Insects overcome plant defenses by the rapid excretion sequestration or detoxification of toxic substances Not only have contributed such adaptations to the vast diversification of insects in the course of evolution they also support the success of agricultural pests specialized on certain crop plants that jeopardize crop yields every year.
Laboratory testing currently looks at faeces milk and blood of animals suspected of being infected. First author Lorenz Khol of the Clinic for Ruminants at the Vetmeduni Vienna in cooperation with the College of Veterinary medicine at the University of Florida developed a possible alternative method for early diagnosis of the infection.
Lymph tests positive more often than feces blood or milkthe scientists tested a total of 86 cows from different farms exhibiting symptoms of diarrhea and weight loss.
The lymph analysis yielded significantly more positive results than the analysis using feces blood or milk.
If you improve the efficiency of postharvest handling you reduce waste and losses and that improves sustainability Brecht said.
However carbon dioxide is essentially a waste product with little immediate commercial value and large treatment costs.
In terms of procedure Valdemar Espinosa explains that the first step is to get the diapers only those containing liquid waste.
and get their crops to markets with far less cost and waste. The good news is that there are still expanses of the world where agriculture can be improved greatly without large environmental costs said Dr Nathan Mueller of Harvard university USA.
Traditionally carnivore diet is determined by examining samples of fresh faeces. Faecal samples only provide a snapshot of the diet based on the detected hair and bone samples of prey animals.
#Turning waste from rice, parsley and other foods into biodegradable plasticyour chairs synthetic rugs and plastic bags could one day be made out of cocoa rice
and vegetable waste rather than petroleum scientists are now reporting. The novel process they developed and their results
Eggs from eyeworms in quail would be left behind in the birds'feces which in turn would be eaten by more crickets.
The level of infection was determined by the number of nematode eggs per gram of the animal's feces.
an adult female sheep with the maximum egg count of 2000 eggs per gram of feces might lose as little as 2 percent or as much as 20 percent of her body weight.
Spraying more often than is needed wastes money and can lead to fungicide resistance said Natalia Peres associate professor in plant pathology who led the system's development.
and lumber waste for energy production. Such power generation often is promoted as a sustainable alternative to burning fossil fuels.
Other possible places to get microbes include leaf surfaces the soil or feces that woodrats collect from other animals.
Woodrats naturally eat their own and other woodrats'feces. So in the experiment juniper-eating Great Basin woodrats were fed rabbit chow mixed with feces either from other juniper eaters or from creosote-eating Mojave woodrats.
Both woodrat groups then were challenged with a creosote diet. After ingesting feces --and thus gut microbes--from creosote eaters juniper eaters persisted for 11 days on the creosote diet without losing much weight.
Yet 65 percent of the juniper eaters that ate feces of other juniper eaters didn't gain microbes that detoxify creosote
so they lost 10 percent of their weight by day 11 on a creosote diet.
They ate as much as the woodrats that were fed feces with creosote-detoxifying microbes. Instead Kohl and co-authors found that
when woodrats didn't get transplants of creosote-detoxifying microbes their urine was more acidic suggesting their livers expended a lot of energy to degrade creosote toxins.
But in juniper eaters that consumed the feces of creosote eaters their newly acquired gut microbes likely detoxified most of the creosote taking the burden off of liver enzymes.
It can also be transmitted through semen urine and feces and even milk. Identifying variationsin 2003-2004 the Antelope research station in northwestern South dakota bought 136 cattle and wound up with 60 persistently infected calves.
Moth outbreaks cause large amounts of larvae excrement and dead larvae to fall to the ground which fertilises the soil and promotes the growth of grass.
In severely defoliated areas we found increased amounts of small-rodent excrement and less from reindeer Insect outbreaks mean browner sub-arcticseveral studies in recent years have pointed to the greening of the Arctic due to a warming climate.
and skin arenâ##t just a waste product. The enzymes increase the antioxidant activity from the grape seeds and skins.
and more sensitive ways to detect these pathogens of E coli in cattle feces. To develop the diagnostic test Noll
and women residing in one of China's most polluted regions found that daily consumption of a half cup of broccoli sprout beverage produced rapid significant and sustained higher levels of excretion of benzene
Urine and blood samples were taken over the course of the trial to measure the fate of the inhaled air pollutants.
The research team found that among participants receiving the broccoli sprout beverage the rate of excretion of the carcinogen benzene increased 61%beginning the first day and continuing throughout the 12-week period.
In addition the rate of excretion of the irritant acrolein rapidly and durably increased 23%during the 12-week trial.
Definitive diagnosis with identification of sporocysts in feces requires multiple stool examinations several days after having eaten the meat.
That's a terrible waste of energy. Rice graduate student Chih-Chau Hwang lead author of the paper first tried to combine amines with porous carbon.
But such simple steps as leaving slash--the plant waste left over after crop production--on fields after harvests so it could be incorporated into the soil could reintroduce between 0. 4 and 1. 1 gigatons of carbon annually to soil the study says.
#Wood-waste biofuel to cut greenhouse gas, transform shipping industrya sustainable biofuel made from Norwegian forest wood waste could help transform the shipping industry
or vegetable with their lunch a good intention that might easily go to the garbage. To get answers about
#Composting program with used coffee groundsan interdisciplinary Kansas State university research group is turning garbage into gourmet food.
--or about 30 percent of the coffee shop's total waste--has been diverted from landfills. Natalie Mladenov assistant professor of civil engineering and Rhonda Janke associate professor of horticulture forestry and recreation resources are the faculty leaders of the project
and composting program that diverts waste from landfills and produce a beneficial product Mladenov said.
So the problems in managing livestock waste are shared by all the regions involved in the project.
In this respect the members of the BATFARM project have developed software (BATFARM) to select the best farm waste technologies
The procedure revealed all microbes in the fecal matter including some that were known not Johnson said.
and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in their urine and this may increase their risk for cancer
and the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California San francisco. After a single evening of water pipe smoking in a hookah bar young men and women had in their urine a 73-fold increase
At the end of this period they provided a before urine sample and smoked water pipes at a hookah bar of their choice in the San francisco bay area.
Soon after the visit they provided the after urine sample and filled a form to provide detailed information on their smoking session including total time spent smoking number of bowls smoked
They also provided a first-voided urine sample the next morning which helped researchers estimate the clearance of the tobacco-related chemicals of interest.
and NNAL which were detected immediately after the water pipe-smoking session remained significantly elevated in the next-day urine samples compared with the before samples:
Water pipe-smoking duration correlated significantly with the increase in post-exposure urine nicotine levels and number of bowls smoked per person significantly correlated with the increase in post-exposure
and next-day urine cotinine levels respectively. The average increase in nicotine levels was obtained comparable to levels after smoking at least one cigarette explained St helen.
some species consider skatole a compound occurring in faeces part of the bouquet. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum.
Tobacco waste products contain the same toxins nicotine pesticides and carcinogens found in cigarettes and cigars and can contaminate the environment and water sources.
or to take back all discarded tobacco waste products. Tobacco waste products are ubiquitous environmentally hazardous and a significant community nuisance says Novotny.
With two-thirds of all smoked cigarettes numbering in the trillions globally being discarded into the environment each year it is critical to consider the potential toxicity and remediation of these waste products.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Springer. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
When minerals are rare in the soil animals sometimes gather salt and other rare minerals and proteins from sweat tears urine and even blood.
and poultry farms as well as wastewater treatment facilities that collect waste from multiple sources including hospitals.
and compared them to the bacteria present in the animal feces and wastewater. We found these insects carry the same bacteria found in the animal manure Zurek said.
The house flies collected from the wastewater treatment plants likewise carried the same bacteria found in the waste itself he said.
As liver cirrhosis progresses excessive inflammation triggers the garbage-mediated stress response and Hrd1 becomes very abundant
Currently the lignin must be removed a process that requires significant chemicals and energy and causes undesirable waste.
The waste can be up to 70 per cent and much of the fungicide ends up in the soil.
or contact with contaminated feces Jeong said. Further some antibiotics used to treat humans and animals kill good and bad bacteria.
when in the spring of 2012 Wilder along with a lab mate and his Seri collaborators made an incidental discovery of a 1500-1600-year-old urine-cemented dung mat on the floor of a small cave in the Sierra
& Melinda Gates Foundation has the capability of heating human waste to a high enough temperature to sterilize human waste
The project is part of the Gates Foundation's Reinvent the Toilet Challenge an effort to develop a next-generation toilet that can be used to disinfect liquid and solid waste
According to the Gates Foundation the awards recognize researchers who are developing ways to manage human waste that will help improve the health and lives of people around the world.
and treat human waste result in serious health problems and death--food and water tainted with pathogens from fecal matter results in the deaths of roughly 700000 children each year.
Linden's team is one of 16 around the world funded by the Gates Reinvent the Toilet Challenge since 2011.
and transferred to the fiber-optic cable system--similar in some ways to a data transmission line--can heat up the reaction chamber to over 600 degrees Fahrenheit to treat the waste material disinfect pathogens in both feces and urine and produce char.
and effectively carbonize solid waste. While the current toilet has been created to serve four to six people a day a larger facility that could serve several households simultaneously is under design with the target of meeting a cost level of five cents a day per user set by the Gates Foundation.
To find out about tobacco exposure researchers based themselves on urine samples collected during the medical check-up in the third trimester of pregnancy
They studied 1783 women after rejecting another 480 who had displayed signs of being smokers according to their urine samples and the results of the surveys.
To supplement the information gathered from these questions the researchers measured the cotinine in the urine samples.
or urine it indicates that there has been significant consumption of tobacco or passive exposure to it explained Aurrekoetxea. 55%of the nonsmoking women admitted they had been under the effect of tobacco smoke:
Even though the exposure caused by members of the household was not the most common one the cotinine level analysed in the urine revealed that the home was the main source of exposure
and students that the regulations were causing an increase in waste due to both larger portion sizes
In goats the researchers already knew it is the hair of males not the urine that shows male effect pheromone activity.
A waste product in this process is used at the same time to produce animal feed with the resulting cost-cutting for farmers and greater efficiency in the emission of greenhouse gases.
Plastic waste pervades the global landscape said Macivor. Although researchers have shown adverse impacts of the material on species
Also promoting and prolonging food stability with quality after harvest means less waste which is a big issue in terms of food security.
Sometimes that river is polluted with industrial waste such as lead which can cause detrimental effects on local sheep and goats via the water supply.
The goats with lead intoxication show signs of kidney and liver damage so we had hypothesized this damage would inhibit the excretion of amoxicillin leading to higher drug concentrations in these animals.
Blood and urine samples were collected over a period of 10 weeks to measure serum protein and amoxicillin concentrations.
This natural process for producing methane forms the basis for treating municipal and industrial wastes helps reduce pollution
#Excrement collected worldwide shows co-evolution of herbivores, their gut microbesan extensive study by Radboud University Nijmegen on excrement and rumen fluids in plant-eating mammals from all over
By investigating ciliates in excrement and gut fluids the researchers in Nijmegen have been able to shed light on the evolution of two sorts of herbivores:'
Excrement from all over the world For this investigation excrement and rumen fluids were collected worldwide. The sources included Nijmegen goats French deer sheep from Poland and Utrecht an Indian elephant from Burger's Zoo in Arnhem and zebras and an African elephant from Tanzania.
So from the evolutionary point of view the oldest animals have the oldest ciliates in their excrement.
'In hindgut fermenters transmission occurs via coprophagy (eating excrement) and that happens almost exclusively in extremely young offspring.
The overall objective of the workshop was to improve the irrigation efficiency by reducing water wastes.
next prefers fresh airoff the west coast of Peru seabirds deposit thick layers of guano that accumulates on the ground because of the lack of rain.
Guano has played historically a key role in agriculture worldwide because it is rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous.
Now researchers from Wageningen University and Southern Illinois University revealed the effects of guano on the native trees of the arid coasts of South america.
Nutrients are limiting in the desert so this input from the sea through the nitrogen-rich guano has a positive effect for trees that cannot fix nitrogen.
The waste that was examined included collections from drains as well as 10 latrines and cesspits which yielded mineralized
and charred food waste coming from kitchens and excrement. Ellis says among the discoveries in the drains was an abundance of the remains of fully-processed foods especially grains.
Waste from neighboring drains would also turn up less of a variety of foods revealing a socioeconomic distinction between neighbors.
Don't expect a decrease in turkey waste at future Thanksgivings. It would take a major cultural shift for Americans to change their holiday eating habits,
they cut down on your garbage, and they produce nature's best fertilizer for your garden.
She remembers thinking, What a waste. After the disaster, Japan shut down 52 of the 54 nuclear reactors,
In 2009, this company produced 7831.98 tons of hazardous waste, making it Dongguan City Ëoes number one company for producing hazardous waste,
Under oxygen-free conditions, microorganisms within the digester break down the organic waste product and convert it to methane,
In somewhat similar ventures as Bruichladdich's, Helius Energy recently announced plans to build a 7. 2-megawatt power plant in Speyside that will burn whiskey waste and woodchips, providing about 9, 000 homes
a greener whisky rebellion Human waste now heats British homes Image: Wikipedia Commons and Flickr/Joshua Rappeneker
but caution that their findings likely fall short of our actual waste amount. For instance, the calculations didn't include waste on farms or in fisheries, such as bycatch,
or waste that occurs during food processing. The waste data they did include was taken from a USDA report from 1995 that accounts for uneaten food discarded from stores, the food service industry and average consumers.
All food scraps, organic waste and spoiled foods are composted. In 2009, Poste composted more than 40,000 pounds of food scraps.
It important to our garden but also the fact that half our waste is now compost.
or eliminate waste going to landfills. If I can raise the money needed to get to Copenhagen in the next four days,
The U n. estimates that the waste adds up to more than $750 billion in direct economic costs annually--more than the GDP of Switzerland, the world's 20th largest economy in terms of GDP.
it's cereals from Asia, with rice accounting for the majority of the waste--about 150 million tonnes.
Some waste also happens on the consumer side as people simply throw uneaten rice away.
this is a cost-effective way to produce large amounts of a safer alternative to bug sprays with minimum amounts of hazardous waste.
The urine is routed through a biofilter before being mixed with water and made available to the adjacent plants (large bamboo stalks, in the prototype).
Sensors measure the amount of urine entering the urinal and monitor ammonia levels. To determine where P-Planters are needed most,
Urine-powered restaurant pops up in Melbournemelbourne--Designed by Dutch-born Joost Bakker, the Greenhouse project proves that a waste free restaurant is achievable.
As part of this year's Melbourne Food and Wine Festival program, the Greenhouse uses the by-products of agriculture for insulation
and in a world first, urine will be collected from purpose-built lavatories to be used as soybean and canola crop fertilizer.
Urine may seem an unorthodox energy source but it is actually a great source of fertilizer when diluted.
According to Bakker, Å Urine is incredible for nitrogen, it s so valuable--you only need the urine of 25 people to provide fertilizer for a hectare of crop.
 The Greenhouse employs the unique Productive Building System, devised by Baker himself (patent pending);
The building is insulated with locally sourced straw bales (one of the world's largest waste products)
My dream has always been to build a restaurant that creates no waste and now
a man grows veggies with fish excrement instead of soil. Eric Maudu's garden is wired with sensors that let him know just how thirsty his plants are,
the ability to compost the waste, and an appetite for fresh vegetables. The parking lots in Oakland are not that different to where he grew up in Kenya, a country home to deserts and arid land.
No deforestation, hazardous waste or expenditure of fuels. And interesting enough, the living bridges are actually stronger than ones built from wood.
Detectable concentrations of glyphosate have been found in the urine of farmers and their children in two states.
But this Sunday brought crowds carrying as much recyclable garbage as they could haul in two hands.
According to the EPA, about 35 percent of waste is in landfills that use the methane for energy.
and ask,'How do you manage the methane at the landfill that this city's waste goes to?'
(which can be used in bricks) has begun buying other company's waste paper to use in its paperboard operations.
That's why it can make the waste-positive claim. As it turns out, Balaji says technology is the linchpin for many of the company's most impactful sustainability initiatives.
The businesses also cut their water usage by about 5 percent and diverted 1, 200 tons of waste materials from landfills.
and prevent other sorts of waste, but he said it has to be thought about intelligently.
Mass. that uses a process called pyrolysis to turn waste into energy. The company hopes the plant will help reduce its carbon footprint and boost its use of renewable energy;
but that same plant takes care of the solid waste from the Berkshire County area.
which in one year reduced the waste the hotel sent to a landfill by about 120 tons,
or pig feces paving roads didn't disturb me much, but a train chugging down the track on cow fat gave me some pause yesterday.
Not only does the system solve the problem of animal waste, but it uses about one tenth of the water required for traditional agriculture.
and manage waste in more natural ways than currently in use. There's an entire Compost Hill that also offers pretty terraced housing.
The entrepreneur had already been using raw materials like silk waste and vegetable slush to prepare paper.
Future plans also involve making paper with more raw materials like bamboo, sugarcane and vegetable waste.
So, businesses that are moving to newer materials need to ensure that the materials they are consider can be accommodated properly within existing waste management processes
produced by everything from household waste to charcoal burning to gassy livestock. The hope is that the World bank can play a central role in streamlining the application process for climate projects.
We cannot convert municipal solid waste. That's a bit of too much of a challenge right now.
--i e. waste materials--and you don't want to be in competition for feedstocks, or you're squeezing your margins.
who 10 years ago discovered The Great Garbage Patch, a section of garbage-strewn ocean larger than Texas killing wildlife between California and Hawaii.
The Great Garbage Patch is the good news. Closer to home we have coal ash.
In 2010, the solid waste that Disney sent to landfills was 44 percent of the amount it sent in 2006.
It doesn't say what total of its CURRENT waste it is sending but in practical terms,
its goal means keeping the waste sent to landfill to below 137,556 tons annually. The company's goal is to reduce solid waste sent to landfills to 50 percent of its 2006 baseline by 2013.
Some specific ways Disney manages its waste this include moving more quickly to digital, tapeless/filmless workflow and production techniques for its motion pictures.
Packaging doesn't need to be a waste material. It can have a positive impact. You say mushrooms are nature s recycling system.
We re using waste materials and using the entire organism. The future for us is replacing foam.
Envirelation tackles D c. hospitality industry waste through compostinglike many of my friends in Washington, I ve been thinking about composting for years
But something like a Sweet Green, a smaller restaurant with organic positioning, they have the customers separating their own waste.
they have very little waste. They are motivated because they believe in it and know it s the right thing to do;
How much are your clients cutting down on waste now that they are composting? If you look at just restaurants,
Actually, one of the largest sources of phosphorus into waters comes from human waste sewage treatment plants.
& Environmental Research center at the University of North dakota once worked on technology to convert waste from a space station and future Martian bases into heat and power.
Like turning coffee waste into power. The EERC is working withã Â Vermont-basedã Â Wynntryst to develop a gasification power system to use the waste from the Green Mountain Coffee Roasters processing plant to produce energy.
Never heard of Green Mountain? Ã Â It's likely you've sipped their product.
The waste stream that will be used includes coffee residues, plastic packaging, paper, cloth or burlap and plastic cups.
What a waste Meanwhile up in the sky, and other alternatives to corn: Sydney to London on the Plastic Fantastic powered flight Move over graphene:
In February 2009, Elmore's nonprofit group, Elemental Impact, convinced Atlanta officials and its biggest food-service outfits to launch the nation's first-ever Zero Waste Zone around its downtown hotels
In Atlanta, the zero-waste zone downtown has brought new players into the market, lots of entrepreneurs and energy, said Abbey Patterson,
not blue) and the date that the Atlanta Zero Waste Zoneã Â began (Feb. 2009, not last January).
Now we're looking at a project to treat our own waste--we're working on using our own membrane technology.
(which is a waste of gas) and long delivery stops (even though the drivers are, in essence, customer service representatives and are encouraged to talk to clients,
Aside from being an enormous waste of an incredibly versatile and energy-dense resource, that's a major sacrifice of income.
the UK's Institution of Mechanical engineers says in  Waste Not Want Not-Global Food waste:
It is also an unnecessary waste of the land, water and energy resources that were used in the production, processing and distribution of this food.
and waste by developing more efficient ways of growing, transporting and storing foods, Fox says.
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