Synopsis: 9. security & defence:


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#Depression-era drainage ditches emerge as sleeping threat to Cape cod salt marshescape Cod Massachusetts has a problem.

Without cordgrass protection you also get really significant erosion retreating at sometimes over a meter a year.

The revelation of the slumbering menace of the mosquito ditches raises the prospect of other submerged impacts that may surface under the influence of new contemporary pressures.

however Following the Second world war Cape cod developed rapidly nearly tripling in permanent human population between 1940 and 1976

As a fishing enthusiast himself Coverdale does not see ecologists and fishermen as opposing forces.


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#New control strategies for bipolar bark beetlespopulation explosions of pine beetles which have been decimating North american forests in recent decades may be prevented by boosting competitor


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Regardless the fight cannot be won without implementing substantial climate measures within the next few years. Sulphate particulatesthe project's researchers may have shed new light on another factor:


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#Fruit and vegetable intake is associated with lower risk of ER-breast cancerthere is no association between total fruit

and vegetable intake and risk of overall breast cancer but vegetable consumption is associated with a lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-)breast cancer according to a study published January 24 in the Journal of the National Cancer

and are less dependent on estrogen levels than ER+tumors account for only 15-20%of breast cancers large pooled analyses are needed to determine the suspected link to lower ER-breast cancer risk and the consumption of fruits and vegetables.

In order to determine if there is a link between the lowered risk of ER-breast cancers and the intake of fruits and vegetables Seungyoun Jung Sc.

and vegetables and risk of developing breast cancer in each study and then combined the study-specific estimates to generate summary estimates for all studies combined.

and vegetable intake was linked statistically significantly to a lower risk of ER-breast cancer but not with risk of overall breast cancer or risk of ER+breast tumors.

The results showed that the lower risk was associated mostly with higher vegetable consumption. These findings support the value of examining etiologic factors in relation to breast cancer characterized by hormone receptor status in large pooled analyses

(and to a lesser extent fruit) to lower the risk of ER-breast cancer. However they also write that interpretation of these findings may also be challenged by the known effects of other potential confounders including the aggregation of health behaviors.


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We can use these models to figure out where the risk of lemur-human disease transmission might be highest

Lemurs are native to the African island of Madagascar where climate change isn't the only threat to their survival.


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and wineswith climate change sparking concern about an increased risk of wildfires scientists are reporting development of a way to detect grapes exposed to smoke from those fires

Smoke from those fires can travel long distances and poses a special threat for wine grapes.


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We are familiar with how animals use a fight or flight strategy to face external challenges.

or salty environments is important in controlling the plant equivalent of fight or flight. To understand how Abscisic acid controls growth the investigators devised a strategy to inhibit the response to this hormone in different tissue layers of the root.

in addition to acting as a filter for substances in the soil the endodermis also acts as a guard with Abscisic acid to prevent a plant from growing in dangerous environments said Dinneny.


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'but a resource of survival in impoverished countries and many breeds are at great risk of disappearing.

The risk of the gene pool of the goat disappearing has increased due to intensive animal husbandry systems that use a very limited number of breeds.

and a high risk of depopulation and abandonment of traditional activities ensure the researchers. The goat:

These include their use in the fight against fires in areas dominated by bushes and in controlling exotic vegetation plagues that could put ecosystems at risk.

We wanted to perform a global review taking into account very different regions of the world from the Himalayan peaks to tropical areas


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#Bacterial supplement could help young pigs at weaning age fight diseasea common type of bacteria may help pigs stay healthy during weaning.

To add to the risk weaning comes at a time when a pig's immune system is immature. The stress of weaning can lead to reduced feed intake less available energy and an increased risk of infection.

With an oral supplement of live R. opacus weanling pigs would have an alternative source of energy.


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#Beta carotene may protect people with common genetic risk factor for type-2 diabetesstanford University School of medicine investigators have found that for people harboring a genetic predisposition that is prevalent among Americans beta carotene

which the body converts to a close cousin of Vitamin a may lower the risk for the most common form of diabetes

The scientists used a big data approach to hunt down interactions between gene variants previously associated with increased risk for type-2 diabetes

and blood levels of substances previously implicated in type-2 diabetes risk. In people carrying a double dose of one such predisposing gene variant the researchers pinpointed a highly statistically significant inverse association of beta carotene blood levels with type-2 diabetes risk along with a suspiciously high positive association of gamma

tocopherol with risk for the disease. Type-2 diabetes affects about 15 percent of the world's population

whether beta carotene and gamma tocopherol are respectively protective and harmful themselves or merely markers whose blood levels dovetail with the presence

Moreover the fact that both beta carotene and gamma tocopherol interact with the same gene variant to influence diabetes risk

This in turn triggers the release of insulin whose adequate secretion by the pancreas and efficient uptake in muscle liver and fat tissue counters the dangerous buildup of glucose in the blood and in the long run the onset of type-2 diabetes.

The genomes of some 50 to 60 percent of the U s. population carry two copies of that very gene variant which previous studies have shown to confer a slightly increased risk of contracting type-2 diabetes.

While plenty of genetic risk factors for type-2 diabetes have been found said Butte none of them taken alone

None of the genetic factors studied in isolation had shown a particularly impressive impact on type-2 diabetes risk.

High blood levels of gamma tocopherol appeared to be associated with increased risk for the disease.

or accelerating the onset of type-2 diabetes. It also may throw light on precisely how these substances affect the production or performance of the protein for which the implicated gene codes.


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Or he notes it's possible that the suite of biochemicals found in the callus solution work as a team to fight cancer.


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and combat climate change should be tailored for the regions in which they are to be executed.


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along with interviews with park guards and subsistence hunters WCS estimates at least 14500 lowland tapirs in the region.

tapirs making it one of the most important strongholds for lowland tapir conservation in the continent said the study's lead author Robert Wallace.

and camera trap photographs as well as interviews with park guards of Madidi Pilã n Lajas and Apolobamba National parks in Bolivia and Bahuaja Sonene and Tambopata National parks in neighboring Peru and subsistence hunters from 19 Takana

Camera trap data revealed that lowland tapir abundance was higher at sites under protection than sites outside protected areas.

and mitigate a variety of threats to biodiversity and wildlife including lowland tapirs including road construction logging unsustainable natural resource use and agricultural expansion.


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and can be filled with toxins--a natural defence mechanism in most trees and plants--so the monkeys are forced actually to spend more time seeking out the right foliage to eat such as new shoots


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#Human-tiger conflict: are overestimated the risks? A new study finds a complex web of factors increases perceived risk of tiger attack in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh.

Wildlife conservationists are well aware of the potential conflicts that exist between the endangered species they seek to protect and the human populations

which inhabit areas where the animals live. Carnivores such as tigers pose a risk to humans

and their livestock and can be killed because of this potential risk. Previous research has found that killing of animals can be motivated as much by social and psychological factors such as perception of danger as by any actual real risk posed by a species. A new study published in the Springer journal Human ecology has identified several key factors

which may contribute to perceptions of risk from tigers in a conservation area in Bangladesh.

The study by Chloe Inskip and her colleagues from the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology in Kent UK and Wildteam Bangladesh is the first to use participatory risk mapping (PRM)

and in depth interviews to explore the wider socioeconomic context of human-tiger conflict. The survey was carried out around the Sundarbans mangrove forests of southwestern Bangladesh home to one of the world's largest remaining tiger populations.

Although there are no human inhabitants of the Sundarbans eight sub-districts with a total population of around 1. 7 million people lie directly adjacent to the forest boundary.

Records indicate that approximately 30-50 people are killed annually by tigers in the area. The researchers held 54 semi-structured interviews in six villages which border the Sundarbans forest followed by 385 questionnaires in a further ten border villages.

Inskip and her colleagues identified the fact that these issues had a direct impact on villagers'perceptions of risk from tigers.

The respondents'perceived susceptibility to and their ability to mitigate human-tiger conflict was influenced largely by their poverty related-problems.

The authors suggest that any actions taken to improve these socioeconomic issues will also reduce the perceived level of risk from tigers

For conservationists this would mean a shift from traditional models of conflict reduction to holistic models which also incorporate situation-specific actions to reduce risk perceptions.

In many poor rural communities in conservation areas such as the Sundarbans risk perception reduction is likely to be tied strongly to poverty alleviation.

if the human dimensions and social context of human-wildlife conflict situations are understood well and appropriately managed.

They conclude that participatory risk mapping (PRM) and qualitative research are valuable tools for enhancing understanding of

and identifying actions to address the wildlife-related risk perceptions which can influence killing behavior.

Addressing risk perceptions will require long-term commitment and funding. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Springer Science+Business Media.


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Intense rainstorms and floods will become more common and existing risks to the Great lakes will be exacerbated.


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#Inadequate food facilities in NC migrant camps could cause illnessfarmworkers are at potential risk from food

and undercooking can increase the risk of foodborne illnesses. In the long term absence of safe food storage or cooking facilities can prevent consumption of healthy foods leading to elevated chronic disease risk.

A limitation of the study which was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grant RO1 ES012358) Quandt said is that data were collected only in eastern North carolina


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#Global plant diversity still hinges on local battles against invasives, study suggestsin Missouri forests dense thickets of invasive honeysuckle decrease the light available to other plants hog the attention of pollinators

Invasive species are a serious threat Knight says and if we're going to deal with them we need the cooperation of the public.

While the small scale justifies the fight the large scale offers hope. Invasive plant species are reducing the abundance of native plant species


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Extreme weather potent force for Arctic overwintering populationsclimate change is known to affect the population dynamics of single species such as reindeer


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But researchers at the University of Georgia have made a discovery that may soon lead to new therapies for this critically neglected disease that cause neither the risks nor the pain associated with traditional treatments.


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while posing a threat to natural habitats and food supplies as food stocks are turned to fuel


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Temple is also a senior fellow at the Aldo Leopold Foundation in Baraboo Wis. a stone's throw from the iconic shack where Leopold made many of his observations.

Earlier blooming exposes plants to a greater risk of experiencing cold snaps that can damage blossoms

From 1977 until she died in 2011 Aldo Leopold's daughter Nina Leopold Bradley resumed the collection of phenological records near the Leopold Shack.


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and in so doing contribute to avoid the conflict between food and fuel production said Cesar Izaurralde PNNL soil scientist and University of Maryland adjunct professor.


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or makes them too timid to express milk--is an even greater health risk for low-weight premature newborns


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New genetics research underscores importance of protecting forest corridorsas rapid economic expansion continues to shape the Asian landscape on

However the proliferation of roads rail lines mining urbanization and other forms of development through the corridors jeopardize these species'ability to move between reserves.

Several coal mines have been proposed in the forest corridor between the Satpura and Pench tiger reserves as has the widening of a national highway (NH-7)


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and reported to national surveillance. The Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive. BMJ 1999; 318 (7190): 1046-53.

Laboratory reports of human Salmonella cases in the UK 1981 to 2010--Health Protection Agency;

Health Protection Scotland; Public health Agency of Northern Irelandstory Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Liverpool.


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--and certain types of food already linked to protective or damaging effects on healththese included meat fish fruits and vegetables pulses cereals bread and pasta rice butter margarine nuts

Three or more weekly servings were linked to a 39%increased risk of severe asthma among teens and a 27%increased risk among children as well as to the severity of rhinitis and eczema overall.

On the other hand fruit seemed to be protective in both age groups across all centres for all three conditions among children--both current and severe--and for current and severe wheeze and rhinitis among the teens.


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and near Mount Rainier where the insect outbreak lasted ten years from its onset in 1994 till the insects killed all the trees

If budworms return in following years trees will ultimately succumb to the onslaught and die.


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or strive for synergy with hot chocolate conclude the authors who highlight their conflicts of interest


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Vitamin d deficiency is a risk factor for a number of illnesses including asthma and allergies in children.


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Beetle-kill conditions are a good benchmark for the protection of sub-canopy vegetation to preserve water quality during forest management activities.

The researchers used computer modeling to show that in western forests such a compensatory response provides potent water quality protection against the adverse effects of nitrates


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and Prevention Tobacco Control Act--play a lifesaving role in highlighting the dangers of smoking and encouraging smokers to quit.

and minorities mandating strong pictorial warnings is an effective and efficient way to communicate the risk of tobacco use.


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however they did find an increased risk of hypertension in people who followed the sweets and dairy pattern.


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of a small prehistoric rock-shelter near the town of Boquete. The cache represents the earliest material evidence of shamanistic practice in lower Central america.

Dickau's group radiocarbon dated charcoal from the base levels of the shelter and discovered it was occupied first more than 9000 years ago much earlier than Ranere originally proposed.

and streams but the humid soils in the shelter destroyed any evidence of animal bones.


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#Strawberries, blueberries may cut heart attack risk in womenwomen who ate at least three servings of blueberries

and strawberries per week may help women reduce their risk of a heart attack by as much as one-third researchers reported in Circulation:

and strawberries had a 32-percent reduction in their risk of heart attack compared to women who ate the berries once a month

We have shown that even at an early age eating more of these fruits may reduce risk of a heart attack later in life said Aedã n Cassidy Ph d. lead author

and head of the Department of Nutrition at Norwich Medical school of the University of East Anglia in Norwich United kingdom. The findings were independent of other risk factors such as age high blood pressure family history of heart attack


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Plague outbreaks political conflicts and migration movements often matched periods of cooler temperatures. Moreover fluctuations in settlement activity appear to be linked to climate variability.

The Black death in the mid-14th century the Thirty years war between 1618-1648 and the Russian crusade of Napoleon in 1812 are three most prominent examples of climate-culture interactions.


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#Amino acid studies may aid battle against citrus greening diseaseamino acids in orange juice might reveal secrets to the successful attack strategy of the plant pathogen that causes citrus greening disease also known as Huanglongbing or HLB.

and recycle amino acids scientists might be able to use that information as a starting point for a counterattack strategy.

An orange tree can convert this amino acid into cinnamic acid a precursor to compounds thought to be important to the tree's defense system.


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If one bases the evaluation upon the zero values often measured within the scope of regular sampling the overall evaluation underestimates the actual risks.

In addition with these measures agriculture can make a very important positive contribution to the protection of nature


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The completed genome sequencing of DBM will lay a solid foundation for tracking the evolutionary mechanisms of how an insect evolves to become a successful herbivore that can defense many insecticides. said Professor Minsheng You Vice president of FAFU and leader of the research team.

In this study researchers sequenced the genome of DBM by whole genome shotgun (WGS) and fosmid clones technologies yielding 343 Mb draft genome with 18071 predicted protein-coding genes.


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and global temperature continues to rise natural protection from tidal waves and cyclones is being degraded at alarming rates.

Degradation is happening fast weakening this natural shield for India and Bangladesh. The name'Sundarban'can be translated literally as'beautiful forest'in the Bengali language.

Although mangroves are rare they are an important barrier against climate change providing protection to coastal areas from tsunamis and cyclones.

It is essential that the protection of mangroves becomes a priority particularly for the charismatic species

Mangrove protection is given urgent the continuing threats to the world's remaining 14 to 15 million hectares of mangroves from aquaculture land development and overexploitation.


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The health benefits of switching from refined to whole grain foods are established well including lower risk of cardiovascular disease weight gain


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Abnormal proteins from buttock fat linked to metabolic syndromepeople who are shaped apple--with fat more concentrated around the abdomen--have long been considered more at risk for conditions such as heart disease

and Metabolism provides further evidence that the protective benefits of having a pear-body shape may be more myth than reality.

New research provides further evidence that the protective benefits of having a pear-body shape may be more myth than reality The UC Davis study found that fat stored in the buttock area--also known as gluteal adipose tissue--secretes abnormal levels of chemerin

Metabolic syndrome refers to a group of risk factors that occur together doubling the risk for heart disease

and increasing the risk for diabetes at least fivefold. Risk factors include having a large waistline low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or good cholesterol high blood pressure as well as high fasting blood sugar (insulin resistance) and high triglyceride levels.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention metabolic syndrome affects 35 percent of American adults over age 20.

'It also suggests that abnormal protein levels may be an early indicator to identify those at risk for developing metabolic syndrome.

and low levels of omentin-1--proteins that correlate with other factors known to increase the risk for heart disease and diabetes.

The good news is that with weight loss you can reduce chemerin levels along with the risk for metabolic syndrome.

and colleagues recruited 45 patients with early metabolic syndrome--defined as having at least three risk factors for metabolic syndrome including central obesity hypertension mild increases in glucose levels not yet in the diabetic range(<126 mg/dl

A control group of 30 subjects had less than two risk factors for metabolic syndrome with normal glucose and triglyceride levels.


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Scientists from Rice the Dutch firm Teijin Aramid the U s. Air force and Israel's Technion Institute this week unveiled a new carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber that looks

Teijin Aramid's headquarters in Arnhem The netherlands; the Technion-Israel Institute of technology in Haifa Israel; and the Air force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in Dayton Ohio.

The new CNT fibers have a thermal conductivity approaching that of the best graphite fibers

They also can serve as light-activated semiconductors drug-delivery devices and even sponges to soak up oil.

--which are used in bulletproof vests and other products. But the process needed to be refined. The fibers weren't very strong or conductive due partly to gaps and misalignment of the millions of nanotubes inside them.


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If we want to guarantee security of supply for foodstuffs and plant-based raw materials the yield per hectare will have to double by 2050 claims the German Bioeconomy Council.


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#Research revisiting the safety of GM weevil-resistant peas in mice contradicts previous risk assessment findingsresearchers at the Medical University of Vienna have conducted feeding trials with mice to investigate the allergenicity of genetically modified (GM) weevil-resistant peas.

when a risk assessment conducted by the CSIRO and Australian National University showed negative reactions in mice to the peas (Prescott et al 2005).

The Prescott study is cited regularly by those on both sides of the GM debate as an example of either the inherent dangers of genetically modified foods or the effectiveness of pre-market studies in identifying potential risk factors.


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Judy Freeman who at 75 requires a walker has lost 50 pounds midway through her second series of My Turn classes.

But you can't stop the forces of innovation and capitalism and entrepreneurship Ard said.


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but such a finding forces researchers to ask more questions about how these groups migrated


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#Passive smoking increases risk of severe dementia, according to study in Chinaan international study by scientists in China the UK and USA has found a link between passive smoking and syndromes of dementia.

The study of nearly 6000 people in five provinces in China reveals that people exposed to passive smoking have increased a significantly risk of severe dementia syndromes.

whether ETS increases the risk of dementia mainly due to lack of research. Previous studies have shown an association between ETS

'Passive smoking should be considered an important risk factor for severe dementia syndromes as this study in China shows.

Avoiding exposure to ETS may reduce the risk of severe dementia syndromes.''China along with many other countries now has a significantly aging population

More campaigns against tobacco exposure in the general population will help decrease the risk of severe dementia syndromes

'The increased risk of severe dementia syndromes in those exposed to passive smoking is increased similar to risk of coronary heart disease--suggesting that urgent preventive measures should be taken not just in China but many other countries.'


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and lionfish are not the only threats to Florida's natural habitat. The native Carolina Willow is also starting to strangle portions of the St johns river. Biologists at the University of Central Florida recently completed a study that shows this slender tree once used by Native americans for medicinal purposes may be thriving because of water-management projects initiated in the 1950s.


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and gas recovery and help reboot American mining of rare earth metals he said. Graphene oxide's large surface area defines its capacity to adsorb toxins Kalmykov said.

He sees even greater potential benefits for the mining industry. Environmental requirements have essentially shut down U s. mining of rare earth metals

which are needed for cell phones Tour said. China owns the market because they're not subject to the same environmental standards.

So if this technology offers the chance to revive mining here it could be huge.

The Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative M-I SWACO and the Air force Office of Scientific research funded work at Rice.


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Abundant gas may have a lot of benefits--economic growth local air pollution energy security and so on. There's been some hope that slowing climate change could also be one of its benefits


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White and Brady found that by paying 10 percent more for environmentally labeled meat products consumers could bring about huge water savings in livestock production.


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These pinhead-sized insects form white protective armor that allows them to live and feed for their entire lives on a single blade of cordgrass.


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Earlier this year she received the lifesaving procedure at University of Utah Health care--a gift that not only gave her a new beginning but also marked her as the recipient of the world's smallest liver-kidney transplant.

In 2013 the University of Utah performed the most liver transplants in the state with 35 patients undergoing lifesaving procedures at the U. The U s liver transplant program's success isn't solely based on numbers however.


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