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| H5n1 (78) | |
Nature Newsa new strain of swine flu-influenza A (H1n1)- is spreading around the globe. This timeline will be updated continually with key dates, drawing on authoritative information from the World health organization (WHO), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other sources.
THE WHO defends itself against allegations it overhyped the dangers of H1n1 under pressure from vaccine manufacturers at a hearing of the Council of europe's health committee.
China's ministry of health confirms there have been 659 deaths from H1n1 in the country as of 2 january.
territories and communities have reported H1n1 cases, including at least 12,220 deaths. 8 december 2009: A review 2/b5106>in the BMJ warns that there is insufficient evidence for
China says it has dispatched monitoring teams to 12 regions after a high profile doctor suggested some cases of H1n1 might be being reported deliberately not.
THE WHO says H1n1 vaccines appear to have an excellent safety profile. None of the deaths investigated in those vaccinated have found a direct link to vaccination.
and overseas territories have confirmed laboratory cases of H1n1, with over 6, 000 recorded deaths. 30 october 2009:
Russian media reports the country's first H1n1 deaths. 25 october 2009: This week: vaccinations get underway in many European countries.
and Sao tome and principe issue first reports of H1n1 and Iceland, Sudan, and Trinidad and tobago reported their first deaths.
European Medicines Agency recommends approval of two H1n1 vaccines, from Novartis and Glaxosmithkline. 15 september 2009:
FDA approves four H1n1 vaccines, from CSL Limited, Medimmune LLC, Novartis, and Sanofi Pasteur. 10 september 2009:
Two papers published in the New england Journal of Medicine show two new vaccines against H1n1 are likely to be effective after just one dose (paper 1,
Novartis says a trial on 100 subjects shows its H1n1 vaccine is potentially protective for 80%of subjects after one dose and over 90%after two doses. 21 august 2009:
India confirms first death from H1n1, the victim being a 14-year old girl in the city of Pune.
Researchers from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warn that pregnant women might be increased at risk for complications from pandemic H1n1 in a research paper in eventid=login>The Lancet (hithardbyswi. html>more on this story.
Confirmation of H1n1 as the cause comes 3 august. 22 july 2009: Two Australian companies say they have started human trials of their swine flu vaccines.
WHO changes reporting requirements for H1n1 and abandons issuing global tables with numbers of confirmed cases for all countries.
WHO antiviralresistance 20090708/en/index. html>says the three incidences of drug resistant H1n1 to date are sporadic cases of resistance.
At this time, there is no evidence to indicate the development of widespread antiviral resistance among pandemic H1n1 viruses.
Japan's health ministry reports that it too has detected a case of Tamiflu resistant H1n1.
Argentinian authorities report that a pig at a pig farm in Buenos aires province has tested positive for the novel H1n1 strain,
Chinese state news source Xinhua reports tests have begun on the first H1n1 vaccine developed in the country.
A woman in Scotland who died with H1n1 had underlying health conditions, according to the Scottish government.
H1n1 has reached Africa. THE WHO has 0603/en/index. html>confirmed a case in Egypt. Cases in Australia stand at 501, the largest number outside of The americas.
Medimmune, a biotechnology firm in Gaithersburg, Maryland, wins a $90 million contract from the federal government to begin developing a live attenuated vaccine for H1n1.
829 H1n1 cases have been reported in 40 countries, THE WHO has cautioned against complacency. This virus may have given us a grace period,
As of this morning, 33 countries have reported 5, 728 cases of H1n1 to THE WHO. 12 may 2009:
The CDC cid=mm58d0512a1e>notes that it is seeing some severe complications in cases of H1n1 in pregnant women,
or a family member will come down with H1n1 in the next year. 7 may 2009: Worldwide confirmed cases are now at 2, 371.6 May 2009:
Mexico's H1n1 shutdown should begin to ease tomorrow, with restaurants and cafes set to reopen.
Canadian authorities announce that H1n1 has been detected in a swine herd in Alberta. The pigs likely caught the virus from a Canadian who had visited recently Mexico,
As of this morning, 331 cases of H1n1 have been reported in 11 countries. According to the 0501/en/index. html>WHO, the worst outbreaks are still in Mexico (156 cases and nine deaths) and the United states (109 cases and one death.
The agency also announces it will refer to the virus not as swine flu but as influenza A (H1n1.
First swine-flu death outside Mexico reported as a baby dies in Texas. 161/nn200120/DE/Content/Service/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2009/082009. html>Germany joins European countries with H1n1
Seven countries are now reporting 0428/en/index. html>confirmed cases of H1n1 swine flu: the United states, Mexico, Canada, New zealand, the United kingdom, Israel and Spain.
Nature Newspublic-health experts are warning that a lack of surveillance may be allowing the 2009 pandemic H1n1 flu virus to go undetected in pigs.
the three most common endemic strains are H1n1, H1n2 and H3n2. Most expected that any new pandemic would involve the introduction of a viral subtype not previously seen in humans,
The emergence of the reassorted H1n1 pandemic virus which current research indicates noone has any immunity to, apart, perhaps,
and swine forms of H1n1 shared a common ancestor years before 1918. But he remains unconvinced by the series of genetic swaps proposed by the paper.
the pandemic H1n1 (swine flu virus currently circling the globe bears an uncanny resemblance to an influenza virus that wreaked havoc nearly a century ago,
People infected with the H1n1 swine flu virus who are otherwise healthy should not routinely be given antiviral drugs,
where oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is given routinely out to all those suspected of having contracted H1n1. Although those with uncomplicated illness should not get oseltamivir or zanamivir (Relenza),
which handles samples of H1n1 pandemic flu, and which earlier this year lost track of 22 vials containing harmless Ebola-virus genetic material.
The World health organization (WHO) announced on 10 august that the world is no longer experiencing an H1n1 influenza virus pandemic.
and that H1n1 would probably take on the behaviour of a seasonal flu virus. Margaret Chan,
the emergence of pandemic strains such as the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus. The world is home to some 1 billion domestic pigs, almost half
The 2009 pandemic H1n1 virus, which is now endemic in pigs, is unusual in that it contains the triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) cassette,
a highly conserved set of six genes that allows the virus to swap genes with flu viruses from other species much more freely than the seasonal H1n1 that circulated before 2009 (see Pandemic 2009 H1n1 virus gives wings to avian flu).
Seasonal H1n1 reassorted sparingly, but"we are noting lots of reassortment between the pandemic virus and endemic swine viruses, says Peiris.
because it contains a gene from the H1n1 pandemic strain that may increase transmissibility among humans.
Need for flu surveillance reiteratedthe emergence of the H1n1 influenza virus that leapt from pigs to humans in 2009,
but not transmissibility, in the pandemic H1n1 strain. NA315N has also been found before, but its role is less clear.
This is in contrast to the 2009 H1n1 pandemic virus, which was a mix of viruses that infect birds, pigs and humans.
The animals responded by making antibodies that blocked that virus but aided infection with the swine flu H1n1,
In the study, H1n1 infected more cells and caused more severe pneumonia in vaccinated piglets than unvaccinated ones.
But some of those antibodies also targeted the stem of H1n1 s haemagglutinin protein, helping that virus fuse to cell membranes.
That made H1n1 more efficient at infecting pigs and causing disease. The finding may give some vaccine developers pause.
The H1n1 flu that reached pandemic proportions in 2009 first spent some time circulating among pigs in Asia Europe and North america.
The possibility that H7n9 might infect pigs is particularly troubling as swine are considered a mixing vessel for viruses--a breeding ground for novel viral reassortants like the 2009 H1n1 pandemic influenza strain commonly known as swine flu.
In 2009 a strain of H1n1 emerged that was very similar to the virus that caused a 1918 pandemic that killed 50 million to 100 million people.
or the 2009 H1n1 swine flu outbreak that killed 280000 worldwide developed when viruses from humans and animals exchanged genes to create a new virus in a process called reassortment.
These mix and match for example H1n1 H7n9 with the greatest diversity seen in birds. Using the new family tree of the flu virus as a map showed
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