And people in China are now consuming almost 3 times as much meat compared to a few decades ago.
Demand for convenience foods also is rising with the growth of the urban population. Several other food-related challenges lie ahead Floros pointed out.
We're not doing enough to resolve these complex issues that are critical for providing 9-10 billion people with a nutritious diet said Floros.
and moregenes from the family of bacteria that produce vinegar Kombucha tea and nata de coco have become stars in a project
Cows horses and termites can digest the cellulose in grass hay and wood. Most cellulose consists of wood fibers and cell wall remains.
and look like jelly. A nanometer is one-millionth the thickness of a U s. dime. Nevertheless cellulose shares the unique properties of other nanometer-sized materials--properties much different from large quantities of the same material.
and other advantages has fostered interest in using it in everything from lightweight armor and ballistic glass to wound dressings and scaffolds for growing replacement organs for transplantation.
In the 1800s French scientist Louis Pasteur first discovered that vinegar-making bacteria make a sort of moist skin swollen gelatinous and slippery--a skin now known as bacterial nanocellulose.
which are mainly photosynthetic bacteria much like the vinegar-making bacteria in basic structure; however these blue-green algae or cyanobacteria as they are called can produce nanocellulose.
Other members of the Acetobacter family find commercial uses in producing vinegar and other products.
Bacteria for instance would need a high-purity broth of food and other nutrients to grow in the huge industrial fermentation tanks that make everything from vinegar and yogurt to insulin and other medicines.
Those drawbacks shifted their focus on engineering the A. xylinum nanocellulose genes into Nobles'blue-green algae. Brown explained that algae have multiple advantages for producing nanocellulose.
Cyanobacteria for instance make their own nutrients from sunlight and water and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while doing so.
This gene codes for an enzyme that digests sugar. It might be used to digest woody tissue
Audiences influence future status of quails following fights between rivalsfor animals prevailing in a fight affects their likelihood of winning future conflicts.
whether the presence of an audience influences the behaviour and the testosterone changes of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) after a fight.
They kept quails in social groups each consisting of two males (one dominant and one subordinate) and three females.
The scientists observed fights between two dominant male quails in a central arena. The members of the respective social group either were allowed to watch the fight or not.
whether the quails had won or lost. After a fight in front of an audience though the losers had lower testosterone levels.
The winners on the other hand showed a similar increase to quails that had fought without an audience. In order to determine whether a change in status after losing a fight in front of an audience could be prevented physiologically the scientists treated the losers immediately after the fight with a testosterone cream on the skin.
In the summer of 2012 the sea potato had spread as far south as Sandwich Mass. on the north shore of Cape cod.
and it's competing with them for space nutrients and light says Green. In the summer it's becoming a bit of a nuisance.
#Trade emerging as a key driver of Brazilian deforestationa new study published online April 4th in the journal Environmental Research Letters finds that trade and global consumption of Brazilian beef
i e. cultivation of soybeans and grazing of cattle the study allocates the emissions to countries based on domestic consumption and international trade of Brazilian soybeans and beef.
on average over the two decades 85%of the emissions embodied in Brazilian beef products and 50%of those in Brazilian soybean products have been driven by Brazilian consumption.
Russia has increased recently its share from very low levels to becoming the world's largest importer of emissions embodied in Brazilian beef in 2010 with 15%of total exported beef.
and beef than the European market said co-author Glen Peters of CICERO. Consumption of Brazilian soybeans and beef by countries who are already seeking to protect Brazilian forests (e g. via REDD) is driving demand
and therefore indirectly increasing the deforestation they are seeking to prevent. Countries are putting more and more pressure on the Brazilian Amazon by consuming agricultural products
when looking for nectar --and the answer is remarkably simple. Despite their tiny brains bees are smart enough to pick out the most attractive flowers by watching other bees and learning from their behaviour.
and conclude that those of the same colour must also contain lots of energy-rich nectar.
Learning where to find nectar by watching others seems fantastically complex for a tiny bee
Most worker bees visit thousands of flowers every day in their search for nectar to feed their queen's brood.
Bees were trained to know that sugar could be found on flowers where other foragers were present.
Naive foragers who had learnt never to equate other bees with nectar did not copy other bees'behaviour.
For example we might associate Easter with chocolate or injections with fear. This suggests that other species not just bees may also use this logical process when learning from others.
when found in the environment but acquires one from the cells that it grows in within the liver.
being enveloped in host membranes helps the virus to evade host immune systems and spread within the liver.
and facilitate its spread within the host once it has infected a person said Lemon. While no other virus has been shown to exhibit this particular behavior Dr. Lemon said that it is likely that Hepatitis a virus is not unique in its dual nature.
She found that it was mediated by droplets of sugar esters called acylsugars that are produced and exuded from hairs (trichomes) that cover the plants.
or laying eggs on the plants. The process does not require genetic modification and is completely safe.
Whether it be altering sugar levels to suit different environments or tweaking virus resistance Mutschler-Chu wants to discover the best package for insect and virus control.
New Brown University research published online in the journal Ecology reports exactly such a situation in the distressed salt marshes of Cape cod.
#Verifying that sorghum is a new safe grain for people with celiac diseasestrong new biochemical evidence exists showing that the cereal grain sorghum is a safe food for people with celiac disease who must avoid wheat
Their study which includes molecular evidence that sorghum lacks the proteins toxic to people with celiac disease appears in ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Paola Pontieri and colleagues explain that those gluten proteins present in wheat and barley trigger an immune reaction in people with celiac disease that can cause abdominal pain and discomfort constipation diarrhea and other symptoms.
The only treatment is lifelong avoidance of gluten. Sorghum they note has emerged as an alternative grain for people with celiac disease.
In Western countries sorghum traditionally has been feed an animal. But in Africa and India it long has been a food for people.
Recently U s. farmers have begun producing sorghum hybrids that are a white grain known as food-grade sorghum.
The researchers set out to make a detailed molecular determination of whether sorghum contains those toxic gluten proteins.
They describe evidence from an analysis of the recently published sorghum genome the complete set of genes in the plant
and other sources that verify the absence of gluten proteins. The authors also report that sorghum has high nutritional value.
Food-grade sorghums should be considered as an important option for all people especially celiac patients the report concluded.
The authors acknowledge funding from the Regione Campania the Istituto Banco di napoli--Fondazione and the Compagnia di San Paolo.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
The key to this exciting development is that Zhang is using the second most prevalent sugar in plants to produce this hydrogen he said.
To liberate the hydrogen Virginia Tech scientists separated a number of enzymes from their native microorganisms to create a customized enzyme cocktail that does not occur in nature.
Other processes that convert sugar into biofuels such as ethanol and butanol always have energy efficiencies of less than 100 percent resulting in an energy penalty.
Berkebile has uncovered many examples of other plant life the Puebloans might have used as a food source such as purslane pinyon nut juniper berries globemallow and even cactus.
Examples at MU 125 include pinyon nut juniper berries and cactus. -Domesticated resources: These are brought plants to the Southwest by humans
Its flowers are large producing a high volume of sugar-rich nectar each day--an ideal place for bumblebees to forage.
and aluminum in the flowers'nectar influenced bumblebee behavior Ashman and Meindl used two groups of uncontaminated flowers one group of flowers contaminated by nickel and another contaminated by aluminum.
and sample the nectar they are able to discriminate against certain metals. In the study the bees were able to taste discriminate against
The paper The effects of aluminum and nickel in nectar on the foraging behavior of bumblebees first appeared online March 6 in Environmental Pollution.
#Tiny grazers play key role in marine ecosystem healthtiny sea creatures no bigger than a thumbtack are being credited for playing a key role in helping provide healthy habitats for many kinds of seafood according to a new study
The researchers found that these plant-eating animals feast on the nuisance algae that grow on seagrass ultimately helping maintain the seagrass that provides nurseries for seafood.
Seagrass declines in some areas are attributed partly to excessive nutrients in water bodies stimulating excessive algal growth on seagrasses.
and enter the blood often leading to the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
and their invasiveness in a tissue culture dish doctors may be able to quickly adjust their treatment plans in response We are optimistic that the use of our Nanovelcro CTC technology will revolutionize prostate cancer treatment.
#Feeding corn germ to pigs does not affect growth performanceinclusion of corn germ in swine diets can reduce diet costs depending on the local cost of corn germ and other ingredients.
Recent research conducted at the University of Illinois indicates that corn germ can be included at up to 30 percent in diets fed to growing pigs.
In previous research we had seen that pigs do very well on diets containing 10 percent corn germ
Stein's team tested diets containing 0 percent 10 percent 20 percent and 30 percent corn germ.
They tested each inclusion level of corn germ in diets containing 30 percent distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as in diets containing no DDGS.
or backfat quality as increasing amounts of corn germ were added to the diets regardless of the inclusion level of DDGS.
The results of this work demonstrate that pig growth rate will not be changed by the inclusion of up to 30 percent corn germ in the diets
and feed conversion rate will not be changed Stein said. All diets contained the same amounts of energy standardized ileal digestible indispensable amino acids
and digestible phosphorus. Fat content was held not constant across diets; the diets containing more corn germ also contained more fat.
As a result the bellies of pigs fed diets with no DDGS were softer as corn germ levels increased.
Producers may have to reduce the inclusion rate during the final three to four weeks before slaughter Stein concluded.
There was no effect on belly firmness in pigs fed diets containing DDGS. Stein said that research on
whether reducing the inclusion rate of corn germ in late-finishing diets would ameliorate the negative effects on belly quality might be warranted.
The study Up to 30 percent corn germ may be included in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs without affecting pig growth performance carcass composition
or pork fat quality was published in the Journal of Animal Science and was authored co with Jung Wook Lee a Master's student in the Stein Monogastric Nutrition Laboratory at Illinois
and Floyd Mckeith professor of animal sciences at Illinois. The manuscript is available at: Story Source:
and then compared that section to a similar section of DNA from sorghum. Sorghum is a grain related to pearl millet
and a complete map of its genome recently was released by Devos'UGA colleague Andy Patterson.
and causing reduced plant height in sorghum was the prime gene candidate controlling pearl millet dwarf stature Devos said.
and Africa and will likely gain interest from drought-prone regions of the developed world as an alternative to corn in animal feed Parvathaneni said.
and Pine nut Mountains and from Reno south to Topaz Lake--an area collectively referred to as the Carson front.
One serving of whole wheat pasta plus two servings of fruits or vegetables provides about 7 grams of fiber researchers said.
and help them learn how to increase fiber in their diet. In the United states stroke is the fourth leading cause of death killing more than 137000 people annually.
In addition to following a nutritious diet the American Heart Association recommends being physically active and avoiding tobacco to help prevent stroke and other heart and blood vessel diseases.
The researchers found that a scale insect that exclusively feeds on oak trees was 13 times more abundant on willow oaks in the hottest parts of the city of Raleigh North carolina than in cooler areas of the same city even
and cancer biology scientists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center tested the potentially harmful effect of foods and flavorings on the DNA of cells.
They found that liquid smoke flavoring black and green teas and coffee activated the highest levels of a well-known cancer-linked gene called p53.
or flavorings but do suggest the need for further research. The Johns Hopkins study began a year ago
For the study published online February 8 in Food and Chemical Toxicology Kern and his team sought advice from scientists at the U s. Department of agriculture about food products and flavorings.
and dilute food products to levels that occur in a normal diet he says. Using Kern's test for p53 activity
and flavorings with human cells and grew them in laboratory dishes for 18 hours. Measuring and comparing p53 activity with baseline levels the scientists found that liquid smoke flavoring black
and green teas and coffee showed up to nearly 30-fold increases in p53 activity which was on par with their tests of p53 activity caused by a chemotherapy drug called etoposide.
and gallic acid but there could be ways to remove the two chemicals from foods and flavorings.
Liquid smoke produced from the distilled condensation of natural smoke is used often to add smoky flavor to sausages other meats and vegan meat substitutes.
when sausage manufacturers switched from natural casings to smoke-blocking artificial casings. Other flavorings like fish and oyster sauces tabasco
and soy sauces and black bean sauces showed minimal p53 effects in Kern's tests as did soybean paste kim chee wasabi powder hickory smoke powders and smoked paprika.
Funding for the study was provided by the National institutes of health's National Cancer Institute (CA62924) and the Everett and Marjorie Kovler Professorship in Pancreas Cancer Research.
Again the experiments mimicked levels that could be seen in the wild this time by feeding a sugar solution mixed with appropriate levels of pesticides.
#Better-educated parents feed children fewer fats and less sugarthe level of education of parents has an influence on the frequency with
The Identification and prevention of dietary-and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants (IDEFICS) study includes data from 14426 children aged between two and nine from eight European countries:
The results published in the journal Public health Nutrition confirm that parents with a lower level of education feed their children food rich in sugars
and fats more often than those parents with a higher level of education who feed their children more products of a higher nutritional quality including vegetables fruit pasta rice and wholemeal bread.
Childhood nutritionchildhood from two to fourteen years old is a growth period during which the requirements for energy and nutrients increase.
Nevertheless the World Health Organisation warns of the importance of monitoring the diet of the youngest members of society as almost 40 million children under the age of five suffered from overweight in 2010.
Their diet should include cereals fruit vegetables dairy products lean meats fish poultry eggs and nuts.
Ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs that are fertilized for pregnancy as well as secrete hormones important to bone and cardiovascular health.
and nutrients to enter the capsule but would prevent the patient from rejecting the cells.
#Fruit flies fed organic diets are healthier than flies fed nonorganic diets, study findsa new study looking at the potential health benefits of organic
versus nonorganic food found that fruit flies fed an organic diet recorded better health outcomes than flies fed a nonorganic diet.
The study from the lab of SMU biologist Johannes H. Bauer Southern Methodist University Dallas found that fruit flies raised on diets of organic foods performed better on several tests for general health.
what we now need to determine is why the flies on the organic diets did better especially
since not all the organic diets we tested provided the same positive health outcomes said Bauer principal investigator for the study.
Fruit flies on organic diets showed improvements on the most significant measures of health namely fertility
We don't know why the flies on the organic diet did better. That will require further research.
It remains unclear why organic diets delivered better health the researchers said. The Bauer lab results come at a time
Fruit flies were fed extracts from produce purchased at a grocery storein order to investigate whether organic foods are healthier for consumers the lab utilized one of the most widely used model systems the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
The Bauer lab fruit flies were fed organic and nonorganic produce purchased from a leading national grocery retailer of organic and conventional foods.
and avoided any confounding effects of a mixed diet. The health tests measured longevity fertility stress and starvation resistance.
or neutral results were obtained using diets prepared from organic raisins which suggests the beneficial health effects of organic diets are dependent on the specific food item Bauer said.
That might explain some of the inconsistent results in the published studies in the scientific literature he said noting some studies suggest there is a nutritional benefit from organic food
To our surprise in the majority of our tests of flies on organic foods the flies fed organic diets did much better on our health tests than the flies fed conventional food Bauer said.
On both of these tests flies fed organic diets performed much better than flies fed conventional diets.
Wheat is a globally important crop due to its enhanced adaptability to a wide range of climates and improved grain quality for the production of baker's flour.
and BGI presents the genome of Bread wheat (T. aestivum AABBDD) the progenitor of the Wheat A genome.
Remarkably a higher number of genes for the cytochrome P450 family were identified in Ae tauschii (485) than sorghum (365) rice (333) Brachypodium (262) and maize (261.
Information on usual dietary intake of soy food (soy milk tofu fresh and dry soybeans soy sprouts and other soy products) was collected in-person at study enrollment
During the course of the study 444 women were diagnosed with lung cancer. The median time between the first dietary assessment and cancer diagnosis was 5 8 years.
In this analysis patients were divided into three groups according to soy food intake prior to lung cancer diagnosis. The highest and lowest intake levels were equivalent to approximately 4 oz or more and 2 oz or less tofu
Acid rain during the 20th century caused widespread depletion of available soil calcium an essential plant nutrient throughout much of the industrialized world.
These indicine cattle which often have a characteristic hump at the back of the neck spread into Africa
and began supplying beef to the rest of the country. Since then the fortunes of the Longhorns have waxed
That's when Americans began developing their taste for fatty beef so then the other cattle became valuable in that respect as well.
and grass-fed beef which is seen as healthier by many consumers. And their genes may prove valuable to ranchers who can use the increasingly sophisticated genetic information to selectively breed the Longhorns'toughness into other breeds of cattle.
But Boal said part of that equation is a landscape where the chickens have a lot of habitat.
or other human activity the chickens just won't said use Boal. Because we've pieced up the habitat so much
#Elevated carbon dioxide in atmosphere trims wheat, sorghum moisture needsplenty has been written about concerns over elevated levels of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
and sorghum and allowing more efficient use of water said K-State agronomy professor Mary Beth Kirkham.
The research showed that sorghum and winter wheat used water more efficiently as a result of the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Kirkham said.
and her students collected to calculate how much the water use efficiency of sorghum has increased since 1958
Due to the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere it now takes 55 milliliters (ml) less water to produce a gram of sorghum grain than it did in 1958 she said.
but spread over the large acreage of sorghum grown in Kansas the more efficient use of water now compared to 1958 should have a large impact.
Comparing with chicken and zebra finch researchers found the transposable element composition of falcons was most similar to that of zebra finch.
Large segmental duplications in falcons are less frequent than that in chicken and zebra finch and comprise less than 1%of both falcon genomes.
They also found that a gene expansion in the olfactory receptor Î-c clade in chicken
The survey revealed that more than 80%of people in these areas use wetland resources including collecting water catching fish hunting bush meat (Sitatunga a type of antelope
Over half admitted to growing crops in the nutrient rich soil wetlands with its ready water supply.
It was possible that the fly's larvae eating away inside the crabapples as they grew toward adulthood belonged to a relatively harmless species that had expanded simply its traditional diet.
The Feder team is continuing to refine the genetic assays to develop a portable test that would be valuable in apple-growing regions as well as ports of entry where fruit infested by nonlocal insect species can be detected rapidly to prevent the spread of the insect.
N availability corn stover accumulation and unfavorable weather. Given that weather cannot be controlled and the optimum N fertilizer rate can be determined only after crop harvest managing corn stover has the greatest potential for reducing the CCYP said Gentry.
The same research team is collaborating on a follow-up study investigating the effect of stover removal and tillage on the CCYP.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental sciences.
Rising minimum temperatures may be the best way to predict how climate change will affect an ecosystem said Robert Warren assistant professor of biology at SUNY Buffalo State.
So it's possible that the displacement of A. picea may affect the spread of seeds produced by early spring ephemerals said Warren. By comparing data collected in 1974 to current data Warren
The absence of A. picea may affect the spread of seeds produced by early-flowering woodland plants.
The above story is provided based on materials by SUNY Buffalo State. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
The research came out of a long collaboration on aluminum tolerance with Embrapa Maize and Sorghum in Brazil
and Environmental Nutrition is believed to be the first to show a decrease in food insecurity--or a lack of access to nutritional foods for at least some days or meals for members of a household--as the result of an intervention.
She points out that meat poultry and seafood are the most expensive items in a food budget especially the recommended lower-fat versions.
Typical households of lower socioeconomic status spend grocery money first on these items allocating far less to vegetables and fruits.
However by changing the focus to the elimination of foods not needed to improve health--such as meat snacks desserts
and carbonated beverages--a healthy diet can be quite economical Flynn says. A total of 83 clients were recruited from emergency food pantries
and low-income housing sites for the 34 week study. Sixty-three completed the diet protocol and the six-month follow-up requirement.
As part of the study participants attended six weeks of cooking classes where instructors prepared quick and easy plant-based recipes that incorporated ingredients like olive oil whole grain pasta
All cooking class participants were provided with a bag of groceries that contained most of the ingredients to make three of the provided recipes for their family members during the six weeks of the cooking classes.
Grocery receipts were collected throughout the study and researchers observed significant decreases in purchases of meat carbonated beverages desserts and snacks even though staff never instructed participants not to purchase these items.
At the same time there was an increase in the total number of different vegetables and fruits consumed per month.
Our results also suggest that including a few plant-based meals per week is an attainable goal that will not only improve their health
and diet but also lower their food costs Flynn says Flynn is also an associate professor of medicine at The Warren Alpert Medical school of Brown University.
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