| H1n1 (63) |  |
| H5n1 (78) | |
and died when they were exposed to H5n1 bird flu, they didnt transmit the virus to other chickens they came into contact with.
H5n1 bird flu has been circulating in Asia and the Middle east, with occasional outbreaks in Europe, since 2003 and has killed
said this week it was raising its bird flu alert level after detecting H5n1 bird flu at poultry farms.
they infected 10 of them and 10 normal chickens with H5n1 bird flu. Like the normal chickens, the transgenic birds became sick with the virus,
H7n9 appears to be more infectious than the H5n1 bird flu virus Webby said. When researchers infect ferrets with H5n1 they usually do not see transmission through airborne
or direct contact Webby said. One bit of good news is that H7n9 does not appear to spread between pigs.
As the researchers studied the H7n9 flu they found a previously unknown virus called H7n7.
In laboratory tests this H7n7 virus infected ferrets which are used often a model for human flu transmission.
H7n7 viruses have appeared in other parts of the world but the one the researchers found differed from those.
Both the H7n9 virus and the H7h7 virus belong to the H7 family of viruses. 6 Flu Vaccine Myths There are probably other viruses like H7n7 that are circulating in the poultry populations in China said study
If scientists saw changes in the H7n7's proteins for instance they could see if it wasâ becoming more dangerous to humans said Racaniello who was involved not in the new study.
While this is still less deadly than the previous avian flu outbreak in China six years ago he H5n1 bird flu virus eventually killed more than 300 people after spreading from China to other countries in 2006 he death rate for this new Chinese bird flu
Previously reports of infection with the H5n1 strain of bird flu were linked to poultry markets Webby said.
Nature Newsa new strain of swine flu-influenza A (H1n1)- is spreading around the globe. This timeline will be updated continually with key dates, drawing on authoritative information from the World health organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other sources.
THE WHO defends itself against allegations it overhyped the dangers of H1n1 under pressure from vaccine manufacturers at a hearing of the Council of europe's health committee.
China's ministry of health confirms there have been 659 deaths from H1n1 in the country as of 2 january.
territories and communities have reported H1n1 cases, including at least 12,220 deaths. 8 december 2009: A review 2/b5106>in the BMJ warns that there is insufficient evidence for
China says it has dispatched monitoring teams to 12 regions after a high profile doctor suggested some cases of H1n1 might be being reported deliberately not.
THE WHO says H1n1 vaccines appear to have an excellent safety profile. None of the deaths investigated in those vaccinated have found a direct link to vaccination.
and overseas territories have confirmed laboratory cases of H1n1, with over 6, 000 recorded deaths. 30 october 2009:
Russian media reports the country's first H1n1 deaths. 25 october 2009: This week: vaccinations get underway in many European countries.
and Sao tome and principe issue first reports of H1n1 and Iceland, Sudan, and Trinidad and tobago reported their first deaths.
European Medicines Agency recommends approval of two H1n1 vaccines, from Novartis and Glaxosmithkline. 15 september 2009:
FDA approves four H1n1 vaccines, from CSL Limited, Medimmune LLC, Novartis, and Sanofi Pasteur. 10 september 2009:
Two papers published in the New england Journal of Medicine show two new vaccines against H1n1 are likely to be effective after just one dose (paper 1,
Novartis says a trial on 100 subjects shows its H1n1 vaccine is potentially protective for 80%of subjects after one dose and over 90%after two doses. 21 august 2009:
India confirms first death from H1n1, the victim being a 14-year old girl in the city of Pune.
Researchers from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warn that pregnant women might be increased at risk for complications from pandemic H1n1 in a research paper in eventid=login>The Lancet (hithardbyswi. html>more on this story.
Confirmation of H1n1 as the cause comes 3 august. 22 july 2009: Two Australian companies say they have started human trials of their swine flu vaccines.
WHO changes reporting requirements for H1n1 and abandons issuing global tables with numbers of confirmed cases for all countries.
WHO antiviralresistance 20090708/en/index. html>says the three incidences of drug resistant H1n1 to date are sporadic cases of resistance.
At this time, there is no evidence to indicate the development of widespread antiviral resistance among pandemic H1n1 viruses.
Japan's health ministry reports that it too has detected a case of Tamiflu resistant H1n1.
Argentinian authorities report that a pig at a pig farm in Buenos aires province has tested positive for the novel H1n1 strain,
Chinese state news source Xinhua reports tests have begun on the first H1n1 vaccine developed in the country.
A woman in Scotland who died with H1n1 had underlying health conditions, according to the Scottish government.
H1n1 has reached Africa. THE WHO has 0603/en/index. html>confirmed a case in Egypt. Cases in Australia stand at 501, the largest number outside of The americas.
Medimmune, a biotechnology firm in Gaithersburg, Maryland, wins a $90 million contract from the federal government to begin developing a live attenuated vaccine for H1n1.
829 H1n1 cases have been reported in 40 countries, THE WHO has cautioned against complacency. This virus may have given us a grace period,
As of this morning, 33 countries have reported 5, 728 cases of H1n1 to THE WHO. 12 may 2009:
The CDC cid=mm58d0512a1e>notes that it is seeing some severe complications in cases of H1n1 in pregnant women,
or a family member will come down with H1n1 in the next year. 7 may 2009: Worldwide confirmed cases are now at 2, 371.6 May 2009:
Mexico's H1n1 shutdown should begin to ease tomorrow, with restaurants and cafes set to reopen.
Canadian authorities announce that H1n1 has been detected in a swine herd in Alberta. The pigs likely caught the virus from a Canadian who had visited recently Mexico,
As of this morning, 331 cases of H1n1 have been reported in 11 countries. According to the 0501/en/index. html>WHO, the worst outbreaks are still in Mexico (156 cases and nine deaths) and the United states (109 cases and one death.
The agency also announces it will refer to the virus not as swine flu but as influenza A (H1n1.
First swine-flu death outside Mexico reported as a baby dies in Texas. 161/nn200120/DE/Content/Service/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2009/082009. html>Germany joins European countries with H1n1
Seven countries are now reporting 0428/en/index. html>confirmed cases of H1n1 swine flu: the United states, Mexico, Canada, New zealand, the United kingdom, Israel and Spain.
Nature Newspublic-health experts are warning that a lack of surveillance may be allowing the 2009 pandemic H1n1 flu virus to go undetected in pigs.
The avian H5n1 flu virus leads to serious disease in poultry and causes huge economic losses,
the three most common endemic strains are H1n1, H1n2 and H3n2. Most expected that any new pandemic would involve the introduction of a viral subtype not previously seen in humans,
The emergence of the reassorted H1n1 pandemic virus which current research indicates noone has any immunity to, apart, perhaps,
and swine forms of H1n1 shared a common ancestor years before 1918. But he remains unconvinced by the series of genetic swaps proposed by the paper.
the pandemic H1n1 (swine flu virus currently circling the globe bears an uncanny resemblance to an influenza virus that wreaked havoc nearly a century ago,
People infected with the H1n1 swine flu virus who are otherwise healthy should not routinely be given antiviral drugs,
where oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is given routinely out to all those suspected of having contracted H1n1. Although those with uncomplicated illness should not get oseltamivir or zanamivir (Relenza),
which handles samples of H1n1 pandemic flu, and which earlier this year lost track of 22 vials containing harmless Ebola-virus genetic material.
The World health organization (WHO) announced on 10 august that the world is no longer experiencing an H1n1 influenza virus pandemic.
and that H1n1 would probably take on the behaviour of a seasonal flu virus. Margaret Chan,
The H5n1 strain of influenza which raged through Southeast asia a decade ago and has killed hundreds of people to date remains a problem in some developing countries,
The birds carry a genetic tweak that diverts an enzyme crucial for transmitting the H5n1 strain.
H5n1 is endemic in at least five countries, and is particularly threatening in Egypt and Indonesia, says Capua.
H5n1 outbreaks are controlled by swiftly culling the animals. In poor countries, however, there are lots of small farms,
Instead, developing countries try to control H5n1 by vaccinating birds. This doesn't prevent them from silently acquiring mild forms of the disease and
The researchers infected decoy-carrying birds with H5n1 and housed them with uninfected birds, some with the transgene and some without.
The technique may become most useful not for preventing the spread of H5n1 but for using similar cassettes to create resistance to other common poultry diseases.
Caution urged for mutant flu workwhy would scientists deliberately create a form of the H5n1 avian influenza virus that is probably highly transmissible in humans?
if the virus escaped from the lab. For the scientists who have created the mutated strains of the H5n1 virus,
found that just five mutations allowed avian H5n1 to spread easily among ferrets, which are a good proxy for how flu behaves in other mammals,
39 flu researchers declared a 60-day pause in the creation of lab mutant strains of the H5n1 avian flu virus. The hiatus,
And they all agree that the new research has done the world a service by showing that H5n1 seems capable of evolving the ability to spread rapidly among humans,
and international organizations to ramp up their funding of efforts to control outbreaks of the H5n1 virus in poultry,
Yet surveillance of H5n1 in poultry worldwide is patchy, particularly in poorer countries, where the virus is prevalent.
Last year, global surveillance resulted in partial sequences from just 160 H5n1 isolates being submitted to Genbank,
Genbankmoreover, if H5n1 surveillance in poultry is poor, the situation is far worse in pigs,
H5n1 infections in pigs are uncommon and cause only mild illness, creating little economic incentive to monitor them4.
Genbank contains partial sequences from just 24 pig H5n1 isolates. Yet pigs are a likely source of a human pandemic H5n1 virus
because they are susceptible to both human and avian viruses, creating opportunities for genetic reassortment in co-infected animals.
But even if a candidate pandemic H5n1 virus was detected in poultry, culling flocks to eliminate it would be no mean feat.
H5n1 has become endemic in many countries, including China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and Egypt,
The relative ease of making H5n1 transmissible between mammals in the lab should now prompt the world to address these glaring inadequacies in surveillance
H5n1 is far from being the only flu virus that poses a pandemic threat. But he believes that more extensive genetic surveillance could eventually pay off."
and public safety, relating to unpublished work on mutant, transmissible strains of the H5n1 Influenza a virus. See page 289 for more on the flu-virus debate. go. nature. com/pf7bwv20-24 february Marine scientists'responses to the Gulf of mexico oil spill in 2010 are discussed among topics at the Ocean Sciences Meeting in Salt lake city, Utah
The analysis covered all subtypes of flu virus, not just H5n1. That s important, says Malik Peiris, a flu virologist and surveillance expert at the University of Hong kong,
because"H5n1 is not the sole pandemic candidate, and low pathogenic viruses are just as likely, if not more likely,
The 2007 peak in avian viral sampling was largely the result of surveys of more than 100,000 wild birds to monitor for the arrival of H5n1 in the Americas1,
2. Also contributing was the sequencing of the H5n1 viral flare that moved from Asia into Europe and Africa in 2005 and 20063,4.
the emergence of pandemic strains such as the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus. The world is home to some 1 billion domestic pigs, almost half
The 2009 pandemic H1n1 virus, which is now endemic in pigs, is unusual in that it contains the triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) cassette,
a highly conserved set of six genes that allows the virus to swap genes with flu viruses from other species much more freely than the seasonal H1n1 that circulated before 2009 (see Pandemic 2009 H1n1 virus gives wings to avian flu).
Seasonal H1n1 reassorted sparingly, but"we are noting lots of reassortment between the pandemic virus and endemic swine viruses, says Peiris.
Another pig virus that has the TRIG cassette, H3n2, infected 12 people in the United states in 2011."
because it contains a gene from the H1n1 pandemic strain that may increase transmissibility among humans.
3 9 august 2012h5n1 moratorium Researchers should continue a self-imposed moratorium on lab studies that give new properties to the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5n1, according to Anthony Fauci, director of the US National Institute
Rinderpest is as deadly to cattle as highly pathogenic H5n1 avian flu is to chickens. In past decades, outbreaks ripped through herds and wiped out up to 90%of animals, often leaving famine,
Need for flu surveillance reiteratedthe emergence of the H1n1 influenza virus that leapt from pigs to humans in 2009,
and two H3n2 viruses isolated from pig abattoirs before the 2009 pandemic. Most of these viruses did not cause any signs of serious disease in ferrets.
but not transmissibility, in the pandemic H1n1 strain. NA315N has also been found before, but its role is less clear.
well-established avian flu virus H5n1 may help to target H7n9 surveillance and control efforts. The map shows human cases of H7n9 (blue circles) superimposed on a risk map developed for H5n1,
with light yellow representing lowest risk, and darker areas higher risk (risk-map source: ref. 1).(This is a large map
the H5n1 virus that has caused 622 confirmed cases and 371 deaths since 2003, may help inform analyses.
For H5n1, researchers integrate large data sets that combine information on many potentially important factors, such as poultry trade routes,
they add the distribution of H5n1 cases in poultry, and as well as positive H5n1 results from active surveillance in markets.
Marius Gilbert, a co-author of one such study published in PLOS Pathogens in 20111, and an expert in the epidemiology and ecology of avian flu viruses at the Free University of Brussels, says that
H5n1 risk maps are probably a good starting point for identifying areas most at risk. Indeed, when human cases of H7n9 are overlaid on a risk map that Marius
they seem to fall within the highest risk areas for H5n1. The map suggests that high-risk areas for H7n9 might include Shandong province
T. P. V. B. and M. G.,Universitã Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.)The H7n9 virus has mutations that mean that it spreads from birds to humans more easily than does H5n1.
in just two weeks the number of H7n9 cases has exceeded the 45 H5n1 cases China has reported over the decade
Genetic analyses of the new virus show that it has several mutations making it more adapted to humans than is H5n1.
This looks very different from H5n1, says Farrar. We never saw this number of presumed avian/animal to human transmissions in such a short space of time.
In the case of H5n1, outbreaks in poultry precede human outbreaks and tell public health workers where the public health threat lies.
though it will be at least as challenging as H5n1
Organic pollutants poison the roof of the worldtoxic chemicals are accumulating in the ecosystems of The himalayas and the Tibetan plateau,
Unlike its cousin H5n1 which has killed millions of birds and several hundred people in Asia and elsewhere since 2003 H7n9 does not cause serious bird disease,
In the three human cases, the genes coding for the internal proteins seem to come from H9n2 viruses a class that is endemic in birds,
More specifically, the sequences appear similar to recent H9n2 viruses found in China and South korea.
This is in contrast to the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus, which was a mix of viruses that infect birds, pigs and humans.
such as the H5n1 virus that has been ravaging poultry flocks in Asia since late 2002. Flu viruses that don t sicken birds can,
A highly pathogenic virus such as H5n1 is easy to spot because it wipes out flocks,
and H5n1. gm. asm. org21-23 may The Pasteur institute in Paris hosts an international symposium on HIV research,
The animals responded by making antibodies that blocked that virus but aided infection with the swine flu H1n1,
In the study, H1n1 infected more cells and caused more severe pneumonia in vaccinated piglets than unvaccinated ones.
But some of those antibodies also targeted the stem of H1n1 s haemagglutinin protein, helping that virus fuse to cell membranes.
That made H1n1 more efficient at infecting pigs and causing disease. The finding may give some vaccine developers pause.
and have found evidence that it developed in parallel with a similar bird flu, H7n7, which can infect mammals1.
Although there is no evidence that this H7n7 strain will infect humans, the authors of a study published today in Nature1 say that their finding reinforces the idea that H7 avian viruses are constantly mixing
This raises the threat that H7n7 will reassort and become able to spread to humans.
they found H7n9 and H7n7 to be hybrids of wild Eurasian waterfowl strains, such as H7n3 and H11n9.
The scientists think that those viruses swapped genes in domestic ducks before spreading to chickens, where they traded genes with a common chicken virus, H9n2.
So far, the latest H7n7 strain has infected not a human. But Guan and his team found that ferrets could become infected with the virus
The country was hit hard by another avian-flu virus, H5n1, a decade ago, and suffered enormous economic losses and more than 60 Â human deaths.
H5n1, by contrast, is lethal to birds, making outbreaks easier to spot and control. And despite extensive sampling of farms, wholesale markets and other parts of the poultry supply chain, the only strong link to H7n9 found so far is live-bird markets.
A study published today in Nature1 reconstructs the origins of Influenza a virus and traces its evolution and flow through different animal hosts over two centuries."
The analysis also reveals a shared ancestor for almost all avian flu strains and an H7n7 virus that struck down horses and mules throughout North america in 1872.
Then in 2012 healthcare workers across the U s. reported 309 human cases of influenza A (H3n2) variant also known as H3n2v.
The H1n1 flu that reached pandemic proportions in 2009 first spent some time circulating among pigs in Asia Europe and North america.
Public health departments should monitor pigs closely for Influenza a viruses the study authors wrote in their paper
#Influenza virus in wild birds in Norwayducks and gulls are the natural hosts of Influenza a virus.
Ragnhild Tønnessen's Phd research project has characterised Influenza a viruses in gulls and ducks in Norway.
Her discoveries may lead to a better understanding of the epidemiology and host adaptation of Influenza a virus.
Wild birds particularly ducks and gulls are the natural hosts for Influenza a viruses which can cause disease in animals and humans.
Influenza a viruses can be divided into subtypes of which the majority have been found in wild birds. Most subtypes of Influenza a virus cause subclinical infections in wild birds.
Infections in domestic chickens most commonly result in mild disease. In rare cases if introduced from wild birds to poultry some viruses of the H5
One example of this is the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus in Southeast asia known to cause#oebird flu#.
#Due to the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5n1 in Southeast asia a programme to monitor influenza viruses in wild birds in Norway was initiated in 2005.
Many different subtypes of the Influenza a virus were detected but not the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus. The complete genetic material from a total of five influenza viruses from mallard and common gull were sequenced and characterized.
The results showed that the genes of the Norwegian viruses resembled the genes found in influenza viruses from other wild birds in Europe.
and she discovered that more than 70%of the adult birds had developed antibodies against Influenza a virus. The majority of the kittiwakes had antibodies against an influenza virus subtype typically found in gulls namely H16.
Ragnhild Tønnessen defended her doctoral research on 27th august 2013 at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science with a thesis entitled Epidemiology and Host Adaptation of Influenza a viruses in Gulls#.
From these samples the researchers isolated several influenza viruses and genetically sequenced those of the H7n9 subtype as well as related H7n7 and H9n2 viruses.
Within ducks and later within chickens various strains of avian H7n9 H7n7 and H9n2 influenza exchanged genes with one another in different combinations.
Focusing on the avian flu virus strain H5n1 research published today in the journal PLOS ONE identifies key stages in the poultry trade chain which lead to its transmission to other birds animals and humans.
The H5n1 avian flu strain has been responsible for the deaths of millions of poultry as well as 375 confirmed human deaths.
We identified poultry transportation slaughter preparation and consumption as critical control points in response to HPAI H5n1 outbreaks in Vietnam.
The research was conducted as part of a three year interdisciplinary study of the impact of H5n1 on mechanisms of transmission local livelihoods and food security.
highly pathogenic avian influenza H5n1. Among other commonalities both viruses have a clinical picture that includes bilateral pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome
The possibility that H7n9 might infect pigs is particularly troubling as swine are considered a mixing vessel for viruses--a breeding ground for novel viral reassortants like the 2009 H1n1 pandemic influenza strain commonly known as swine flu.
The analysis of these novel H7n9 influenza virus isolates showed that that the six internal genes were derived from avian H9n2 viruses
This strain known as H3n2 spread around the globe and eventually killed an estimated 1 million people.
A new study from MIT reveals that there are many strains of H3n2 circulating in birds
There are indeed examples of H3n2 that we need to be concerned about says Sasisekharan who is also a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.
Strains of H3n2 have been circulating in humans since the 1968 pandemic but they have evolved to a less dangerous form that produces a nasty seasonal flu.
However H3n2 strains are also circulating in pigs and birds. Sasisekharan and his colleagues wanted to determine the risk of H3n2 strains reemerging in humans
whose immune systems would no longer recognize the more dangerous forms of H3n2. This type of event has a recent precedent:
In 2009 a strain of H1n1 emerged that was very similar to the virus that caused a 1918 pandemic that killed 50 million to 100 million people.
We asked if that could happen with H3 Sasisekharan says. You would think it's more readily possible with H3
Genetic similaritiesin the new study the researchers compared the 1968 H3n2 strain and about 1100 H3 strains now circulating in pigs
The recent human cases of H7n9 avian influenza demonstrate the importance of adopting the lessons learned from H5n1 avian influenza.
The studies on H5n1 found that despite shifts in government policies towards support for large scale industrial poultry production small scale production still needs support as it is a major source of income for women and the rural poor.
The team conducting studies on the effectiveness of control measures against H5n1 found that there were significant deficiencies in biosecurity practices in most of the farms studied especially but not only small scale farms.
The various studies also found that with H5n1 control wide area culling in which all poultry in a large zone around known infected flocks are culled had very severe effects on livelihoods because of the level of disruption
The studies conducted by APEIR did find some additional influenza virus subtypes other than H5n1 viruses
or the 2009 H1n1 swine flu outbreak that killed 280000 worldwide developed when viruses from humans and animals exchanged genes to create a new virus in a process called reassortment.
the seasonal H3n2 human flu and the H5n1 strain of bird flu that has crossed occasionally over into humans.
Currently H5n1 has a 60 percent mortality rate in humans but is known not to spread between humans frequently.
Unlike H5n1 the other virulent form of avian influenza to emerge in recent years H7n9 produces little signs of illness in birds
The team analyzed a dataset with more than 80000 gene sequences representing the global diversity of the Influenza a virus
The Influenza a virus is subdivided into 17 so-called HA subtypes--H1 through H17--and 10 subtypes of NA N1-N10.
These mix and match for example H1n1 H7n9 with the greatest diversity seen in birds. Using the new family tree of the flu virus as a map showed
Consider the epidemiology that was going on in China at the time and compare it with H5n1
The H5n1 is one of these highly virulent forms. If it has that extra amino acid,
So with the H5n1 you see a lot of disease in your birds and you know the virus is there.
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