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In the 20th century, grey infrastructure made of concrete and other man-made materials was intended to safeguard public health by transporting waste out of crowded cities.
Our love for our children generally outweighs our aversion to their bodily waste, but nobody actually enjoys changing a dirty nappy.
Many species share our aversion to faeces, however others actively seek it out oe a finding that highlights the evolutionary logic beneath our apparently visceral reactions to waste.
Our aversion to waste even extends to the waste of other species: dog owners who fail to clean up after their dogs can face hefty fines.
Ours is not the only species that goes out of its way to avoid exposure to disgusting things like excrement,
Psychologist Paul Rozin, of the University of Pennsylvania, argues that our disgust response reduces the likelihood of ingesting disease-causing microorganisms in decayed meat, faeces, vomit, or blood.
By avoiding areas contaminated with faeces, they gobble up far fewer parasitic lungworm larvae. The same is true for sheep.
Researchers at the University of Aberdeen, UK showed in experiments how sheep overwhelmingly preferred plots uncontaminated with faeces to those containing it.
They were unable to distinguish between faeces infected with parasites and uninfected faeces and so operated according to an avoid all the poo rule.
In fact, some actually seem to seek out faeces. Patrick Walsh and Amy Pederson from the University of Edinburgh, UK, together with Erin Mccreless from the University of California, Santa cruz, noticed that the related wild white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)
and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) re-inhabit the burrows of previous occupiers that contain both food and faeces.
the mice were more likely to choose to spend their time in an enclosure containing faeces than in a clean one.
or for the pet trade, do avoid faeces. As wild reindeer and primates also avoid faeces,
domestication isn't the key, so what is it? Walsh and colleagues believe that for their wild mice,
the presence of faeces from other mice at a potential nesting location or near food suggests safety from predators.
perhaps the risk of infection from faecal matter is the lesser of two concerns. Laboratory animals, pets,
Perhaps our species'lack of natural predators means we are lucky to be able to afford to be disgusted by faeces and other disgusting things.
'Perfume containers'Males with harems mark the boundaries of their territories with excretions from small, furless,
they require a mixture of secretions from these glands, their genitals and urine. That's where their wing sacs come in.
using their mouths to suck up a bit of urine, and then transferring it by licking the interior of their wing-sacs.
but this time they press their gular glands against their penises to combine excretions from both,
Yet through waste and mismanagement, careless pollution, and ever-surging demand, humankind is careening toward a day
and waste, establish practical policies, and apply smart technology for efficient use and monitoring, humankind can more sustainably manage this  precious resource.
Ancient Egyptian papyrus dating back to 1500bc describes the use of mud, excrement, frogs boiled in oil and fermented goat dung.
The wastefulness of automation Frances Coppola Pieria 8 july 2013 If robots put more and more workers out of jobs,
with the waste going to feed agricultural plots in the city. Creative growers are already converting industrial spaces,
and transform our waste organic matter into useful substances. Rather than being noxious sumps of filth and disease,
and a shift away from farming lifestyles decreased our contact with soil, faeces and contaminated food where bacteria and parasites like helminths live.
In 2007, self-infected entrepreneurs Garin Aglietti and Jasper Lawrence founded a worm therapy start-up called Autoimmunetherapies in the US by harvesting hookworms plucked and sterilised from their own faeces,
In order to select the mating partner the bull literally finds the one that best suits his taste oe by sampling their urine.
Females cooperate in this urine-testing ritual according to researchers David M. Pratt and Virginia H. Anderson."
she must produce a stream of urine if he is to catch some in his mouth and savour it,
While giraffes'social decisions are ruled by urine, hippos appear to rely on dung. The function and purpose of dung-showering is still only partially understood, according to biologist Richard Despard Estes.
Sexual fantasies aren't limited to urine and faeces of course. Some people prefer their sexual encounters a little more on the rough side,
To demonstrate, Matthew Birck, the lead barcoding scientist at the Newark lab, walks to a large white freezer and pulls out a black garbage bag.
including animal and human excrement. As populations grew in Europe and the US, nineteenth-century scientists found precious useable nitrogen supplies in South america,
in the form of vast quantities of guano oe bird droppings oe which indigenous people had been using for centuries as a soil enricher.
and the War of the Pacific kicked off between the guano-and saltpetre-rich nations of Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
Britain supported Chile, enabling it to win most of the guano and saltpetre area and Bolivia's entire coastline in the process.
though, the need for guano was replaced by a revolutionary idea. The German chemist Fritz Haber invented a way of converting the nitrogen in air into liquid ammonia (NH3.
and not all the nitrogen in the food we eat is used even by our bodies oe the excess enters the environment through human waste.
The United nations, in fact, estimates that 27%of all milk in Uganda goes to waste, much of it due to spoilage.
despite thinking they would be a complete waste of money. Bridgeman, a 67-year-old neuroscientist at the University of California in Santa cruz, grew up nearly stereoblind, that is, without true perception of depth."
and to safely dispose of toxic waste. But many people think it should be extended to include carbon dioxide pollution,
Microorganisms, for example, can degrade our waste, but not at a rate that matches our production.
It means no waste, no pollution, and far greater efficiencies, as closed-loop pioneers are already discovering.
Animal faeces contain many of these chemicals, and recycling essential nitrates from biomatter is the easiest and cheapest way of replenishing the soil.
which bacteria break down the waste. The methane gas produced by the bacteria is used then to fuel cooking stoves,
because working journalists can know easily browse Reddit for the latest developments on 4chan rather than slogging through threads of nonsense and garbage on 4chan itself.
LOIC basically turns your computers network connection into a firehose of garbage requests, directed towards a target web server.
or HTTP requests at once to overwhelm a web server-garbage requests can easily ignored while legit requests for web pages are responded to as normal.
confirming for the first time that human excrements contribute to water pollution, primarily with nitrogen and phosphorus. A team of researchers from the Universidad de Almerã a (UAL) has estimated the environmental impact of the Spanish diet
and role that human excrements play in the life cycle of food. It is the first time that a scientific study of this type incorporates the role played by human excrements. oefood in Spain produces emissions of around two tonnes of carbon dioxide per person
and per year (more than 20%of total emissions per person and per year) and consumes 20 gigajoules of primary energy,
industrial food processing, sale and distribution, preparation and cooking at home, solid waste treatment (food remains and packaging),
as well as human excretion. According to the study, producing food from animals, such as meat and dairy products, causes the greatest impact.
but in both cases the effects of human excretion (through breathing or due to waste water treatment) are next on the list.
Human Excretion Contributes Nutrients oehuman excretion contributes significantly to water polluting through providing organic matter and nutrients
not only from excrements, but also from other sources such as pesticides and fertilisers used in farming and pollutants from industry,
As regards emissions, oehuman excrements have a net null effect on global warming, as they are offset by carbon fixation in photosynthesis. As a result,
but they are prized as a natural substitute for Viagr¢Cow Urine For about US $3 per bottle,
A sacred animal in India, urine from the cow is distilled before it is blended with traditional Indian herbs and medicinal plants.
Eskenazi and her team tested for levels of pesticide metabolites in urine in the mothers twice during their pregnancies and several times in the children after birth.
they found that each tenfold increase in pesticide levels in the mothers urine was associated with a fivefold increase in attention problems as measured by the assays.
looking at much lower levels of malathion in urine, found that a tenfold increase in pesticide levels was associated with a 55%increase in ADHD.
such as a need for potable water and a way to dispose of animal waste. Farmers must form cooperatives to purchase
such as a need for potable water and a way to dispose of animal waste. Farmers must form cooperatives to purchase
He is just taking out the garbage from his room, which he shares with three other students.
Biogas from sugar beets, grass, maize, including residue in the form of household waste, industrial waste and manure, biodiesel from rapeseed, ethanol from wheat and sugar beets,
and dairy farmers efforts to deal with cattle waste by turning it into fuel. With the right skills, a dairy farmer could rent out land
and recoup an investment in the waste-to-fuel systems within two years, Hewlett-packard engineers say in a new research paper.
It would be a waste of money, and we would leave life to the weather and the fates, said Thangaraj,
and Lewd, Greta Garbage explains all sorts of bizarre trivia about urine. Warning: not for the squeamish.
Facts About Urine Some people are fascinated totally with the useless fact their piss smells different after they eat asparagus.
Technically, the asparagus doesnt make the urine smell, some people just have the fairly useless ability to pick it out.
Actually, your urine is odorless until after it comes out of your body. What you smell then is ammonia yep, the same stuff you clean with.
Asparagus isnt the only thing some people smell in urine. Drinking turpentine is said to make urine smell like a rose
so hundreds of years ago, women would drink turpentine so their piss would smell sweet.
¢Eating beets can turn your urine red.¢¢Vitamin b2 makes it bright yellow.¢¢Certain blue dyes make it blue-green.¢
A good clue to health is the darkness of the urine hue. Experts say that you should pee pale.
your urine will be darker.)Adult men usually pee in a narrower stream than women do
Some idiots in those days also thought they could just look at urine and tell if the woman was intact.)
or if a successful soil stew needs more ingredients. oeterra preta research indicates that there was kitchen garbage discarded with the charcoal,
It could soon be composted at home along with organic waste. Researchers at Imperial College London have managed to transforms sugars found in fast growing trees and grasses into a large molecule, known as a polymer,
if people werent too squeamish, with the use of waste streams (pun intended) like urine as fertilizer.
and urine of rats fed the maize for three months, compared to rats given a non-GM diet.
asparagus reigns supreme (its main side effect, strong-smelling urine, notwithstanding. In 19th-century France, it was customary for bridegrooms to down three courses of asparagus at their prenuptial dinners.
and Reducing Waste Runoff Soybean, one of the most important global sources of protein and oil, is now the first legume species with a published complete draft genome sequence.
More details here. 5. Locationists People who specialize in adding the relevance of place#to our global online communities. 6. Waste Data Managers To insure data integrity in today s fast evolving information storage industry,
One New zealand community is looking at opening a dedicated diaper-composting facility to deal with the problem#The Dominion Post reports that the Wellington region of New zealand is looking at opening a nappy#(diaper) composting facility that could handle as much as 1000 tonnes of waste
#Top 10 Photos of the Week An imagination is a terrible thing to waste on trees,
testing either their urine during pregnancy or their umbilical blood after birth. The findings compound some of the risks that pesticides were known already to pose to children,
high amounts of caffeine increase urine production, making our bodies lose water. If you are looking to prevent dehydration,
Some companies test urine for traces of nicotine, while others operate on the honor system. While most of the companies applied their rules only to new employees,
They are striving for a 20%reduction in water usage by 2015 and very impressively are setting next years as their target year to attain says zero waste to landfill.
or even custodians willing and able to work with medical waste. The situation is much the same at Jain Irrigation
However, this species is threatened by the level of industrial waste and the decreasing water levels in the lake,
Furthermore, insects can often feed on organic waste matter. Moreover insects are considered already delicacies in many cultures,
They also noted a couple of studies that showed that children who ate organic produce had fewer pesticide traces in their urine.
and other pizza toppings from going to waste each year. The U s. Environmental protection agency said 33 million tons of food waste hit landfills and incinerators in 2010, the largest solid waste product in the system.
EPA has launched a program to address the issue. Experts from EPA and other groups have floated a variety of recommended fixes.
#and use by#dates could help consumers avoid throwing food in the garbage too soon. Some food could be rescued
while also easing the burden on landfills and reducing decomposition of garbage into greenhouse gas methane.
Gove said she has cut waste by starting with smaller meal portions for her children,
(and the amount of sweeteners and other garbage they usually contain) with buying a large tub of plain yogurt and mixing in honey, nuts, preserves,
See number 10.10) Waste not, want not. We throw away a ridiculous amount of food. Ridiculous!
That s more than any other waste category but paper. Food waste represents 14 percent of the total municipal solid waste stream,
#-Emo Philips..7.)Top 10 Photos May 7, 2011 An imagination is a terrible thing to waste on trees,
and break down oil spills and other contaminated waste at a rapid pace. Revenue from industrial chemicals made through synthetic biology is already as high as $1. 5 billion,
Located in one of the grittiest areas of town, where train tracks, garbage, and broken down carsare far more prevalent than the hippies Berkeley is famous for,
Charcoal waste is generated by the machine but the charcoal is rich with carbon and makes a very efficient fertilizer.
Nor can we continue our extravagant waste of limited fossil fuels.##Today, the U s. population is 50%larger;
And whatnot, insects can also feed on organic by-products such as human and animal waste, which may help reduce environmental contamination.
and analyzing traffic patterns to reroute drivers-Waste management optimizing waste pickup by measuring container levels-Security & emergency detection detecting radiation, gases,
And we need to incorporate zero-waste and low-energy technologies into the task of food production.
we could create 100%consumable water with zero waste. An industrial design team in London has come the closest with something calledooho,
And it was rarely meat it was scraps of grains and vegetable waste on the dump heaps.
Such closed ecosystems would theoretically transform waste products into oxygen, food and water in order to support life-forms inhabiting the system.
and stand in lines a gigantic, continual waste of time, patience, and gasoline. Grocers, which stand between food producers and consumers,
but do some mental calculations surrounding the massive waste of human capital throughout this whole process.
Bio-Waste Optimizers 31. Guardians of Privacy Future Sports Sports have become the ultimate form of storytelling.
>go upstairs to pee</a>.Though the eruption of Mount vesuvius in A d. 79 destroyed many second stories pipes left behind reveal traces of fecal matter
and some ways to reduce that waste.</</p><p>Agriculture uses about 70 percent of the available freshwater on the planet.
t really suitable for a big glass of water (unless<a href=http://www. space. com/20867-astronauts-drink-urine-and-other-wastewater-video. html>you'
and some ways to reduce that waste. Irrigation Agriculture uses about 70 percent of the available freshwater on the planet.
 Some 56 percent of global food loss and waste occurs in the developed world.
and perform all kinds of vital roles in their environments from eating fecal matter to pollinating flowers.
Now plastic is found in just about every corner of the globe for example in thegreat Pacific garbage patch known to scientists as theâ North Pacific Subtropial Gyreand even on the floor of the Arctic ocean.
but scatology the scientific study of excrement can tell scientists a lot about an animal including its habits overall health and presence of disease.
The bacteria in feces provide a sampling of an animal's gut flora and fauna which determine its health.
The study of feces has led also to advances in human medicine. For example poop transplants can be an effective means of treating intractable gut infections by reestablishing a healthy bacterial equilibrium.
Sometimes people would also drink the urine of the shaman or the reindeer as the hallucinogenic compounds are excreted this way without some of the harmful chemicals present in the fungi
Higher-than-normal levels of estrogen in pregnant women's urine scientists speculated may stimulate the germination of seeds
             A woman's urine was used as a way to determine her pregnancy status during the Middle ages too
if a needle placed in a vial of urine turned rust red or black the woman was probably pregnant io9. com reports.
Another popular test involved mixing wine with urine and watching the resulting changes. Since alcohol can react with the proteins in urine this test might have been successful
if analyzed by someone who knew what color-related changes to look for. Some 17th-century doctors dipped a ribbon into a pot of a woman's urine;
if the smell of the ribbon made the woman gag or feel nauseous she was presumed pregnant mentalfloss. com reports.
or hcg that's found only in pregnant women marking the first time a single compound was discovered that could indicate pregnancy status. To determine the presence of hcg a sample of the woman's urine was injected into an immature female mouse frog or rabbit.
If hcg was present in the urine sample the animal would go into heat indicating the woman was pregnant.
In 1972 scientists reported for the first time a radioimmunoassay pregnancy test that could distinguish between hcg and luteinizing hormone in a woman's urine.
Modern pregnancy tests which still rely on the presence of hcg in urine are up to 99 percent accurate depending on the presence of certain medications following the test's instructions accurately
Most of the evidence come from dissection of crocodiles'stomachs and their faeces. So there is some chance that these crocodiles are indirect eaters of fruit who feast on fruit-eating animals.
or certain disease-causing bacteria like the kind found in human waste said study author Sarah Keim researcher at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus Ohio.
He came to those figures partly by inspecting the bones found at the site--construction gang garbage.
However this method doesn't take into account the fact that humans lose some calories through urine and feces and as heat.
and collected people's feces to determine how many calories were wasted. Based on these experiments Atwater concluded that proteins
For example the almond study which also accounted for calories lost in feces suggested that some of the fat in whole almonds is locked away in a structure our bodies can't digest.
What is digested not is excreted out of the body in feces and urine. Some of the food provides the energy required to eat
and samples of feces and urine were taken regularly. By knowing what food went in and
along with their waste frequently in welfare-depriving cages crates and pens. The majority of pregnant sows egg-laying hens and other farm animals are housed in barren crowded cages and crates barely larger than their bodies.
Cats in the United states release about 2. 6 billion pounds (1. 2 million metric tons) of feces into the environment every year.
Other animals like sheep and cattle can also acquire the parasite by ingesting the infected cat feces.
and change their behavior causing them to be less afraid of the smell of cat urine.
Costa rica is also implementing a number of strategies to reduce emissions including converting solid waste to energy switching to cleaner fuels in cars trucks
Crocodiles and Alligators Snack on Fruit</a p></p><p>Ancient trash heaps in Bolivia used for millennia now suggest humans explored the western Amazon as early as 10000 years ago researchers say.</
or do they come out in their feces? Platt asked. What effects do their guts have on the seeds?
and love garbage. Â Only those wolves who were least fearful and nonaggressive toward humans would be able to take advantage of that new source of food.
Their excrement also adds physical structure to the soil that holds in the carbon reduces erosion
Other new studies find that the fecal matter of millipedes and oribatid mites also transform carbon into its more decay resistant form.
I would not rule it out Dr. Montserrat Torremorell of the University of Minnesota's College of Veterinary medicine told Reuters. There is a chance that airborne contaminated feces may have played a role in the rapid dissemination of the disease she said.
In excreted fecal matter Cyclospora exists in the form of oocysts (a thick-walled structure containing immature dormant parasite spores) a product of sexual reproduction of the parasite.
but contamination of water and food (such as raw produce) with oocyst-containing fecal matter likely contributes to the dissemination.
but some males will even taste the urine to see if she's ready to mate.
Each individual leopard has its own hunting range which it marks with urine and claw marks.
work hard work the task of bringing people from degradation poverty and waste to full manhood.
A minuscule $15000 grant to the Rich Earth Institute funds a study on using sanitized urine as fertilizer.
Coburn's report goes as far as to list a series of studies on turning waste into something worthwhile before dismissing the line of research because of the'ick'factor he said.
because goats are attracted to urine from hikers. The study is arguably less funny considering that goat-human encounters are up
#Humans Landed on'Treasure Island'Earlier Than Thought Ancient trash heaps in Bolivia used for millennia now suggest humans explored the western Amazon as early as 10000 years ago researchers say.
Whereas the underlying layer of shells might not obviously result from human activity molecules detected in the underlying layer are linked to human feces.
But even worse as the Athabasca flows downstream through the scarred industrial landscape it is contaminated by toxic waste leaching from tar-sands mining operations that poison the waters threatening wildlife
and millions more gallons of toxic waste that would leach into the rivers from tailings ponds
Old tires junk piles building eaves cement blocks upturned flower pots and even empty soda cans have been occupied by the bees according to the U s. Department of agriculture.
the insects also readily get the salt from animal urine muddy river banks puddles sweaty clothes
>.And that risk increased for those who smoked more frequently and those showing a higher level of the drug in their urine.</
Scientist Snaps Shot of Colorful Urine From red to blue to violet all the colors of the rainbow appear regularly in urine tests conducted at hospital labs. The prismatic pee collection seen in this stunning photo took only a week
and her colleagues collected the urine colors to highlight their fascinating behind-the-scenes work.
None of the urine samples were treated with chemicals in the lab to change their hue West said.
They did not believe it was actually urine she said. Hospital labs are tucked often away in a windowless basement
While the chromatic colors of pee are amazing doctors are interested usually more in the contents of urine.
I wouldn't generally just monitor the color of someone's urine said Kirsten Greene an assistant professor of urology at the University of California San francisco
Red Blood is the most common cause of red urine and is a definite health warning signal.
when people have red urine Greene said. Bladder cancer infections and kidney stones can all cause bleeding that shows up in urine
and all are worth a trip to the doctor. More benignly eating a lot of beets can turn your pee pink.
Orange Dark-colored urine also points to health problems. Liver cancer can cause dark brown urine containing excess bilirubin a brownish pigment produced by the liver.
A drug called phenazopyridine (Pyridium) created the bright orange urine seen in West's photograph.
It's a painkiller given to people with urinary tract infections and converts pee into a Gatorade-like color.
Antibiotics often alter urine color to orange Green said. People who eat enough carrots to turn their skin orange can have orange pee too she added.
Yellow Many people have seen the effects of dehydration on pee a dark yellow-colored urine.
Without enough water a pigment called urochrome becomes more concentrated in urine. On the other hand in hospitals some patients on intravenous fluids are hydrated
so they produce nearly colorless urine West said. The cloudy yellow urine in West's picture was caused by an infection.
Related: How much Urine Can a Healthy Bladder Hold? Green Green urine usually flows from dilution of blue urine as in West's image.
Occasionally a urinary tract infection may trigger green pee. Blue The rarest of all on the pee rainbow blue urine often comes from chemicals
and drugs given to patients. The No. 1 offender is called a drug methylene blue used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning and as a dye during surgery.
It makes the blue and green urine seen in West's photograph. Methylene blue was also a malaria treatment during WORLD WAR II.
Other medications that make blue urine include Viagra indomethacin and propofol the anesthetic drug infamously linked with Michael jackson's death.
Genetic conditions that affect the breakdown of dietary nutrients can also cause blue urine. Even blue food dyes sometimes passes into pee.
Indigo and Violet In this photo the deep purple urine comes from a patient with kidney failure. The dark black one is something that you usually see in kidney failure West said.
Your kidneys should be filtering your blood and getting rid of your waste and when you damage the kidneys there's a lot more blood in the urine she said.
Another violet venue: Patients with catheters can develop a rare complication called purple urine bag syndrome linked to a urinary tract infection and highly alkaline urine.
A genetic condition called porphyria may also trigger deep purple pee. Email Becky Oskin or follow her@beckyoskin. Follow us@livescience Facebookâ & Google+.
+Original article on Livescience. com n
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