#Reduced sea ice disturbs balance of greenhouse gasesthe widespread reduction in Arctic sea ice is causing significant changes to the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
According to the study the melting of sea ice in the Arctic has a tangible impact on the balance of greenhouse gases in this region both in terms of uptake and release.
The researchers have studied the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane both in the tundra and in the Arctic ocean.
Changes in the balance of greenhouse gases can have major consequences because globally plants and the oceans absorb around half of the carbon dioxide that humans release into the air through the use of fossil fuels.
so will the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere says Dr Frans-Jan Parmentier a researcher at Lund University Sweden.
In addition to the changes on land the present study shows that there are a number of uncertainties surrounding the effects of the melting ice on the amount of greenhouse gases exchanged by the ocean through natural processes.
We know very little about how the shrinking sea ice cover disturbs the balance of greenhouse gases in the sea in the long term says Dr Parmentier.
and other greenhouse gas emissions in the United states by 2020 and an 80 percent cut by 2050.
when more greenhouse gases are sequestered than are released into the atmosphere explained Milne an energy assessment analyst at GCEP.
On the other hand biochar production that relies on forest ecosystems may result in a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions they cautioned.
and can travel large distances destroying infrastructure wreaking havoc on ecosystems releasing millions of tonnes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and costing billions of dollars in damage.
#Wetland trees a significant overlooked source of methanewetland trees are overlooked a significant source of the potent greenhouse gas methane according to a new study by researchers at The Open University and the Universities of Bristol and Oxford.
Greenhouse-icehouse key? Episodic purging of carbonate capacitor drives long-term climate cyclea new Rice university-led study finds the real estate mantra location location location may also explain one of Earth's enduring
The study suggests that Earth's repeated flip-flopping between greenhouse and icehouse states over the past 500 million years may have been driven by the episodic flare-up of volcanoes at key locations where enormous amounts of carbon dioxide are poised for release into the atmosphere.
Earth's climate continually cycles between greenhouse and icehouse states which each last on timescales of 10 million to 100 million years.
By contrast the warmer greenhouse states are marked by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and by an ice-free surface even at the poles.
The last greenhouse period lasted about 50 million to 70 million years and spanned the late Cretaceous
Lee and colleagues found that the planet's greenhouse-icehouse oscillations are a natural consequence of plate tectonics.
Lee said the study breaks with conventional theories about greenhouse and icehouse periods. The standard view of the greenhouse state is that you draw carbon dioxide from the deep Earth interior by a combination of more activity along the mid-ocean ridges--where tectonic plates spread--and massive breakouts of lava called'large igneous
provinces'Lee said. Though both of these would produce more carbon dioxide it is not clear
if these processes alone could sustain the atmospheric carbon dioxide that we find in the fossil record during past greenhouses.
Tectonic and petrological evidence indicated that many Etna-like volcanoes existed during the Cretaceous greenhouse Lee said.
and sustain a greenhouse or an icehouse for many millions of years. The length of subduction zones and the number of arc volcanoes globally don't have to change Lee said.
After the soya bean plants had been grown to maturity in greenhouses the distribution of zinc and cerium throughout the plants was studied.
#Ozone depletion trumps greenhouse gas increase in jet-stream shiftdepletion of Antarctic ozone is a more important factor than increasing greenhouse gases in shifting the Southern hemisphere jet stream in a southward direction according to researchers
and greenhouse gas increase are thought to have contributed to the southward shift of the Southern hemisphere jet stream with the former having a greater impact.
The jet stream is expected to shift back toward the north as ozone is replenished yet the greenhouse-gas effect could negate this.
and greenhouse gas on several different observed wind patterns. When most people look at ozone and greenhouse gases they focus on one wind pattern
but my previous research suggests that by looking at several different but similar patterns you can learn more about what is said really happening Feldstein.
which ozone and greenhouse gases influence the jet stream. The researchers used an algorithm to examine the relationship between daily weather patterns and the four wind patterns.
They found that the first wind pattern--which corresponded to an equatorward shift of the midlatitude westerlies--was associated with greenhouse gases.
In addition to finding that ozone is more important than greenhouse gases in influencing the jet-stream shift the scientists also found evidence for a mechanism by
which greenhouse gases influence the jet-stream shift. They learned that greenhouse gases may not directly influence the jet-stream shift
but rather may indirectly influence the shift by changing tropical convection or the vertical transfer of heat in large-scale cloud systems which in turn influences the jet shift.
and other possible mechanisms for how greenhouse gases and ozone influence the jet stream as well as Antarctic sea ice.
Also our results are consistent with climate models so this paper provides support that climate models are performing well at simulating the atmospheric response to ozone and greenhouse gases.
#In beef production, cow-calf phase contributes most greenhouse gasesscientists have known long that cattle produce carbon dioxide
and methane throughout their lives but a new study pinpoints the cow-calf stage as a major contributor of greenhouse gases during beef production.
In a new paper for the Journal of Animal Science scientists estimate greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle during different stages of life.
According to study co-author Frank Mitloehner an associate professor in the Department of Animal Science at UC Davis one source of greenhouse gases was surprising
If you look at everything that contributes to greenhouse gases through the beef supply chain then it is the cow-calf that produces the greatest greenhouse gases Mitloehner said.
Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases. Methane has a greater capacity to trap heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.
The beef industry has been paying close attention to greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. We are doing a lot to measure
#New research shows complexity of global warmingglobal warming from greenhouse gases affects rainfall patterns in the world differently than that from solar heating according to a study by an international team of scientists in the January 31 issue of Nature.
and future projection to the end of 21st century comparing natural changes from solar heating and volcanism with changes from human-made greenhouse gas emissions.
and from greenhouse gases have such different effects on global precipitation? Our climate model simulations show that this difference results from different sea surface temperature patterns.
When warming is increased due to greenhouse gases the gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) across the tropical Pacific weakens
But why does warming from greenhouse gases and from solar heating affect the tropical Pacific SST gradient differently?
Adding long-wave absorbers that is heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere decreases the usual temperature difference between the surface
While during past global warming from solar heating the steeper tropical east-west SST pattern has won out we suggest that with future warming from greenhouse gases the weaker gradient
#Emission trading schemes limit green consumerismschemes that aim to regulate greenhouse gas emissions can limit consumers'attempts to reduce their carbon footprints according to an economist at the University of East Anglia (UEA.
but it does not reduce greenhouse gas emissions said Dr Perino an environmental economist in the School of economics and member of the Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE) at UEA.
while this scheme reduces greenhouse gas emissions it only does so because the cap is lower than the amount regulated sectors would emit in its absence adding:
The two regional cap and trade schemes in North america the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Western Climate Initiative follow the same basic design
Sensitive to greenhouse gasesclimate sensitivity is a measure of how much the global mean temperature is expected to rise
if we continue increasing our emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activity.
A simple way to measure climate sensitivity is to calculate how much the mean air temperature will rise
If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at our current rate we risk doubling that atmospheric CO2 level in roughly 2050.
We used a method that enables us to view the entire earth as one giant'laboratory'where humankind has been conducting a collective experiment through our emissions of greenhouse gases and particulates deforestation and other activities that affect climate.
and a greenhouse gas that traps heat from escaping Earth's atmosphere. Scientists and policy analysts are interested in learning how curbing the emissions of these chemicals can improve human health
Ozone was observed to be a more efficient greenhouse gas over hot regions like the tropics or relatively cloud-free regions like the Middle east.
When it comes to reducing ozone levels emission reductions in one part of the world may drive greenhouse warming more than a similar level of emission reductions elsewhere said Bowman lead author of the study published recently in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.
The researchers found that the top 15 regional contributors to global ozone greenhouse gas levels were located predominantly in China
Bowman and Henze found considerable variability in how different types of emissions contribute to ozone's greenhouse gas effect.
and natural--industrial and transportation sources make up a quarter of the total greenhouse gas effect
They also found that nitrogen dioxide contributes about two-thirds of the ozone greenhouse gas effect compared to carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons.
One question that's getting a lot of interest in policy initiatives such as the United nations'Environment Programme Climate and Clean Air Coalition is controlling short-lived greenhouse gases like methane
The trends are consistent with the projected effects of increased concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels.
and greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly the 2005 energy bill mandated that 4 billion gallons of renewable fuel be added to the gasoline supply in 2006.
life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel requirements--the researchers identified PV electricity for battery electric vehicles as the superior sun-to-wheels conversion method.
We estimate that using marginal lands for growing cellulosic biomass crops could provide up to 215 gallons of ethanol per acre with substantial greenhouse gas mitigation.
However this is the first study to provide an estimate for the greenhouse gas benefits as well as an assessment of the total potential for these lands to produce significant amounts of biomass he added.
and greenhouse gas impacts of different crops including corn poplar alfalfa and old field vegetation.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas and nitrate can contaminate drinking water supplies and leads to coastal ocean problems.
If our greenhouse were a bit higher it would probably be even bigger. Its stem is already ten centimeters in diameter.
and the climate shows that without new climate policies expanding the current bounty of inexpensive natural gas alone would not slow the growth of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide over the long term according to a study appearing today in Nature.
but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.
Because gas emits far less carbon dioxide than coal some researchers have linked the natural gas boom to recent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United states
but we were surprised how little difference abundant gas made to total greenhouse gas emissions even though it was dramatically changing the global energy system said James Jae Edmonds PNNL's chief scientist at JGCRI.
Swapping out coal for natural gas in a simple model would cut greenhouse gas emissions a result many people expected to see.
Consequently the entire energy pie gets bigger. â#¢The main component of natural gas methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
#Floridas climate boosts soil-carbon storage, cuts greenhouse emissionswarm temperatures and a wet landscape increase soil's ability to store carbon
which in turn helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions according to a new University of Florida study covering 45 years of data.
Soils serve as a natural container to hold carbon that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases that accelerate global climate change.
#Causes of California drought linked to climate changethe extreme atmospheric conditions associated with California's crippling drought are far more likely to occur under today's global warming conditions than in the climate that existed before humans emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases.
and statistical techniques to show that a persistent region of high atmospheric pressure hovering over the Pacific ocean that diverted storms away from California was much more likely to form in the presence of modern greenhouse gas concentrations.
Our research finds that extreme atmospheric high pressure in this region--which is linked strongly to unusually low precipitation in California--is much more likely to occur today than prior to the human emission of greenhouse gases that began during the Industrial revolution in the 1800s said Diffenbaugh an associate professor of environmental Earth
which the atmosphere is growing increasingly warm due to human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
In the other set of experiments greenhouse gases were kept at a level similar to those that existed just prior to the Industrial revolution.
We've demonstrated with high statistical confidence that the large-scale atmospheric conditions similar to those associated with the Triple R are far more likely to occur now than in the climate before we emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases Rajaratnam said.
and reduced greenhouse gas emissions said lead author Rebecca Barnes an assistant professor of environmental science at Colorado College who began the research while serving as a postdoctoral research associate at Rice.
and can be influenced dramatically by high winds the team expects to see a substantial increase In front Range fire activity in the low and mid-elevations in the coming years as temperatures continue to warm a result of rising greenhouses gases in Earth's atmosphere.
In his trunk a luggage-sized air-sampling instrument sniffs the outside air through a small tube to measure the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
and his team build confidence in greenhouse gas measurements taken from aircraft and satellites which can cover large areas more effectively.
and test ways to monitor greenhouse gas emissions in megacities: metropolitan areas of at least 10 million people.
Cities and their power plants are the largest sources of human-produced greenhouse gas emissions and are the largest human contributors to climate change.
When fully established in late 2014 the LA network will consist of 15 monitoring stations around the LA basin Most will use commercially available high-precision greenhouse gas analyzers to continuously sample local air.
The LA network encompasses the portions of the South Coast Air Basin that produce the most intense greenhouse gas emissions in California.
and some states produce annual inventories of their greenhouse gas emissions based on energy statistics and other data but the same information is typically not available for individual cities.
The Megacities project combines direct surface measurements of urban greenhouse gases from instruments located in air sampling stations atop radio towers
Other instruments track winds and vertical motion of the atmosphere--both of which are key to interpreting the greenhouse gas measurements.
Doing so requires more frequent and dense measurements and the ability to sense multiple species of greenhouse gases from Earth's surface and from space.
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from cities is a significant challenge said James Whetstone special assistant to the director for greenhouse gas measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST
and demonstrate the performance of advanced greenhouse gas measurement methods that can be applied to cities and metropolitan areas.
but that are needed to independently quantify progress toward greenhouse gas emission targets Whetstone added. The pilot effort in LA and companion efforts in Paris build upon existing research infrastructure and collaborations with smaller cities.
By establishing representative urban greenhouse gas profiles in these and other cities the Megacities measurement methods can be extended for use around the world.'
Satellites such as NASA's OCO-2 and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Satellite (GOSAT) periodically sample the air over Los angeles and a subset of other cities around the world.
It may someday serve as part of an international constellation of carbon monitoring satellites providing frequent comprehensive mapping of greenhouse gases across entire cities and broader regions.
and atmospheric moisture future satellites will also use'chemical cameras'to map the distributions of greenhouse gases
and small changes in soil carbon storage can have a big effect on atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
And while climate warming will continue with the addition of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activities (fossil fuel combustion land-use clearing) previous assumptions about a positive soil carbon cycling feedback to future warming
or under scattered debris but also in greenhouses and out in the open nature. They are brought in with imported vegetables garden supplies or tiles.
The survey covers not only greenhouse gas impacts but also fracking's influence on local air pollution earthquakes and especially supplies of clean water.
and emit no greenhouse gas but cheap abundant natural gas may limit their deployment as new sources of electricity.
#15 years of carbon dioxide emissions On earth mappedworld leaders face multiple barriers in their efforts to reach agreement on greenhouse gas emission policies.
Until now scientists have estimated greenhouse gas emissions at coarser scales or used less reliable techniques. Researchers unveiled the new system in an article published Sept. 10 in the Journal of Geophysical Research.
These maps provide a scientific independent assessment of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions--something policy-makers can use
With this system we are taking a big step toward creating a global monitoring system for greenhouse gases something that is needed as the world considers how best to meet greenhouse gas reductions said Kevin Robert Gurney lead investigator and associate professor
and show that independent scientific monitoring of greenhouse gases is possible. The research team combined information from space-based nighttime lights a new population database national statistics on fuel use
whether strategies to reduce greenhouse gases are said effective Jennifer Morgan Director of the Climate and Energy Program at World Resources Institute.
Record greenhouse gas levels impact atmosphere and oceans, WMO report findsthe amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record high in 2013 propelled by a surge in levels
This is according to the World meteorological organization's annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin which injected even greater urgency into the need for concerted international action against accelerating and potentially devastating climate change.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin showed that between 1990 and 2013 there was a 34%increase in radiative forcing--the warming effect on our climate--because of long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) methane and nitrous oxide.
The WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin reports on atmospheric concentrations--and not emissions--of greenhouse gases.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin shows that far from falling the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere actually increased last year at the fastest rate for nearly 30 years.
and other greenhouse gases across the board he said. We are running out of time.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin provides a scientific base for decision-making. We have the knowledge and we have the tools for action to try keep temperature increases within 2â°C to give our planet a chance
The inclusion of a section on ocean acidification in this issue of WMO's Greenhouse Gas Bulletin is needed appropriate
Atmospheric Concentrationscarbon dioxide accounted for 80%of the 34%increase in radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases from 1990 to 2013 according to the U s National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index.
Methane is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas. Approximately 40%of methane is emitted into the atmosphere by natural sources (e g. wetlands
The WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (www. wmo. int/gaw) coordinates systematic observations and analysis of greenhouse gases and other trace species. Fifty countries
contributed data for the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Measurement data are reported by participating countries and archived and distributed by the World Data centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) at the Japan Meteorological Agency.
http://ds. data. jma. go. jp/gmd/wdcgg) The summary on ocean acidification was produced jointly by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
and raising greenhouse gas emissions said Thomas Hertel a distinguished professor of agricultural economics. Increasing productivity in Africa--a carbon-rich region with low agricultural yields--could have negative effects on the environment especially
Some researchers suggest that increasing the profitability of farming will amplify its negative environmental effects raising greenhouse gas emissions and accelerating tropical deforestation.
However reductions in the potent greenhouse gases methane and ozone--which contribute to global warming--have helped deliver a net cooling effect.
#Dietary recommendations may be tied to increased greenhouse gas emissionsif Americans altered their menus to conform to federal dietary recommendations emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases tied to agricultural production could increase significantly according to a new study
Martin Heller and Gregory Keoleian of U-M's Center for Sustainable Systems looked at the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of about 100 foods as well as the potential effects of shifting Americans to a diet
while keeping caloric intake constant diet-related greenhouse gas emissions would increase 12 percent. If Americans reduced their daily caloric intake to the recommended level of about 2000 calories
while shifting to a healthier diet greenhouse gas emissions would decrease by only 1 percent according to Heller and Keoleian.
A paper by Heller and Keoleian titled Greenhouse gas emission estimates of U s. dietary choices and food loss is scheduled for online publication Sept. 5 in the Journal of Industrial Ecology.
While a drop in meat consumption would help cut diet-related greenhouse gas emissions increased use of dairy products
In the United states in 2010 food production was responsible for about 8 percent of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions.
In general animal-based foods are responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions per pound than plant-based foods.
The production of both beef cattle and dairy cows is tied to especially high levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
and their manure also releases this potent greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with producing the U s. diet are dominated by the meats category according to Heller and Keoleian.
While beef accounts for only 4 percent by weight of the food available it contributes 36 percent of the associated greenhouse gases they conclude.
The U-M researchers found that a switch to diets that don't contain animal products would lead to the biggest reductions in this country's diet-related greenhouse emissions.
But Heller said he's not arguing that all Americans should go vegan and he believes that animals need to be part of a sustainable agricultural system.
and how it contributes to U s. greenhouse gas emissions. They concluded that annual emissions tied to uneaten food are equivalent to adding 33 million passenger vehicles to the nation's roads.
Catching greenhouse gases with advanced membranesresearchers in Japan have engineered a membrane with advanced features capable of removing harmful greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
Their findings published in The british journal Nature Communications may one day contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions and cleaner skies.
Greenhouse gases originating from industrial processes and the burning of fossil fuels blanket Earth and are the culprits behind current global warming woes.
which up 84%of the United State's greenhouse gases in 2012 and can linger in Earth's atmosphere for up to thousands of years.
Therefore new low-cost technologies are needed sorely to incentivize greenhouse gas capture by industry. Easan Sivaniah--an associate professor at Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material sciences (icems)--led an international team of researchers from icems
The most common species reported by more than 90 percent of respondents was the greenhouse camel cricket (Diestrammena asynamora.
--but it was thought to be rare outside of commercial greenhouses. Instead the researchers found that it is now far more common than native camel crickets in and near homes east of the Mississippi.
though it's possible that the greenhouse camel cricket could be driving out native camel cricket species in homes Epps says.
They found large numbers of greenhouse camel crickets with higher numbers being found in the areas of the yards closest to homes.
Will the unwanted greenhouse guest make it in the wild? Greenhouses have improved the possibilities of invasion of greenhouse whitefly into the wild in the boreal region new study finds.
Genetic analysis sheds new light on the survival of whiteflies in Finland and helps to plan efficient pest management.
but survives in Finland as it finds suitable overwintering habitats in greenhouses. Carefully planned pest management reduces crop damages.
Genetic analyses revealed that the same whitefly populations persist in the majority of the sampled greenhouses for two years.
Year-round greenhouse crop producers should avoid planting new crop without complete extermination of whiteflies not only from the old crop but also from the greenhouse premises Ovcarenko says.
Insecticide-treated populations able to recoverovcarenko's findings show that genetic diversity of greenhouse whitefly is lower in the Finnish greenhouses compared with Greece where whiteflies are able to persist outdoors all year round.
Furthermore global genetic diversity of greenhouse whitefly is low. Generally low genetic diversity results in species'decreased ability to adapt.
and no signs of harmful genetic bottlenecks in whiteflies from greenhouses where new crops are planted every year
but it may also specialize in feeding on greenhouse crops. Tomato and cucumber are the most common crops in the Finnish greenhouse cluster
and initial signs of evolution of specialized races for these host plants were found in the study.
Continuous cultivation of the same greenhouse crop species creates possibilities for host adaptation. Formation of these races may increase pest abundance
Whiteflies are able to use numerous outdoor plants around greenhouses as seasonal habitats in summer.
therefore return from these wild plants to newly planted greenhouse crops in August and September Ovcarenko says.
Results indicated that it pays off to maintain chemical free greenhouse crop production. If biological pest control was used whitefly populations were more susceptible to insecticides
whereas whiteflies from greenhouses treated with insecticides over the years showed initial signs of resistance development.
and tackle invasion is to standardize practices in dense greenhouse areas. The study has motivated farmers to exchange information and monitor whiteflies outside greenhouses in potato and strawberry fields.
Co-operation is the key for sustainable pest management. To reduce pest dispersal potential to other greenhouse agroecosystems synchrony in pest monitoring exterminations
and crop rotations among crop producers is advised Ovcarenko concludes. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by MTT Agrifood Research Finland.
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