on the COF, "Vyas explains.
which absorb electrons meant for conversion. According to researchers, the sample with the solvent additive was consistent throughout
A Purdue Univ.-led team of researchers observed electrons transition from a topologically ordered phase to a broken symmetry phase."
His team employs novel investigative techniques for the study of electrons freely flowing in ultrapure gallium arsenide semiconductor crystals,
and arsenic atoms that can capture electrons on a 2-D plane. Only a few groups in the world are able to grow the material,
The gallium arsenide crystals grown using the molecular beam epitaxy technique serve as a model platform to explore the many phases that arise among strongly interacting electrons,
but it is worth the effort to discover new phenomena involving the entire sea of electrons acting in concert.
"Material grown by the Manfra group was shown to have an electron mobility measurement of 35 million centimeters squared per volt-second,
"In most materials electrons are restricted very in what they can do because they bump into atomic-level defects that perturb them,
"The material grown by the Manfra group is so pure and free from defects that it gives electrons the freedom to enter into more than 100 different phases,
The extremely low temperature encourages the electrons to enter into exotic states where they no longer obey the laws of single particle physics,
A collective motion of the electrons is then possible that is described by the laws of quantum mechanics
"Imagine eggs in an egg carton as electrons arranged in a certain formation, "he said."
"The eggs are identical just like the electrons are identical particles. If you swap one egg with another,
if you swap two electrons, it causes a change to the entire group and the egg carton enters an entirely different state.
"The team was trying to induce an electron spin transition in this non-Abelian state, but before the desired state was reached,
the electrons spontaneously transitioned into the so-called"stripe"phase that belongs to the traditional, broken symmetry phases group."
but the electrons went from deep in the topological phase too deep in the broken symmetry phase."
which an electrode used for splitting water absorbs solar photons while at the same time improving the flow of electrons from one electrode to another.
"Excited electrons When building a sun-capturing electrode, scientists aim to use as much of the solar spectrum as possible to excite electrons in the electrode to move from one state to another,
where they will be available for the water-splitting reaction. Equally important, but a separate problem entirely, the electrons need to move easily from the electrode to a counter-electrode,
creating a flow of current. Until now, scientists have had to use separate manipulations to increase photon absorption
and the movement of electrons in the materials they are testing. Choi and postdoctoral researcher Tae Woo Kim found that
if they heated an electrode made of the semiconducting compound bismuth vanadate to 350 degrees Celsius
The result was a notable increase in both photon absorption and electron transport. What was not clear was exactly how the nitrogen was facilitating the observed changes.
"Galli's team found that these defects enhance the transport of electrons. But more interestingly, they found that the nitrogen that had been incorporated into the compound increased the transport of electrons independent of the defects.
Finally, that nitrogen lowered the energy needed to kick electrons into the state in which they were available to split water.
This meant that more of the solar energy could be used by the electrode.""Now we understand what's going on at the microscopic level,
and Israel has discovered a novel phase of matter that is characterized by an unusual ordering of electrons. he discovery of this phase was unexpected completely and not based on any prior theoretical prediction.
first consider a crystal with electrons moving around throughout its interior. Under certain conditions, it can be energetically favorable for these electrical charges to pile up in a regular,
In addition to charge, electrons also have a degree of freedom known as spin.?When spins line up parallel to each other,
what if the electrons in a material are ordered not in one of those ways? In other words, what if the order were described not by a scalar or vector but by something with more dimensionality, like a matrix??
Like the cuprates, iridates are electrically insulating antiferromagnets that become increasingly metallic as electrons are added to
where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For years, physicists have debated the origin of the pseudogap
and converts to electrons. According to the press release, these electrons are used then to supplement the voltage stored in the lithium-anode portion of the solar battery.
When they tested their solar batteries against conventional lithium-iodine batteries, they charged and discharged them 25 times to see how much electricity they would discharge each round.
because wee hit the limit for how fast electrons can travel between the processor and the memory."
"Making light-based computers isn as simple as replacing electrons with light particles-or photons-in current computers.
the silicon chips we have now still require the photons to be converted back to electrons when the data reaches our computer.
which actually makes it less efficient than if we just used electrons in the first place. Instead, we need to completely redesign the way our computers work,
-which carries the photons to where they need to go.""Think of the waveguide as a kind of miniature fibre optic cable that can carry light:
are defined by the spin of a single electron. But by reconfiguring traditional transistors to only be associated with one electron,
Dzurak and his team were able to have them define qubits instead. ee morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.
We then store the binary code of 0 or 1 on the'spin'of the electron,
which is associated with the electron tiny magnetic field, said Menno Veldhorst, the lead author of the research,
which has been published in Nature. The team then showed that they could use metal electrodes on these transistors to control the qubits
Protons and neutrons-the particles that make up everyday matter-are made of minuscule elementary particles called quarks,
and quarks are held together by even smaller particles called gluons. Also known as'sticky particles',massless gluons are described as a complicated version of the photon,
because just like how photons are responsible for exerting the force of electromagnetism, gluons are in charge of exerting a strong nuclear force."
"In particle physics, every force is mediated by a special kind of force particle, and the force particle of the strong nuclear force is the gluon,
"explains one of the researchers, Anton Rebhan from the Vienna University of Technology. But there is one major difference between the two:
while photons aren affected by the force they exert, gluons are. This important fact means that
while photons can exist in what known as a bound state, gluons can be bound together via their own nuclear force to form glueballs."
"The existence of glueball particles brings the idea that, not only can particles be forces or force carriers (i e.,
, photons), but that these massless particles are also contingent upon the force that they are made up of,
allowing glueballs to exist in a static state, "J. E. Reich writes for Techtimes. Gluons might be massless on their own,
but their interactions with each other give glueballs a mass, which, theoretically, allows scientists to detect them,
if only indirectly through their decay process. And while several particles have been identified in particle accelerator experiments as being viable candidates for glueballs
which are called subatomic particles mesons that are composed of one quark and one antiquark each. For a while, f0 (1500) was considered the more promising candidate of the two,
its decay process produced heavy quarks-also known as'strange quarks'.'This was a problem, because some scientists assumed that gluon interactions did not usually differentiate between heavier and lighter quarks-something that Rebhan
and his colleagues say theye reconciled in their calculations, published in Physical Review Letters today."
"Our calculations show that it is indeed possible for glueballs to decay predominantly into strange quarks,
explaining that when the decay pattern for lighter quarks was measured also for f0 (1710), the results agreed"extremely well"with their model.
"Need a crash course in quarks, strange quarks, and all the rest a
#Watch: This self-balancing wheelchair can climb and descend stairs automatically Stairs and uneven ground surfaces pose a huge problem for wheelchair users,
The breakthrough, described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society and featured as ACS Editors'Choice for open access, addresses a decades-long challenge for electron-transport conducting polymers,
but until now have not been successful in developing an efficient electron-transport conducting polymer to pair with the established hole-transporting polymers.
a significant progress for electron-transporting? -conjugated polymers...With rational molecular design? -conjugated redox polymers will establish new design space in polymer chemistry
the researchers have proposed that electromagnetic waves are generated not only from the acceleration of electrons, but also from a phenomenon known as symmetry breaking.
The phenomenon of radiation due to electron acceleration, first identified more than a century ago, has no counterpart in quantum mechanics,
where electrons are assumed to jump from higher to lower energy states. These new observations of radiation resulting from broken symmetry of the electric field may provide some link between the two fields.
which state that electromagnetic radiation is generated by accelerating electrons. However, this theory becomes problematic when dealing with radio wave emission from a dielectric solid, a material
which normally acts as an insulator, meaning that electrons are not free to move around. Despite this
The researchers determined that the reason for this phenomenon is due to symmetry breaking of the electric field associated with the electron acceleration.
Symmetry breaking can also apply in cases such as a pair of parallel wires in which electrons can be accelerated by applying an oscillating electric field."
The electromagnetic radiation emitted from dielectric materials is due to accelerating electrons on the metallic electrodes attached to them
you have to break the symmetry as well as have accelerating electrons--this is the missing piece of the puzzle of electromagnetic theory,
Associate professor Morello said the method works by distorting the shape of the electron cloud attached to the atom,
which the electron responds.""Therefore, we can selectively choose which qubit to operate. It's a bit like selecting which radio station we tune to,
This interaction leads to a rapid creation of an electron distribution with an elevated electron temperature.
and rapidly converted into electron heat. Next, the electron heat is converted into a voltage at the interface of two graphene regions with different doping.
This photo-thermoelectric effect turns out to occur almost instantaneously, thus enabling the ultrafast conversion of absorbed light into electrical signals.
"In our system, nanowires harvest solar energy and deliver electrons to bacteria, where carbon dioxide is reduced and combined with water for the synthesis of a variety of targeted, value-added chemical products."
"When sunlight is absorbed, photo-excited electron? hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires,
The photo-generated electrons in the silicon will be passed onto bacteria for the CO2 reduction while the photo-generated holes in the titanium oxide split water molecules to make oxygen."
For this study, the Berkeley team used Sporomusa ovata, an anaerobic bacterium that readily accepts electrons directly from the surrounding environment
the flow of electrons generated projects the molecules of interest toward the target area. To enable validation of this new technique,
The diarylethene molecule contact using electron-beam lithography and the subsequent measurements alone lasted three long years.
#From metal to insulator and back again Metals are compounds that are capable of conducting the flow of electrons that make up an electric current.
Metals are compounds that are capable of conducting the flow of electrons that make up an electric current.
The onsets of these transitions can be determined by the positions of electrons within the basic structure of the material.
electrons localize between the atoms and do not freely flow as they do in the metallic form."
#Ultra-sensitive sensor detects individual electrons In the same Cambridge laboratory in the United kingdom where The british physicist J. J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897,
European scientists have developed just a new ultra-sensitive electrical-charge sensor capable of detecting the movement of individual electrons."
and can detect the electrical charge of a single electron in less than one microsecond,"M. Fernando Gonzlez Zalba,
'will be used in quantum computers of the future to read information stored in the charge or spin of a single electron."
as well as detecting the movement of individual electrons, the device is able to control its flow
The researchers have demonstrated the possibility of detecting the charge of an electron with their device in approximately one nanosecond,
This has been achieved by coupling a gate sensor to a silicon nanotransistor where the electrons flow individually.
fridges and other electrical equipment is made up of electrons: minuscule particles carrying an electrical charge travelling in their trillions and
However, this is not the case of the latest cutting-edge devices such as ultra-precise biosensors, single electron transistors, molecular circuits and quantum computers.
which bases its electronic functionality on the charge of a single electron, a field in which the new gate sensor can offer its advantages s
"Radiation pressure physics in these systems have become measurable only when the oscillator is hit by millions of photons,
Because of the increased radiation pressure coupling, the oscillator observes the electromagnetic field with the precision of a single photon.
"From the theoretical study, we have identified the most detrimental defects that hinder the electron transport in thallium sulfide iodide
researchers can use synchrotrons--dedicated facilities where electrons run laps in football-stadium-sized storage rings to produce the desired radiation
Conversely, the CLS is a miniature version of a synchrotron that produces suitable X-rays by colliding laser light with electrons circulating in a desk-sized storage ring.
For the first time, the researchers were able to show that this mechanical system can be used to coherently manipulate an electron spin embedded in the resonator--without external antennas or complex microelectronic structures.
the research team led by Georg H. Endress Professor Patrick Maletinsky described how resonators made from single-crystalline diamonds with individually embedded electrons are suited highly to addressing the spin of these electrons.
In these"nitrogen-vacancy centers,"individual electrons are trapped. Their"spin"or intrinsic angular momentum is examined in this research.
in turn, influences the spin of the electrons, which can indicate two possible directions("up"or"down")when measured.
This means that the spin of the electrons switches from up to down and vice versa in a controlled and rapid rhythm and that the scientists can control the spin status at any time.
a better conductor of electrons and lithium ions when it is very thin. Aluminum powders were placed in sulfuric acid saturated with titanium oxysulfate.
and electrons to get in and out. The result is an electrode that gives more than three times the capacity of graphite (1. 2 Ah/g) at a normal charging rate
#Ultra-fast electron camera A new scientific instrument promises to capture some of nature's speediest processes.
It uses a method known as ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and can reveal motions of electrons
and atomic nuclei within molecules that take place in less than a tenth of a trillionth of a second--information that will benefit groundbreaking research in materials science, chemistry and biology.
The technique complements ultrafast studies with SLAC's X-ray free-electron laser. Similar to X-ray light, highly energetic electrons can take snapshots of the interior of materials as they pass through them.
Yet electrons interact differently with materials and"see"different things. Both methods combined draw a more complete picture that will help researchers better understand
and possibly control important ultrafast processes in complex systems ranging from magnetic data storage devices to chemical reactions.
This electron source produces highly energetic electrons, packed into extremely short bunches. It spits out 120 of these bunches every second
generating a powerful electron beam that the researchers use to probe objects on the inside.
But how can scientists actually catch a glimpse of the interior of materials with particles like electrons?
When electron waves pass through a sample, they scatter off the sample's atomic nuclei and electrons.
The scattered waves then combine to form a so-called diffraction pattern picked up by a detector.
Since electron bunches in SLAC's UED instrument are extremely short, they reveal changes that occur in less than 100 quadrillionths of a second, or 100 femtoseconds,
but the repulsive forces between electrons in the electron beam limited the time resolution of previous experiments,
"Electrons behave similarly to X-rays in the way they explore speedy phenomena in nature. Electrons scatter off both electrons and atomic nuclei in materials.
X-rays, on the other hand, interact only with electrons. Therefore, electron and X-ray studies of very fast structural changes complement each other.
The SLAC-led team has begun already to combine both approaches to better understand the link between the magnetic behavior of certain materials
and their structural properties in studies that could help develop next-generation data storage devices. Electrons also provide a path to studies that are very challenging to perform with X-rays."
"Electrons interact with materials much more strongly than X-rays do, "says SLAC's Renkai Li, the paper's lead author."
"We were able to analyze samples such as very thin films whose X-ray signals would be very weak."
"Due to the almost 1, 000-fold shorter wavelength of electrons compared to X-rays, UED can see much finer structural details.
--and will eventually reduce the size of the electron beam from its current 100 microns--the diameter of an average human hair--to below one micron.
"This will generate unforeseen possibilities for ultrafast science with electrons, similar to the great things we saw happening a few years ago at LCLS,
Raman spectroscopy and transport measurements on the graphene/boron nitride heterostructures reveals high electron mobilities comparable with those observed in similar assemblies based on exfoliated graphene.
"Even though we're not sending a huge amount of photons, at short time scales, we're sending a lot more energy to that spot than the energy sent by the sun,
which the two quantum logic gates were applied to single photons in both orders. The results of their experiment confirm that it is impossible to determine which gate acted first
From a single measurement on the photon, they probed a specific property of the two quantum gates thereby confirming that the gates were applied in both orders at once.
Scientists unveil new technique for spotting quantum dots to make high performance nanophotonic devices A quantum dot should produce one and only one photon--the smallest constituent of light--each time it is energized,
which will enable control of the photons that the quantum dot generates. However finding the quantum dots--they're just about 10 nanometers across--is no small feat.
and used it to create high-performance single photon sources. Array"This is a first step towards providing accurate location information for the manufacture of high performance quantum dot devices,
Their coordinates in hand, scientists can then tell the computer-controlled electron beam lithography tool to place any structure the application calls for in its proper relation to the quantum dots,
the researchers demonstrated grating-based single photon sources in which they were able to collect 50 per cent of the quantum dot's emitted photons, the theoretical limit for this type of structure.
They also demonstrated that more than 99 per cent of the light produced from their source came out as single photons.
Such high purity is partly due to the fact that the location technique helps the researchers to quickly survey the wafer (10,000 square micrometers at a time) to find regions where the quantum dot density is especially low-only about one per 1
Now, researchers from the University of Bristol in the UK and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Japan, have pulled off the same feat for light in the quantum world by developing an optical chip that can process photons in an infinite number
This result shows a step change for experiments with photons and what the future looks like for quantum technologies.
Now anybody can run their own experiments with photons, much like they operate any other piece of software on a computer.
"The study was supported also by X-ray experiments at SSRL and at Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source."
so called because they use plasmons--collective excitations of electrons in a conductor--rather than electrons to transfer
electrons that tunnel across the gap can excite plasmons, although inefficiently.""Yang likens the excitation of plasmons in gratings to dropping pebbles in a swimming pool with swimming lanes demarcated by floats."
generating protons and electrons as well as oxygen gas. The photocathode recombines the protons and electrons to form hydrogen gas.
A key part of the JCAP design is the plastic membrane, which keeps the oxygen and hydrogen gases separate.
and electrons to pass through. The new complete solar fuel generation system developed by Lewis and colleagues uses such a 62.5-nanometer-thick Tio2 layer to effectively prevent corrosion
protons, and electrons and is a key to the high efficiency displayed by the device.
and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2009cb918500) and the National Natural science Foundation of China (21173013,11021463) to L. L. This research used the Advanced Photon Source for protein crystallography data collection
or photons, using an artificially constructed atom, known as a semiconductor quantum dot. Thanks to the enhanced optical properties of this system and the technique used to make the measurements,
That meant we were able to reach the necessary conditions to observe this fundamental property of photons
and prove that this odd phenomenon of squeezing really exists at the level of a single photon.
what photons should do.""Like a lot of quantum physics, the principles behind squeezing light involve some mind-boggling concepts.
It looks like there are zero photons present, but actually there is just a tiny bit more than nothing."
This excited the quantum dot and led to the emission of a stream of individual photons.
Atature added that the main point of the study was simply to attempt to see this property of single photons,
#Ideal single-photon source developed With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons.
For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. They have reported their findings in the scientific journal Nature Communications together with colleagues from the University of Bochum.
A single-photon source never emits two or more photons at the same time. Single photons are important in the field of quantum information technology where, for example,
they are used in quantum computers. Alongside the brightness and robustness of the light source the indistinguishability of the photons is especially crucial.
In particular, this means that all photons must be the same color. Creating such a source of identical single photons has proven very difficult in the past.
However, quantum dots made of semiconductor materials are offering new hope. A quantum dot is a collection of a few hundred thousand atoms that can form itself into a semiconductor under certain conditions.
Single electrons can be captured in these quantum dots and locked into a very small area. An individual photon is emitted
when an engineered quantum state collapses. Noise in the semiconductor A team of scientists led by Dr. Andreas Kuhlmann and Prof.
Richard J. Warburton from the University of Basel have shown already in past publications that the indistinguishability of the photons is reduced by the fluctuating nuclear spin of the quantum dot atoms.
For the first time ever, the scientists have managed to control the nuclear spin to such an extent that even photons sent out at very large intervals are the same color.
Quantum cryptography and quantum communication are two potential areas of application for single-photon sources.
These technologies could make it possible to perform calculations that are far beyond the capabilities of today's computers.
The study was supported by the QSIT-Quantum Science and Technology National Center of Competence in Research
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