Synopsis: 9. security & defence:


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#Bacteria combat dangerous gas leaksbacteria could mop up naturally-occurring and human-made leaks of natural gases before they are released into the atmosphere and cause global warming according to new research from the University of East Anglia.


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Long-held beliefs that physical forces rather than disrupted food webs are killing the marshes just aren't true Bertness said.


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But this is an easy and safe way of buying the plants time until their own chemical defense mechanisms kick in.

which warn other plants close by of the threat. At the same time they produce a chemical which is unpleasant to the predator.

and better switch on their defenses. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Newcastle University.


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risks to well-being of nature, people, ways to mitigate exist, experts saythe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has approved the second part of its Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) titled Climate Change 2014:

The key message of the report is that climate change poses serious risks to the well-being of nature and people all over the world.

We must strengthen Finland's ability to manage the risks related to climate change and adapt to it emphasises Permanent Secretary Jaana Husu-Kallio from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

The risk of forest fires is also increasing in southern Europe Tim Carter explains about the regional effects of climate change.

Water protection efforts will have to adapt to increased run off erosion and nutrition loads. This will result in new challenges particularly in agricultural water protection.

The warming of Finland's climate is already evident in Finnish fauna; birds for example are migrating earlier in the spring and later in the autumn.

In northern marine areas the diversity and biomass of fish populations have increased. Water warming has altered also the distribution of large species of fish found in the open sea.

Rising sea levels coastal flooding and tidal waves cause danger to life and risk of injury and hinder livelihoods in low-lying coastal areas and in small island nations.

Extreme weather events will hinder important basic services such as water electricity and health and rescue services.

In Europe the EU's adaptations strategy has led to adaptation planning being incorporated into for example the use and management of coastal areas and water systems and the risk management of natural disasters.

when we should be adapting to future threats. However it is good that governments companies


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Recent estimates indicate nearly one-third of U s. children are overweight or obese raising their risk of obesity in adulthood and a host of associated health problems.


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According to conventional wisdom our bodies turn on their Nrf2-mediated protection pathway when subjected to high oxidative stress to limit the damage from the destructive oxygen compounds.

Somehow the protective mechanism mediated by Nrf2 is compromised by another factor other than Keap1 in liver cirrhosis. Adding to the mystery is the fact that drugs aimed at inhibiting Keap1 from chewing up Nrf2 have proven ineffective in a cirrhotic liver.

Boosting Nrf2 is good for protection in general which is why you should always eat your broccoli she stressed.

The study Hrd1 suppresses Nrf2-mediated cellular protection during liver cirrhosis is published in the April 1 issue of the journal Genes and Development.


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and soil pollution greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously reducing threats to human health biodiversity and food security.


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and whey post-workout prolongs the delivery of select amino acids to the muscle for an hour longer than using whey alone.

The data showed that the soy-dairy blend yields an increase in select amino acid delivery for about an hour longer than the use of whey protein alone.


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However the heyday for allotments was during World war Two when 10%of the UK's food came from less than 1%of its cultivated land thanks to the expansion of own growing under the Dig for Victory campaign.

As well as protecting soils and boosting food security own growing offers other health benefits says Edmondson: Using urban land including domestic gardens allotments


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We seem to have found genetic footprints of the retreat of dwarf birch into its current refuges in the Scottish Highlands said Dr Richard Buggs Senior Lecturer at Queen Mary's School of Biological

Another risk the study highlights is hybridisation or crossbreeding. Richard Nichols Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at QMUL points out:


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and cutting-edge technologies to find answers to some of the biggest environmental threats Wood says.


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whether children and families attending youth sporting events may be increasing their risk for being overweight

and disruption of meal times may increase childrenâ##s risk for poor nutritional habits that can contribute to weight management issuesâ#Skelton said.


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#Protecting olive oil from counterfeiterswho guarantees that expensive olive oil isn't counterfeit or adulterated? An invisible label developed by ETH researchers could perform this task.

The casing represents a physical barrier that protects the DNA against chemical attacks and completely isolates it from the external environment--a situation that mimics that of natural fossils write the researchers in their paper

Of course the new technology must yield benefits that far outweigh any risks says Grass. He concedes that as the inventor of the method he might not be entirely impartial.


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The study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals new targets during the battle between microbe

and oft-studied plant Arabidopsis puts out a molecular signal that invites an attack from a pathogen.

It's as if a hostile army were unknowingly passing by a castle and the sentry stood up

and yelled Over here! --focusing the attackers on a target they would have passed otherwise simply by.

This signaling system triggers a structure in bacteria that actually looks a lot like a syringe


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The study found a gradually decreasing trend in Congo rainforest greenness sometimes referred to as browning suggesting a slow adjustment to the long-term drying trend.

The browning of the forest canopy is observed consistent with decreases in the amount of water available to plants

and provided us with insights into the environmental and physiological mechanisms of the browning observed by the MODIS data said co-author Sassan Saatchi of NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena Calif. Climate factors known to affect vegetation growth were also in line with the observed

browning. Land surface temperatures for example were observed to increase over most of the study area. Decreased cloudiness allowed more solar radiation to reach the plants which typically promotes photosynthesis


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The area of forest degradation is increasing posing serious threats to certain species which may not be able to recover and


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#Combination of alcohol, tobacco increases risk of esophageal cancerthe rate of developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) nearly doubles in those who both smoke

and tobacco in the risk of ESCC a class of esophageal cancer that begins in the flat cells lining the esophagus.

and tobacco with the risk of ESCC as alcohol use and tobacco use were both independent risk factors for the development of ESCC stated Dr. Prabhu.


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We're hoping this study will open up a larger field of surveillance to start looking at new types of resistance before they show up in the clinic says Handelsman.


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The new results show that the fraction of late-summer groundwater flows from affected watersheds is about 30 percent higher after beetles have infested an area compared with watersheds with less severe beetle attacks.


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or delay the onset of heart disease hypertension osteoporosis and Type 2 Diabetes while six in 10 associate it with benefits linked to age-related memory loss cancer and Alzheimer's disease (MSI 2012a).


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or they run the risk that drought and disease will wipe out the entire herd. So I think outside of industrialized societies


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--which is 7 percent greater than gasoline emissions and 62 grams above the 60 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as required by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act.


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A new study published April 16 in the journal Nature and co-authored by three Stanford scientists finds that a long-accepted theory used to estimate extinction rates predict ecological risk

and assessing ecological risks. Current projections forecast that about half of Earth's plants and animals will go extinct over the next century because of human activities mostly due to our agricultural methods.

Until the next asteroid slams into Earth the future of all known life hinges on people more than on any other force Daily said.

or agriculture migration corridors for wildlife are broken blocking access to food shelter and breeding grounds. A scholarly theory was developed to estimate the number of species in such fractured landscapes where patches of forest surrounded by farms resemble islands of natural habitat.


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if ranchers want the protection afforded by the 4 (d) rule. â#oethe way I read the rule the ranchers might be affected more than crop producers in this particular situationâ#Lee said. â#oewhen you look at it the lesser prairie chicken uses cropland for a minor amount of food certain times of the year.

The protections for CRP participants within the conferencing document he said provides assurances to participants during the CRP contract period


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This new study also provides baseline data for future analyses of possible threats to African honeybee populations.

and viruses the researchers recommend that beekeepers in East Africa maintain healthy bee populations by protecting vital nesting habitat


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The tree records in this study show that just before the American revolution across the broadleaf forests of Kentucky Tennessee North carolina


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Farmers at highest risk have three characteristics: those that grow cash crops such as coffee and cotton;


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The authors suggest that chimpanzees select trees like the Ugandan ironwood due to these properties as they may provide protection from predators


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The powerful protection these vaccines produced surprised us. We expected some protective effect but nothing as strong as what we found said Bicalho.

An effective vaccine against uterine diseases will have a significant positive impact on the dairy industry limiting the use of antibiotics and decreasing economic losses due to these disorders.


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The Central Valley's protected wetlands (federal wildlife refuges state wildlife areas and private lands)

These threats might be offset if a program of economic incentives can be devised for farmers to maintain flooding of crops such as alfalfa


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#Masculine boys, feminine girls more likely to engage in cancer risk behaviors, study findsyoung people who conform most strongly to norms of masculinity

and femininity--the most feminine girls and the most masculine boys--are significantly more likely than their peers to engage in behaviors that pose cancer risks according to a new study led by Harvard School of Public health (HSPH) researchers.

and femininity heavily influence teens'behaviors and put them at increased risk for cancer. Though there is nothing inherently masculine about chewing tobacco

It's known that risk behavior differs according to gender: Boys are more likely to chew tobacco

or watching television and movies played a role in promoting certain cancer risk behaviors. For instance among girls media engagement accounted for one-third to one-half of the higher likelihood of using tanning beds.

Engaging in risk behaviors in adolescence likely increases the risk of engaging in similar behaviors in adulthood said senior author S. Bryn Austin associate professor in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at HSPH.


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so we can reduce the risk of food-borne disease. The researchers believe that the E coli O157:

By understanding the mechanisms of how the bacteria interact with plants the researchers are hoping to find targeted ways to stop the binding reducing the risk of food contamination.


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but they also contain a hidden threat. Many of the country's pasture soils have become enriched in cadmium.


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and nutrient delivery but uses the cabin environment on the space station for temperature control and as a source of carbon dioxide to promote growth.


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This included hybridization between wolves and the shepherd dogs used to guard sheep from wolf attacks.

The study was undertaken as part of Dr. Kopaliani's work exploring human-wolf conflict in Georgia

and there were several reports of attacks on humans. Wolves were sighted even in densely populated areas she explained.


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A new U s. Forest Service report describes the potential risks and opportunities of climate change for forests in the eastern Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula.


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what is surely the most aggressive chemical defence system in nature. When threatened the bombardier beetle releases a caustic spray accompanied by a popping sound.

An explosion is triggered with the help of catalytic enzymes. When you see how elegantly nature solves problems you realise how deadlocked the world of technology often is says Wendelin Jan Stark a professor from the ETH Department of chemistry and Applied Biosciences.

and developed a chemical defence mechanism designed to prevent vandalism--a self-defending surface composed of several sandwich-like layers of plastic.

If the surface is damaged hot foam is sprayed in the face of the attacker. This technology could be used to prevent vandalism

Attacks on ATMS on the risethe newly developed film may be suited particularly well to protecting ATMS

The Edinburgh-based European ATM Security Team reports that the number of attacks on ATMS has increased in recent years.

During the first half of 2013 more than 1000 attacks on ATMS took place in Europe resulting in losses of EUR 10 million.

While protective devices that can spray robbers and banknotes already exist these are mechanical systems explains Stark.

In a similar earlier project ETH researchers developed a multi-layer protective envelope for seed that normally undergoes complex chemical treatment.

Researchers emulated the protective mechanism of peaches and other fruit which releases toxic hydrogen cyanide to keep the kernels from being eaten.


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#World ranking tracks evolutionary distinctness of birdsa team of international scientists including a trio from Simon Fraser University has published the world's first ranking of evolutionary distinct birds under threat

and identified more than 100 areas where additional protection efforts would help safeguard avian biodiversity. We used genetic data to identify the bird species that have the fewest relatives on the'Tree of Life'that is

and where on earth the tree is most at risk of being lost. Given that we cannot save all species from extinction these distinct species are of special conservation concern


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These findings show that pollutants that accumulate in the Polar regions are an important threat to biodiversity.


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and other wildlife of the boreal to help contribute to the long term protection of this vulnerable habitat.


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The danger is that it will become more vulnerable to climate extremes and pest outbreaks.

Now is the time to guide this intensification in a way that enhances the delivery of ecosystems services that are marketed not currently they conclude.


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Using a screening method that previously identified a compound in apple peel as a muscle-boosting agent a team of University of Iowa scientists has discovered now that tomatidine a compound from green tomatoes is even more potent for building muscle and protecting

The condition affects more than 50 million Americans annually including 30 million people over age 60 and often forces people into nursing homes or rehabilitation facilities.


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One of the last strongholds for Western chimpanzeeswhen Liberia enters the news it is usually in the context of civil war economic crisis poverty or a disease outbreak such as the recent emergence of Ebola in West Africa.

This is partly because the many years of violent conflict in Liberia from 1989 to 1997 and from 2002 to 2003 thwarted efforts of biologists to conduct biological surveys.

Following the complete wartime collapse of the country's economy Liberia's government has been trying to fuel economic growth by selling large amounts of its rich natural resources including rubber timber and minerals.

and delineating conservation priority areas making assessments of anthropogenic threats and proposing mitigation measures to policy-makers.

and The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in Bedfordshire UK via the Across the River Project together with experienced rangers from the Forestry Development Authority in Liberia local research assistants from Liberia and Sierra leone

Also it will be necessary to rapidly implement full protection status for proposed conservation priority areas as future mining

This survey showed that in areas where primary rainforest was still abundant hunting was the anthropogenic threat most frequently encountered followed by logging mining and non-timber forest product extraction.

for the Protection of Birds in the Gola Forests Sierra leone and Liberia. With this study we provide an accurate and comprehensive data-based platform for local wildlife protection authorities policy-makers

and international conservation agencies to inform effective conservation strategies to best protect what is left of this country's rich wildlife heritage.


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and paenibacillus will require ingenuity and an arsenal of weapons. These outlaws aren't rustling cattle--they're making milk sour


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Another is a sticky'marine snow'that falls slowly downward to the bottom and gets buried in sediments.


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The research was supported by the Army Research Office the Semiconductor Research Corporation's FAME Center the Office of Naval Research and Singapore's MOE Academic Research Fund.


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We found that upon decapitation of the plant there is a rapid increase in sugar delivery to the buds


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Evidence from around the world shows that large pictorial warnings significantly increase effectiveness of pack warning labels by increasing knowledge awareness and perceptions of the risk of cigarettes.

Tobacco-related noncommunicable diseases pose a serious threat to the health and life of the Chinese people also creating a heavy burden on socioeconomic development said Dr Liang Xiaofeng Deputy Director of the Chinese Center for disease control and Prevention.

China ratified THE WHO FCTC in 2005 and the treaty came into legal force in China in 2006.


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and were known to participate in combat. However if this high Iron age female bone strength in the femur was due to high mobility it would also probably be visible in the tibia as well


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and therefore the risk of cardiovascular disease a new study has found. However most people in North america would have to more than double their consumption of these foods known as pulses to reach that target said the researchers at St michael's Hospital.

and Risk Factor Modification Centre was published today in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. Dr. Sievenpiper said that by eating one serving a day of pulses people could lower their LDL (bad) cholesterol by five per cent.

He said that would translate into a five to six per cent reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease the leading cause of death in the United states. One serving of pulses is 130 grams


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While medical evidence points to obesity joint injury and repetitive use from some sports as risk factors for incident knee OA risks associated with OA progression remain unclear.


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field study showsfor the first time a field test has demonstrated that elevated levels of carbon dioxide inhibit plants'assimilation of nitrate into proteins indicating that the nutritional quality of food crops is at risk as climate change intensifies.


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Norris Cotton Cancer Center prevention experts recommend stricter security for websites and increased enforcement for direct-to-consumer marketing.

because it may reduce their children's risk of smoking. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Norris Cotton Cancer Centerdartmouth-Hitchcock Medical center.


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but also provides additional analysis on the effects of tobacco consumption an important modifiable risk factor for IS.

Dr Bennett underlines the major importance of tobacco smoking as a risk factor for stroke highlighting a recent study by Peters et al. showing that the risk for IS was around 50%higher in smokers (men and women) versus nonsmokers.


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WCS projects working with local people and government agencies have shown that human-elephant conflict can be reduced dramatically without using fences in countries as different as Indonesia and Tanzania.


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Protection of sage grouse under the Endangered Species Act could affect the management of 250000 square miles of land in the western US.

FWS must decide on the grouse's protection status by the end of FY 2015.

BLM's Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation (ESR) program is designed to reestablish perennial plant cover following wildfire preventing erosion


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Thus people with obesity and high blood pressure face a higher risk for stroke or heart attack when exposed to the cold either during the winter or in rooms with low temperatures.


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No smoke, no danger? Some believe e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking tobacco since e-cigarette vapor doesn't contain the chemicals found in tobacco smoke.

These devices have the same mechanisms and risks as e-cigarettes. Are all e-cigarettes the same?

What are the dangers of using e-cigarettes? Smokers considering e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking face a difficult personal choice.

and continues to use those other products is unlikely to greatly lower their risk of heart attack cancer or chronic lung disease.


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and tea can help fight weight gain and type-2 diabetes. But not all flavanols which are a type of antioxidant are created equal.


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and in turn the risk of their children smoking the authors wrote. This article is important for all concerned about youth smoking said Richard Brunswick M d. a physician who has written an evidence-based primer on smoking cessation entitled Can't Quit?


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and vegetable consumption with lower mortalityeating seven or more portions of fruit and vegetables a day reduces your risk of death at any point in time by 42%compared to eating less than one portion reports a new UCL study.

Eating seven or more portions reduces the specific risks of death by cancer and heart disease by 25%and 31%respectively.

and vegetables the risk of death by any cause is reduced by 14%by eating one to three portions 29%for three to five portions 36%for five to seven portions and 42%for seven or more.

& Community Health found that fresh vegetables had the strongest protective effect with each daily portion reducing overall risk of death by 16%.

%Salad contributed to a 13%risk reduction per portion and each portion of fresh fruit was associated with a smaller but still significant 4%reduction.

In our study even those eating one to three portions had a significantly lower risk than those eating less than onethe researchers found no evidence of significant benefit from fruit juice

and canned and frozen fruit appeared to increase risk of death by 17%per portion.


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and other factors. â#¢About 12%to 19%of annual global fossil fuel consumption would be saved including savings achieved


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and southeastern China will be at risk of drought. The study excludes Antarctica. We know from basic physics that warmer temperatures will help to dry things out said the study's lead author Benjamin Cook a climate scientist with joint appointments at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth

and that already dry regions will be at greater risk of agricultural drought. The IPCC also predicts a strong chance of soil moisture drying in the Mediterranean southwestern United states and southern African regions consistent with the Climate Dynamics study.

If precipitation were the only consideration these great agricultural centers would not be considered at risk of drought.


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but a lack of knowledge about the soil used for planting could pose a health threat for both consumers and gardeners.

and challenges related to the perceived risk of soil contamination among urban community gardeners and found a need for clear and concise information on how best to prevent

or gaps in knowledge about how best to minimize their risk of exposure to contaminants that may be in urban soil.


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Mexico's National Council for Science and Technology and the Army Research Office through the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative supported the research.


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â#oethese findings are a win in the ongoing battle against tobacco use and they also point to a broader benefit of mobile applications in getting more clinicians to follow evidence-based practice guidelinesâ#Cato says.


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The'cost'is an economic concept to measure how much people are willing to pay to avoid a risk Paulot said.


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and vegetables is less protective in men but we do not have a good biological reason for this lack of association Miedema said adding that the study had less power to evaluate men (62.7 percent were female vs. 37.3 percent male).

The study included 2508 participants from the ongoing government-sponsored Coronary artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study

and the presence of CAC substantially raises an individual's risk for a future heart attack.

In their analysis researchers controlled for smoking exercise consumption of red meat sugar-sweetened beverages and other dietary and cardiovascular risk factors that correlate with atherosclerosis.


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The overarching goal of our research is to create an innovative yet sustainable and accessible low cost solution to combat the global threat of West Nile virus said Chen a researcher at Arizona State university's Biodesign Institute and professor in the Department

Secondly we've wanted to improve the delivery of the therapeutic into the brain to combat West Nile virus at the place where it does the greatest harm.

Chen wanted to use this strategy to produce a more effective way to combat West Nile virus. In the new study they improved upon their phu-E16 design making half a dozen new variants that could for the first time lead to the development of MABS that effectively target the brain


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