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when he connected two metals to the legs of a frog, causing its muscles to twitch.
frogs boiled in oil and fermented goat dung. Greeks from the 4TH CENTURY BC preferred rendered pig fat
and squirrel monkeys, lemurs, dolphins, elephants, birds, salamanders and fish. Recently, researchers from Oakland University in Michigan added black bears to the list of the numerically skilled.
Brain Experiment Using Salamanders: The Spemann-Mangold Experiments German scientist Hans Spemann and Ph d candidate Hilde Mangold take the proverbial cake for strange brain experiments.
In their momentous study, the brain of a live salamander was extracted and divided into sections.
The remainder as dropped back into the still-living salamander body and the salamander would jump up
Spemann and Mangold would also conduct studies involving splitting salamander embryos in two and injecting parts of one half into the other just to see what would happen. http://ts-si. org/biology/3305-brain-before-body-the-spemann-mangold-experiments 12.
oea sample of 9-to 10-year-olds could identify the Budweiser frogs nearly as frequently as they could Bugs bunny. They also say advertisements for prescription medicines like the erectile dysfunction drug Viagra are far too common on television compared to ads for condoms,
#Pesticide Turns Male Frogs into Females The pesticide atrazine can turn male frogs into females that are able to mate
Here, two male frogs mating. The larger animal on the bottom has been feminized completely by atrazine exposure
A commonly used pesticide known as atrazine can turn male frogs into females that are successfully able to reproduce,
While previous work has shown atrazine can cause sexual abnormalities in frogs, such as hermaphroditism (having both male and female sex organs),
and can influence reproduction in amphibians. The results suggest that atrazine which is used a weed killer primarily on corn crops,
could have potentially harmful effects on populations of amphibians, animals that are already experiencing a global decline,
And since atrazine interferes with the production of the sex hormone estrogen, present in people and frogs,
the findings could have implications for humans as well. oeif you have problems in amphibians, you can anticipate problems in other animals,
Sex change Hayes and his colleagues raised 40 male African clawed frogs in water containing atrazine from when they were larvae all the way up until sexual maturity.
what the frogs would experience in environments where the pesticide is used, and below levels that the U s. Environmental protection agency considers safe for drinking water.
They compared this atrazine-exposed group with 40 other male frogs reared in atrazine-free water.
At the end of the experiment, all frogs in the atrazine-free group remained male, while 10 percent of the frogs exposed to atrazine were feminized completely their genes said they should be male,
but they had female anatomy, including ovaries. The feminized frogs were able to mate with males and produce viable eggs.
In both frogs and humans, sex is genetic. In people, females have two X (sex chromosomes,
while males have one X and one Y. For frogs, the sex chromosomes are labeled as Z
or W and females have dissimilar chromosomes (ZW), while males have matching ones (ZZ). Frogs exposed to atrazine also had reduced testosterone levels, decreased fertility,
and showed less mating behavior. LINK Photo credit: Tyrone B. Hayes, the University of California, Berkeley Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati T
in the core of the Ecuadorian Amazon, shatters world records for a wide array of plant and animal groups, from amphibians to trees to insects.
said Shawn Mccracken of Texas State university. oethere are more species of frogs and toads within Yasunã than are native to the United states and Canada combined.
The scientists also confirmed that an average upland hectare (2. 47 acres) in Yasunã contains more tree species, 655,
600-acre Tiputini Biodiversity Station on the northern edge of the park. oethe Tiputini Biodiversity Station is home to 247 amphibian and reptile species,
Theres nothing quite like freshly grown toad straight from the garden...Keep your friends close,
and tablets, says Mark Rolston of the design firm Frog, is that they re confined by a screen.
#New legless amphibian found in India An adult Chikilidae, a new species of legless amphibian known as a caecilian, with eggs and hatchlings.
But this legless amphibian s time in obscurity has ended, thanks to an intrepid team of biologists led by University of Delhi professor Sathyabhama Das Biju.
Over five years of digging through forest beds in the rain, the team has identified an entirely new family of amphibians called chikilidae endemic to the region but with ancient links to Africa.
The chikilidae is a caecilian, the most primitive of three amphibian groups that also include frogs and salamanders.
We hope when the locals see the name, and their language, being used across the world,
#Amphibians are particularly vulnerable, and have declined drastically in recent decades. The same sensitivity to climate and water quality that makes them perfect environmental barometers also puts them at the greatest risk
caecilians and frogs vastly more than any other scientist in India and estimates 30-40 percent of the country s amphibians are yet to be found.
along with co-researchers from London s Natural history Museum and Vrije University in Brussels, brings the number of known caecilian families in the world to 10.
the frogs. Only 186 of the world s known amphibious species are compared caecilians with more than 6, 000 frog species a third
of which are considered endangered or threatened. Even people living in northeast Indians misunderstand the caecilians, and rare sightings can inspire terror and revulsion,
with farmers and villagers chopping them in half out of the mistaken belief that they are poisonous snakes.
In fact, the chikilidae is harmless, and may even be the farmer s best friend feasting on worms
and may help the chikilidae gauge light from dark as in other caecilian species. DNA testing suggests the chikilidae s closest relative is in Africa with the two evolutionary paths splitting some 140 million years ago
#Road Runoff Spurring Spotted salamander Evolution A female spotted salamander gravid with eggs in route to her breeding pool.
Spotted salamanders exposed to contaminated roadside ponds are adapting to their toxic environments, according to a Yale paper in Scientific Reports.
This study provides the first documented evidence that a vertebrate has adapted to the negative effects of roads apparently by evolving rapidly Salamanders breeding in roadside ponds are exposed to a host of contaminants from road runoff.
#Brady found that salamanders in roadside ponds have higher mortality, grow at a slower rate
In roadside ponds, only 56 percent of salamander eggs survive the first 10 weeks of development,
the surviving salamanders may develop a genetic advantage over their counterparts living in woodland ponds.
The salamanders that survive year after year in the roadside ponds appear to have adapted to the harsh conditions.
salamanders are just bystanders to human activities. This suggests that the majority of species, which are targeted not specifically for human use,
#Brady observed the development of the salamanders in 10 ponds#five roadside and five woodland#at Yale Myers Forest and in the town of Willington, both in northeastern Connecticut.
USGS). 9.)Frogs or toads won t give you warts, but shaking hands with someone who has warts can.
More recently, researchers attempted to resurrect the gastric brooding frog, extinct since 1984, using cells frozen in the 1970s.
and prostate inflammation and is known to turn<a href=http://www. livescience. com/10957-pesticide-turns-male-frogs-females. html>male frogs into females</a>EWG says.
</p><p></p><p>The Central american salamander<em>Bolitoglossa dofleini</em>can extend its tongue more than half its body length in 7 milliseconds 50 times faster than you can blink an eye.</
which infects frogs and other amphibians by way of their skin — has been implicated in the deaths of hundreds of amphibians in recent years including nearly 75 percent of the mountain yellow-legged frog population in California's Sierra nevada mountains.</
</p><p>Researchers have found that immune cells stop functioning and commit apoptosis — essentially cell suicide —
or hcg that's found only in pregnant women marking the first time a single compound was discovered that could indicate pregnancy status. To determine the presence of hcg a sample of the woman's urine was injected into an immature female mouse frog or rabbit.
Testing involving frogs took a bizarre turn in the 1940s when thousands of African clawed frogs were imported for pregnancy testing.
A few escaped carrying with them a fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis that's blamed for a massive die off of native North american frogs and other amphibians.
The rabbit test and other tests like it weren't foolproof: Not only were they expensive
#Cocoa Frog Among New Species Discovered in'Pristine'Ecosystem A chocolate-covered frog and one of the tiniest dung beetles ever found are among the new species discovered during a survey of
Among them was the cocoa frog a tree-climber of the genus Hypsiboas named for its chocolate-colored skin.
The expedition also turned up five other potentially new frog species many insects and one snake.
and the brightly-colored tiger leg monkey frog (Phyllomedusa tomopterna) which earns its moniker from its orange-and-black underbelly and limbs.
Since the 1950s when researchers cloned a frog scientists have cloned dozens of animal species including mice cats sheep pigs and cows.
Proteus is this really aggressive swarmer commented Tufenkji which makes it particularly virulent in the urinary tract especially in catheterized patients who already have a high risk of infection.
When the Proteus bacteria were exposed to high concentrations of cranberry powder the researchers saw two interesting effects.
and Proteus were higher than what would typically be found in a human body even if a person were intentionally drinking several glasses of cranberry juice daily to prevent
#Darwin's Frogs Are in Steep Decline Some of nature's most fascinating fathers may be at risk of extinction.
Male Darwin's frogs swallow their offspring in the tadpole stage incubate their young in their vocal sacs
Along with seahorses the frogs are thought to be known the only living vertebrates in which dads take on baby-carrying duties with special sacs that make them look pregnant.
40 Freaky Frog Photos Shrinking range Charles darwin first discovered the frogs while traveling in Chile in 1834.
Scientists who later studied the mouth-brooding animals found that there are actually two species naming one Rhinoderma darwinii (Darwin's frog) and the other Rhinoderma rufum (Chile Darwin's frog.
From 2008 to 2012 a team of researchers led by zoologist Claudio Soto-Azat surveyed 223 sites in the frogs'historical range from the coastal city of Valparaã so south to an area just beyond Chiloã Island.
The findings suggest Darwin's frogs have disappeared from or at least rapidly declined in many locations where they were recently abundant the researchers wrote in a paper published online June 12 in the journal PLOS ONE.
And Darwin's frogs don't seem to be adapting; the survey showed that the remaining populations were clinging to their shrinking native forests.
The researchers recommended that Darwin's frogs be listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN.
Chile Darwin's frogs meanwhile should get a possibly extinct tag the researchers said. Other factors could be contributing to the decline of Darwin's frog.
Their populations have taken a hit from volcanic eruptions in the southern Andes the researchers say. What's more the African clawed frog was introduced to Chile in the 1970s.
That species has been associated with the deadly fungal infection chytridiomycosis which has wiped out amphibian species across the globe.
if Darwin's frogs have been affected by the fungus in the wild but the researchers say it's worth investigating.
Extinct Aussie cousins Darwin's frogs once had a close analog in eastern Australia known as gastric brooding frogs.
Female gastric brooding frogs swallowed their fertilized eggs transformed their stomach into a uterus and gave birth to their sons and daughters through the mouth.
Earlier this year scientists from the University of New south wales announced that they had created early-stage embryos of gastric brooding frogs that were already forming hundreds of cells.
The team said they used cloning methods to implant the DNA-storing nuclei of preserved gastric brooding frog cells in the eggs of Australian marsh frog eggs.
Amphibians are on the decline worldwide. Besides being at risk of deadly fungal infections frogs salamanders
and their relatives are more vulnerable to environmental changes because they have permeable skin and a complex water-and-land life cycle.
In a recent report on the sharp decline of the creatures in the United states researchers found that amphibians have been disappearing from their habits at a rate of 3. 7 percent each year.
These spiders usually eat insects or small vertebrates like lizards or frogs. Tree dwellers While most funnel spiders live on the ground a few species on the eastern coast of Australia live in wet forest trees.
Tyrone Hayes a biologist at the University of California Berkeley demonstrated a decade ago that atrazine could turn male frogs female publishing his results in prestigious journals such as Nature and the Proceedings of the National Academy
The earthworms eat away at the puffy duff layer blanketing the forest floor where species such as salamanders and ovenbirds live Resner reported Sunday (Oct 27) at the Geological Society of America's annual meeting.
what had begun mysteriously to kill off a type of salamander in The netherlands beginning in 2010. The culprit turned out to be Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans a contagious fungus that eats the salamander's skin.
Odd livestock attacks also abound. Last December an unknown animal attacked livestock in Shelby County Ky. leaving many of the victims with gnawed
#Pesticides Contaminating Critters in California's National parks Pesticides from California's valley farms are collecting in the tissues of a singing treefrog that lives in pristine national parks including Yosemite
The chemicals include two fungicides never before found in wild frogs said Kelly Smalling lead study author and a U s. Geological Survey (USGS) research hydrologist.
Agricultural pesticides and fungicides have been detected more than 100 miles (160 kilometers) to the east in the rural Sierra nevada's snow water air and amphibians.
so you can imagine the potential risk to multiple different species. Catching frogs Scientists first noticed sharply declining frog populations in the Sierra nevada starting in the 1980s.
Amphibians everywhere are suffering steep population losses and strange deformities. Earlier studies by the USGS researchers found toxic pesticide concentrations in several frog species living in the national parks. In 2009 and 2010 the scientists resurveyed many of the same sites Smalling said.
Their species of choice was the bright-green Pacific chorus frog (also known as the treefrog. On spring nights males gather on the shores of ephemeral ponds and lakes to sing for mates.
That's when biologists headed out with flashlights to spot the frog's eyes and scooped up the silver-dollar-size suitors.
They're very focused on attracting a female so they don't pay much attention to what's around in their environment Smalling said. 40 Freaky Frog Photos Researchers collected Pacific chorus frogs on a north-south transect across Lassen volcanic national park Lake Tahoe Yosemite national park Stanislaus National Forest
and Giant sequoia National monument. They tested frog tissue water and sediment samples for more than 90 different pesticides and fungicides.
Complex causes The most common chemicals in the frogs were the agricultural fungicides pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole and the herbicide simazine.
DDE a byproduct of the pesticide DDT was also frequently found. This hammers home the point that even if you're in an area that looks wild and natural it can have very serious impacts from human activities 100 miles
The chemical concentrations were often higher in frog tissues than in the environment. The contaminants in the water and sediments were ridiculously low Smalling said.
The frogs may store up small exposures over time or there simply wasn't any pesticide
and how they interact with the amphibians Smalling said. While scientists agree that pesticides likely contribute to the dramatic decline in amphibians there are many reasons that frogs are disappearing.
The heavyweight is habitat destruction and degradation followed by an infectious disease called chytridiomycosis. In the Sierras introducing trout into mountain lakes also hit frogs hard
because the fish gobbled up tadpoles and tiny frogs. Climate change is another factor. The complexity is very hard to deal with Shaffer said.
These kinds of field surveys at least tell us what's out there in those habitats and
what's accumulating in at least some frogs and that gives you candidates to simplify the problem.
poll options 50 163=Gastric brooding frog; poll options 50 165=Saber-toothed cat; load poll (50; But DNA from extinct species doesn't need to be preserved in Arctic conditions to be useful to scientists researchers have been able to start putting together the genomes of extinct species from museum specimens that have been sitting on shelves for a century.
Other species disappeared before scientists had a chance to study their remarkable biological abilities like the gastric brooding frog which vanished from Australia in the mid-1980s likely due to timber harvesting and the chytrid fungus.
This was not just any frog Mike Archer a paleontologist at the University of New south wales said during his talk at TEDXDEEXTINCTION which was broadcast via livestream.
These frogs had a unique mode of reproduction: The female swallowed fertilized eggs turned its stomach into a uterus
No animal let alone a frog has been known to do this change one organ in the body into another Archer said.
He's using cloning methods to put gastric brooding frog nuclei into eggs of living Australian marsh frogs.
I think we're gonna have this frog hopping glad to be back in the world again he said.
and researchers have created previously glowing bunnies frogs and evenâ glow-in-the-dark cats in the name of science.
We would catch tadpoles put them in our backyard pond and watch them turn into frogs.
Spending time outside has led to a fascination with the natural world that continues to this day.
if their efforts result in grandkids researchers say. 8. Frog taxi service The strawberry poison arrow frog pulls out all the stops
and once the tadpoles hatch she ferries each one on her back from the rain forest floor up to trees as tall as 100 feet (30 meters).
Up in the trees mama frog seeks out safe water pool nurseries in the leaves for each baby.
Mama frog then feeds her hatchlings some of her own unfertilized eggs over the next six to eight weeks of their development into frogs.
and range of wildlife but one extreme example is Ecuador's Yasuni National park. The sprawling reserve contains 150 amphibian
and are homes to happy salamanders. More prosaically there are (or were) a lot of old hemlock trees in nature preserves
They eat small game such as rodents rabbits fish and frogs and larger game like deer.
While they have been known to eat small birds amphibians and other creatures their diet consists primarily of insects.
and spiny fishes that gave rise to the amphibians of the Carboniferous were being replaced by true bony fish.
Herndon and his colleagues in Peru have recorded indigenous people employing hallucinogenic frog slime to heighten sensory acuity.
And these plant communities support more than 400 species of birds 53 species of reptiles and 28 species of amphibians.
and is home to native species such as the<a href=http://www. livescience. com/33926-hungry-tiger-salamander-eats-cockroaches-strange-snapshots. html>tiger salamander</a p><p>San
Wild hamsters also eat insects frogs lizards and other small animals. A captive hamster's diet should be at least 16 percent protein and 5 percent fat according to Canadian Federation of Humane Societies.
How Snakes Slither Up Trees Corn snakes enjoy a diet of rodents lizards frogs small birds bats and bird eggs.
</p><p>The teensy female poison arrow frog literally goes above and beyond when taking on the duties of motherhood.
and watching them hatch the strawberry poison arrow frog carries her tadpoles one by one on her back from the rain forest floor up into trees as high as 100 feet.
After hoisting her babes to the treetops the frog then finds individual pools of water in leaves for each tadpole setting up safe and individualized nurseries.
The mother strawberry poison arrow frog then feeds each of her young with her own unfertilized eggs over the course of six to eight weeks
thus allowing these tadpoles to grow into young frogs without having to eat each other. What eggs again?</
Some species of freshwater turtles such as snapping turtles also eat small mammals frogs snakes fish and even other smaller turtles according to Connecticut's Department of energy and Environmental Protection.
Lakes in the region held fish frogs and salamanders. It was uncertain what Changyuraptor ate
We think Changyuraptor may have gone after small prey like birds lizards salamanders fish and mammals Chiappe said.
and stealth to take down deer peccary monkeys birds frogs fish alligators and small rodents. If wild food is scarce these large cats will also hunt domestic livestock.
while some lizards and tree frogs simply adhere to surfaces using specialized toe pads which contain tiny hairs that produce a short-range electrostatic force (called a Van der waals force) with a surface's molecules.
Dated from the mid-Devonian this fossil creature is considered to be the link between the lobe-finned fishes and early amphibians.
along with a new golden skink and a frog that live in boulder fields during a National geographic-sponsored expedition.
Of eight species of South american frogs studied, four showed some sensitivity to the herbicide mixture at concentrations below the application rate used in Plan Colombia,
The researchers also found that frog larvae in small artificial ponds showed few toxic effects from glyphosate exposure
the pond studies of frogs, he notes, do not give enough information about the soils present to be sure that they were not adsorbing more of the herbicide mixture than would normally occur in the wild.
What's more, in one particular species of frog (Rhinella granulosa), about a third of adults died after being exposed to glyphosate at concentrations equivalent to field applications.
Relyea notes that the research also confirms his own studies of how much glyphosate is sufficient to kill half the frogs in a population3 a concentration known as the LC50.
whether the frogs are exposed to those concentrations. The glyphosate-surfactant mixture could cause problems when it is sprayed in frog habitats,
such as a rut in the road or a ditch beside a field, where some frog species live
and reproduce in temporary shallow pools. If those chemicals are being sprayed in those areas, then it is quite possible that you will get concentrations that cause toxicity,
She is now ramping up the project a study of the neural basis of social communication in the frog Xenopus.
so I don't have to clean frogs any more. It's not bad to clean the frogs for a while,
but at some point it keeps you from being productive. The other scientist who was profiled, Jill Rafael-Fortney, 40,
Almost two-thirds of species, including many birds, frogs, butterflies, trees and grassland flowers, breed or bloom earlier.
Scientists have linked previously the extinction of Costa rica's iconic mountaintop golden toad Bufo periglenes to climate change.
The golden toad was endemic to Costa rica's Monte Verde preserve. It went through three major population declines each preceded by an extremely dry and hot year2.
The third such event was followed by toad extinction. What has happened looks like a clear case of extinction driven by three extreme years.
F. KRAUSTINIEST frogs This tiny adult female frog (Paedophryne dekot) is the world's smallest tetrapod, according to Fred Kraus at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu
) Just 8. 5-9. 0 millimetres long from snout to vent about a millimetre shorter than other tiny frog species the amphibian was found living in leaf litter
A large number of diminutive frogs live in the region, which Kraus says may be a biological oddity.
However, he also points out that miniature frogs are hard to find in the field,
The rebirth of an extinct frog species may come from the freezer, not the stomach.
The gastric brooding frog, when it existed On earth, swallowed its eggs, transformed its stomach into a womb
But the frog disappeared from the mountains of southern Australia shortly after it was discovered in the 1970s,
While tadpoles may be a long way off, let alone a viable frog, the southern gastric brooding frog might be the first species brought back from the dead permanently.
The first de-extinction happened in 2003, although it lasted all too briefly. Scientists coaxed a clone of an extinct ibex from Spain to birth from a special hybrid goat.
as Archer is attempting to do with the gastric brooding frog. Their first target is the passenger pigeon,
This ark maintained at a steady-197 degrees Celsius, holds the cells of 503 mammals, 170 birds, 70 reptiles and 12 amphibians and fish out of an estimated 10 million animal
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