| Brachiopod (2) |  |
| Coelenterate (129) | |
| Comb jelly (60) | |
| Invertebrate (64) | |
| Sponge (73) | |
| Starfish (22) | |
| Worm (588) | |
| Brachiopod (2) | |
| Coelenterate (129) | |
| Comb jelly (60) | |
| Invertebrate (64) | |
| Sponge (73) | |
| Starfish (22) | |
| Worm (588) | |
which, although made from tiny alien worms, is supposedly as good as 23rd century eating gets. It may seem bonkers to pin our hopes of feeding all the world's billions on some entirely new species,
Worm therapy: Why parasites may be good for youjim Turk initially put his symptoms down to stress.
Two months after discontinuing the worm treatment the lesions rebounded to an average of 5. 8."The beauty of this is that the number of new lesions is really an objective, brutally honest answer,
 Old friendsfleming's trial in 2008 was the first to infect multiple sclerosis patients with live parasitic worms, also known as helminths,
and a shift away from farming lifestyles decreased our contact with soil, faeces and contaminated food where bacteria and parasites like helminths live.
Many of our human ancestors would have been infected with helminths, as are large numbers living in developing nations today.
When helminths infect individuals and attach themselves in their hosts'gastrointestinal tracts, the immune system launches an attack,
when Elliott and Weinstock first found that helminths protected mice against colitis, news spread fast.
In 2007, self-infected entrepreneurs Garin Aglietti and Jasper Lawrence founded a worm therapy start-up called Autoimmunetherapies in the US by harvesting hookworms plucked and sterilised from their own faeces,
However in 2009, the Food and Drug Administration defined helminths as biological products that could not be sold before having undergone a series of clinical trials
Herbert Smith, a financial analyst in New york bought hookworms, and pig and human whipworms from Wormtherapy and Autoimmunetherapies,
either travelling to Mexico or receiving mail-order worms from Lawrence. Smith was diagnosed with Crohn's disease in 1996,
Today, he maintains a healthy population of hookworms, which he says have caused a complete remission."
Moises Velasquez-Manoff, a journalist, also visited Aglietti's Tijuana clinic to receive a dose of 30 hookworms for his allergies and asthma,
Fleming says he advises the multiple sclerosis patients who email him at a rate of around one a week against self-infecting with helminths."
 Testing stagenowadays, most researchers investigating helminthic therapies have abandoned bloodsucking hookworms in favour of pig whipworms,
who suffer from gluten intolerance, with hookworms. Gluten is introduced slowly into their diets to see
if the hookworms will suppress the disease's inflammatory response. Back in Wisconsin Fleming is continuing his studies on multiple sclerosis.
seeking to understand how helminths inhibit disease. Coronado Biosciences, a Massachusetts-based company, hopes to have results from two large studies being carried out in the US into the use of pig whipworm eggs to treat Crohn's disease by the end of the year.
It may therefore make sense to administer helminths as living probiotics. In the case of whipworms this means patients swallowing doses of live eggs;
in the case of hookworms they apply gauzes containing live larvae to their skin.""When you give someone a live worm,
it's like giving them the factory that makes the products and letting the factory do
"These worms are not benign, says Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.
bona fide treatments based on the biology of the worms that can be scaled up and manufactured without the complexities
Hotez and others including Weinstock's group are working on identifying the molecules responsible for the effects of treatment with worms
Several discoveries have already been made with hookworms such as a protein that inhibits white blood cell activity and another with anticoagulant properties.
or England to attain illicit worms, awaits the trial results. He occasionally speaks to multiple sclerosis support groups about his experiences,
and attracts microorganisms, worms and insects, which help maintain soil fertility and provide ecosystem services.
scientists ran an experiment b y giving the C. elegans worm small doses of alcohol to track the affects of withdrawal.
They learned no surprise here hat giving the worms more alcohol eased withdrawal symptoms. They also learned with a much bigger surprise that theres an actual oehangover molecule that can be quantified in the recovering brain http://www. stumbleupon. com/su/2k89pc/www. livescience. com/culture/hangover
or those caused by parasitic worms. The sheep whose blood contained the most antibodies lived the longest, the researchers found.
crickets and meal worms, emits 10 times less methane than livestock. The insects also produce 300 times less nitrous oxide, also a warming gas
and candied grasshoppers Mexico The agave worm is eaten on tortillas, and grasshoppers are toasted Cambodia Deep-fried tarantulas are popular with locals
The study included nematodes scorpions, dragonflies, barnacles, copepods and centipedes. Remipedes, one of the two species of Xenocarida in the study, had to be fetched from partially submerged limestone caves in the Yucatan peninsula and preserved just so.
From worm lollipops to chocolate-dipped scorpions these bizarre concoctions could be from the dark mind of a twisted Willy Wonka.
Pics) Californian based candy creators HOTLIX have been making people cringe with delight with their outrageous confections for over 25 years. oeour first insect candy was flavoured a tequila lollipop with a worm in it back in 1982,
what he calls the worm ranch where he grows all of the insects for food products,
but we do cut off the stinger just to make sure there is no hint of poison. oewe feed the worms things like oatmeal,
Robotic Earthworm Drivers The most valuable land on the planet will soon be the landfills
In the future, robotic earthworms will be used to silently mine the landfills and replace whatever is extracted with high-grade soil. 39.
We would turn to something more efficient#like huge vats of nematode worms.##He also cautioned that they were eaten best cooked,
head of the Michigan Nursery and Landscape Association, said she has seen not such widespread tree death since the emerald ash borer ravaged ash trees.
if we were able to raise the intelligence of a silk worm, could a silk worm be trained to automatically weave a tie
would it be possible to create a material frame that a silk worm could navigate around,
Cabbage worm. If you start seeing pretty white butterflies fluttering around your broccoli, youre guaranteed to start seeing little green worms all over your broccoli plants.
To avoid this, cover your broccoli plants with floating row cover or lightweight bed sheets. If you start seeing cabbage worms,
simply pick them off by hand. 2. Peas There is nothing like peas grown right in your own garden#the tender sweetness of a snap pea just plucked from the vine is unlike anything you can buy in at a store.
Cabbage worms (see Broccoli, above. 5. Tomatoes Fresh, homegrown tomatoes are the reason many gardeners get into vegetable gardening in the first place.
Tomato horn worm can be a problem in many areas#these large caterpillars should be removed by hand
Heat and cabbage worms. Most leafy greens are cool-weather crops, so theyre best grown in spring
which means they are prone to cabbage worm infestations. Control them with the same methods outlined in the Broccoli#section, above.
and worms that afflict goats and sheep. Dr. Harry G. Preuss, a professor of physiology and biology at the Georgetown University Medical center
and may even be the farmer s best friend feasting on worms and insects that might harm crops,
Prevent birds from destroying high value crops Identify insects, worms, and other unwanted plant devastation Precision pesticide, herbicide,
Xavier Callauaud s garden comes with a worm farm that will encourage plant fertilization and organic recycling.
Wall street journal article Mississippi Annual Worm Race#Kids bring live worm or borrow one from library to race.
When the U s. Forest Service looked at mortality rates in counties affected by the emerald ash borer,
The emerald ash borer had come from overseas and was quickly spreading a literal bug across state and national lines to Ohio, Minnesota, and Ontario.
When the U s. Forest Service looked at mortality rates in counties affected by the emerald ash borer,
Robotic Earthworms The most valuable land on the planet will soon be the landfills because that is where we have buried our most valuable natural resources.
In the future, robotic earthworms will be used to silently mine the landfills and replace whatever is extracted with high-grade soil. 43.
Robotic Earthworm Drivers The most valuable land on the planet will soon be the landfills
In the future, robotic earthworms will be used to silently mine the landfills and replace whatever is extracted with high-grade soil. 147.
Ringworm also known as dermatophytosis is not a worm at all: It is a fungal infection consisting of several different species of fungus that feeds on keratin the substance found in hair nails and the outer layer of skin within humans and domesticated animals.
The infection forms a ringlike pattern on skin that sort of looks like a worm burrow. These common household pets (in the United states)
Insects Come to the Table Mealworms wax worms and crickets may not be obvious choices for Turkey Day
Wax worms which are the larva of moths live in beehives and eat exclusively beeswax so they have a slightly sweet taste.
A modern rodent species that had very similar ornaments on its teeth the African dormouse are seedeaters that also eat some fruit as well as worms arthropods creatures such as insects
and it teems with earthworms beneficial insects and microorganisms. The change is due to several key farming practices including cover cropping and no-till farming
And many animals other than humans have life spans that continue past their reproductive years including killer whales (Orcinus orca) mynah birds (Leucopsar rothschildi) and nematode worms (Caenorhabditis elegans.
#Earthworms Trap Carbon, But Do They Influence Climate Change?(ISNS)--Earthworms have long been the organic gardener's friend.
They aerate soil as they burrow into the earth and release nutrients as soil passes through their digestive systems.
when researchers reported in Nature Climate Change  that earthworms contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
They claim that as the earthworms go about their soil-transforming business they release carbon dioxide that was trapped in the soil.
Overall the researchers determined that earthworms'burrowing causes a 33 percent increase in carbon dioxide emissions
 Jan Willem van Groenigen of Wageningen University in The netherlands and lead author on the Nature Climate Change article doesn't advocate exterminating earthworms. oeyou cannot say earthworms are good or bad.
Their results published in Nature Communications suggest that earthworms actually trap carbon dioxide in soil for an overall decrease in emissions.
But in a process called stabilization earthworms convert the digestible carbon to a form that stays in the soil.
 Earthworms ingest the organic matter or litter that lies atop the soil. The litter is ground to a pulp in their gizzard broken down and digested by their gut bacteria
Soil digested by earthworms is much richer in nitrogen potassium and phosphates. Their excrement also adds physical structure to the soil that holds in the carbon reduces erosion
and fungi and not at the role of the earthworms that are said eating them Neher.
Researchers found the earthworms provide checks and balances to the soil microbes'carbon dioxide emissions. In the northern part of the U s. forests rely on a layer of litter to regulate the temperature moisture and nutrient content of the soil.
Most earthworm species in the area are invasive. They eat up litter layers more quickly than the forests regenerate.
In a way these earthworms determine which trees will grow there in the future. Knowing the problems invasive earthworms bring the researchers chose to study two invasive species one from Asia and one from Europe.
They measured the carbon dioxide emission carbon mineralization and carbon stabilization of a batch of soil with just microbes and compared that with a batch of soil with microbes and earthworms.
They found that earthworm-stocked soil releases no more carbon dioxide than soil with microbes alone. In fact the earthworms excreted carbon that stuck in the ground rather than releasing it into the air.
Essentially earthworms created a carbon trap. We're losing the litter on the surface of the soil
which has affects on future forest composition but a lot of that may be moving deeper into the soil
and holding the carbon there said Neher. The carbon is just moving into deeper layers in the soil.
The second study was conducted over 54 days too short a time to judge the total effect of earthworms on the environment.
He stressed the importance of understanding the effects earthworms have on plants. If more plants grow because of the earthworm fertilization then those plants would use carbon dioxide in their normal photosynthesis cycle
and help reduce greenhouse gases in the environment. Whether or not earthworms contribute to climate change both sides agree that earthworms have unmistakable benefits.
As Darwin mused It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world as have organized these lowly creatures.
mopane worms in southern Africa; yellow jacket wasp larvae in Japan; and grasshoppers known as chapulines in Oaxaca Mexico to name a few.
Just 150 big brown bats can eat 33 million root worm pests. Without bats there would be more pests
#Invasive Earthworms Harming Great lakes Forests DENVER Gardeners and farmers may love earthworms for their rich castings
and composting help but in forests near the Great lakes the creatures are alien invaders. No earthworms are native to North america's northern forests (massive ice age glaciers kept the land worm-free.
But in the years since settlers arrived 15 earthworm species have appeared in Minnesota from Europe and Asia.
Some of the invasive species are changing local forests scientists have discovered. After these mixers come in there's a loss in plant species said Kit Resner graduate student
The earthworms eat away at the puffy duff layer blanketing the forest floor where species such as salamanders and ovenbirds live Resner reported Sunday (Oct 27) at the Geological Society of America's annual meeting.
And in the sugar maple forests near the Great lakes the churning worms actually compact the upper soil layers instead of loosening them Resner said.
In agricultural areas where you have compacted soils earthworms aerate the soils. Forest soils are really different than agricultural soils.
The worms also change the soil chemistry decreasing levels of calcium potassium and phosphorous. The net result is a loss of understory plants the young trees ferns
This article was updated Oct 29 to reflect that earthworms decrease soil nutrients not increase. Email Becky Oskin or follow her@beckyoskin. Follow us@livescience Facebook & Google+.
Traditionally in Bulgaria Serbia and other southeast European countries households with infestations of bed bugs have thwarted the evasive little bloodsuckers by strewing kidney bean leaves on the floor at night.
and during migration they eat marine invertebrates including polychaete worms and shrimp. Another video by Vyn shows a mated Spoon-billed sandpiper pair foraging along the edge of a snowmelt pond in Chukotka.
Earthworms flee the vibrations of oncoming moles. Listen to caterpillars communicate with their butts Of course there may be another explanation for the apparent response to sound reported by Gagliano.
and sulfuric acid gives the worms an odd flavor. If it weren't for the sulfur who knows they might even be told tasty Girguis Livescience.
The First Space Tourists Of course not all space-based animal experiments have fundamental scientific value said Nathaniel Szewczyk a biologist at the University of Nottingham who has studied 24 generations of nematodes in space.
Shared genes Animal experiments can also reveal how changes across the life span may translate to other species from earthworms all the way up to humans Szewczyk said.
 For instance nematodes and humans show similar changes in the expression of genes that regulate blood sugar Szewczyk said.
Many of the creatures with expanded ranges are invasive pests like the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) and the hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) both
The emerald ash borer which burrows beneath the bark of ash trees to feed on the water
I spend my days were talking about a metallic green insect called the emerald ash borer
or worms they scoop it up in their bills store it in their cheek pouches and swim to the surface.
The record cold snap sweeping much of the United states blasted states hit hard by the emerald ash borer an invasive beetle that was detected first in 2002.
borer larvae living under the bark of ash trees the USDA wrote today in a Facebook post.
Sussman endured leech bites coral stings a broken wrist a solo drive along the Pan-American Highway
just as and may include worms snails insect larvae aquatic insects crustaceans water plants algae and fallen fruit.
Terrestrial turtles also eat a variety of foods from earthworms grubs snails beetles and caterpillars to grasses fruit berries mushrooms and flowers.
Commercial turtle pellets and fish pellets as well as gut-loaded insects (bugs with nutrient-rich diets) earthworms and small fish are sold often as turtle food at pet stores.
#Explorers Eat Fried Tarantulas at Black-tie Gala NEW YORK Goat testicles earthworms python and jellyfish were on the menu here at the Waldorf Astoria hotel Saturday night (March 15).
The oldest Schistosoma egg found previously in Egyptian mummies was dated to 5200 years ago. The parasite egg hails from the Fertile Crescent a region around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the middle East where some of the first irrigation techniques were invented about 7500 years ago.
That suggests that advances in farming technologies caused the rise of human infections with the waterborne worm Mitchell told Live Science. 7 Stunning Archaeological Sites in Syria Bloody worms Schistosoma parasites live in freshwater snails
and eventually bladder cancer while in Africa the flatworm typically infects the bowels where it causes bleeding and anemia as well.
if the flatworm has evolved since it began infecting humans Mitchell said. The findings were published today (June 19) in the journal Lancet Infectious diseases.
Invasive insects such as the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) and the hemlock wooly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) both of which have decimated native tree populations in the Northeast may have had their march across America slowed
but usually those with simple body plans like the planarian worm Gilroy said. Intelligent plants?
Worms have already been seen in six towns in Guinea and moths have been spotted in some regions of Liberia,
farmers who could not get hold of pesticides set fire to worms and crops, says Tucker. Government teams are now spraying pesticides imported from Accra in Ghana,
The virus attacks the worms every year, but usually occurs too late in their outbreak cycle to prevent serious crop damage.
Nature Newsresearchers have created transgenic maize plants that fight off pests by emitting a chemical to attract insect-killing nematode worms. 1the method,
which attracts nematodes that kill western corn rootworm an insect whose larvae are major maize pests in North america.
and infested the plots with rootworm before releasing around 600,000 nematode parasites. Root damage by rootworm larvae was less in the transgenic maize,
future studies should address the effects that enhancing natural chemical signals might have on a whole ecosystem including the resident populations of insect-killing nematodes.
if it were not being emitted continually by the plants it would be better to guide the nematodes to the plants most in need of protection,
which can be sprayed on the worms and, if successful, would reduce the need to use chemical insecticides.
Even though benthic creatures eventually eat the whale carcasses (see'Bone-devouring worms discovered), 'the carbon will remain in the depths,
Intestinal roundworms, including hookworms and whipworms, infect well over one billion people, lowering immune systems for HIV, malaria and tuberculosis and debilitating both physically and cognitively.
This bacterium is a natural soil predator of nematodes, says author Raffi Aroian from the University of California,
San diego. The bacterium can kill the worm, he adds, and it has a great track record for safety around vertebrates.
Hookworms and some other parasitic nematodes have shown signs of resistance to albendazole, the current treatment approved by the World health organization.
Compared to the best drugs people have developed to treat human parasitic worms this natural protein is at least three times better,
The parasitic worm Heligmosomoides bakeri naturally infects mice and is a common laboratory model organism for studying human diseases caused by roundworms, such as river blindness and elephantiasis.
the two in vivo studies have shown significant therapeutic activity of a crystal protein against two species of nematode,
Nearly all of the current drugs to treat nematode diseases were invented for veterinary purposes, he says,
or whether there is an equal distribution of numbers between species. The team looked at the bugs, nematodes and fungi that attack the hated Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).
screw-worms in the United states, Central america and Libya; and tsetse flies on the island of Zanzibar, off the coast of Africa.
of which has potential for use in fighting devastating diseases such as the potato cyst nematode and the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, famous for causing The irish potato famine of the 1840s.
cnidarians, worms and other animals to sort out which lineages came first. So far, he says,
A bloody boon for conservationbloodsucking leeches are offering the best hope of finding one of the world s rarest animals.
Conservationists are now planning to trawl tropical leeches for saola DNA. Prompted by research published this week2 showing that the bloodsuckers can store DNA from their meals for several months,
the saola search is at the vanguard of an approach to gauging biodiversity that could prove much more efficient than conventional methods.
and sequence DNA left in the environment, in everything from soil to leeches stomachs.""I am almost sure that in ten years all the research on biodiversity will be done with DNA,
describing his experiments with leeches. Gilbert, his colleague Mads Bertelsen and their team had fed goat blood to medicinal leeches (Hirudo spp.
something that is"a lot harder than it sounds, says Gilbert. The team resorted to tempting the creatures with blood-filled condoms warmed under a heat-lamp,
and putting the leeches into syringes attached to blood-filled test tubes sealed by a thin film.
After killing the leeches over the course of several months, the team identified goat DNA in every one of them.
Gilbert asked Wilkinson to ship him some tropical leeches (Haemadipsa spp.).Wilkinson collected them on the Vietnamese side of the Annamite Range
but 21 of the 25 leeches they tested contained DNA from other mammals, including the Truong Son muntjac deer (Muntiacus truongsonensis) and the Annamite striped rabbit (Nesolagus timinsi),
Leeches are impossible to avoid in tropical forests, and they can be collected by the dozen by simply peeling them off intrepid researchers clothes.
The plummeting cost of DNA sequencing makes leech surveys cheap, and DNA from hundreds of the animals could be combined
but leeches should help to pin down its range. The Vietnam field trial suggests that leeches preserve DNA from only their most recent blood meal
so an animal s range is likely to include the location where the leech was found.
Surveying leech blood is just one of many ways to collect environmental DNA that have emerged in recent years.
In the Molecular Ecology special issue, various research teams worked out the diet of a leopard by sequencing DNA in its faeces3;
tracked earthworm communities in soil4; and reconstructed ancient Siberian habitats from DNA preserved in permafrost5.
In Vientiane last month, leeches were the talk of the IUCN s Saola Working group meeting. Wilkinson says that the group hopes to offer rewards to villagers who bring in leeches with saola DNA,
Wilkinson and his colleagues at the WWF plan to gather leeches from the Vietnamese side of the Annamites
and the Wildlife Conservation Society in New york intends to include leeches in its upcoming surveys of Laos."Everyone is excited, unsurprisingly,
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica was known already to affect the standard skin test for btb, but it was unclear
questions whether the liver fluke hides infections.""Cattle carcasses are inspected in abattoirs and we would see evidence of TB in the slaughtered animals
Eradicating liver fluke could increase the sensitivity of the skin test and allow better control of infected cattle,
Human liver flukes are rife in tropical and subtropical regions, and btb causes 10%of human tuberculosis deaths in Africa."
Liver fluke could also explain epidemiological mysteries, such as why btb has gained never a foothold in northwest England."
and suggests that neonicotinoids accumulate in soil at levels that can kill soil invertebrates such as Eisenia foetida, a type of earthworm.
and other birds significantly reduce damage by a devastating coffee pest, the coffee berry borer beetle.
The borer beetle is originally from Africa, but has spread to nearly every coffee-producing region.
in the rainy season peak time for beetle activity borer infestation almost doubled when birds were excluded from foraging on coffee shrubs,
He and his colleagues have previously found that birds help to protect the famous Jamaican Blue Mountain coffee crop from the borer beetle2,
Karp and colleagues'results show only a very modest drop in borers as forest coverage grows,
whereas viruses and nematode worms shifted to lower latitudes. Other groups showed no detectable change."
that those pest groups seen moving towards the equator largely nematode worms and viruses are the most poorly understood,
Fungus discovery offers pine-wilt hopethe pine-wood nematode is a major pest in the forests of China.
The worm, which causes pine-wilt disease, has killed more than 50 million trees and resulted in economic losses of US$22 billion since 1982.
a team of Chinese ecologists has made a discovery that could halt the march of the nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus).
Sun Jianghua and his colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology in Beijing have identified a fungus that has a crucial role in the worm s life cycle,
In Asia, pine-wood nematodes spread with the help of Japanese pine sawyer beetles (in the Monochamus genus). The worms enter the respiratory system of hatching beetle pupae in the trunks of diseased trees
As the young beetles feed, the nematodes leave through the insects'mouths. Once infected trees often die within a year
"While the nematodes have invaded China for more than  three decades, pine forests are affected not equally,
at least as far as the pine-wood nematode is concerned. In an eight-year survey, at six sites in southern China, Sun and his colleagues found that tree infestation was higher in the presence of a previously unknown species of tree fungus,
"Although we knew that pine-wood nematodes feed on not only the vascular tissue of pines but also tree fungi,
says Sun. Â To examine the fungi s role in the relationship, the team fed nematodes and beetles with different types of fungus in a Petri dish.
The nematodes feeding on Sporothrix sp. 1 mated more, had more offspring and developed faster than those feeding on other species of fungi."
which increases growth and reproduction in the beetles and nematodes. The key now, says Mota,
The nematode, which is native in North america, also wreaks havoc in other Asian countries, such as Japan and Korea.
called fatty acid ethyl ester, induces juvenile nematodes into a dispersal stage a prerequisite for the hitchhiking step3.
and reproduction of the nematode as well as its dispersal are now"two potentially promising strategies to prevent the nematodes from infecting trees,
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