Our work shows that RNA silencing suppression is a common strategy used by a variety of pathogens--viruses bacteria
They serve as a major defense mechanism against viruses in plants and invertebrates. RNA silencing has also been implicated in antibacterial plant defense.
This new antibody works by preventing the virus from attaching to nerve endings around the bite site
and keeps the virus from traveling to the brain. Rabies continues to kill many thousands of people throughout the developing world every year
#West Nile virus spreading due to mosquitoes in orchards and vineyards, experts warnwashington State university researchers have linked orchards
and vineyards with a greater prevalence of West Nile virus in mosquitoes and the insects'ability to spread the virus to birds horses and people.
The finding reported in the latest issue of the journal PLOS ONE is the most finely scaled look at the interplay between land use and the virus's activity in key hosts.
Since it was seen first in New york in 1999 West Nile virus has reached across the country and shown few signs of abating.
Most efforts to figure out the ecological workings of the virus have focused on reports of infected people a crude indicator at best says Crowder.
and birds surveys of virus-bearing mosquitoes breeding bird surveys and detailed land use maps and climate data from around the Northwest.
It's still unclear why the habitats would create such a perfect storm for the virus. The researchers speculate that mosquitoes are drawn to orchards for plant nectar during flowering
#Schmallenberg virus genome engineered to understand how to reduce disease caused by the virusscientists engineer the Schmallenberg virus genome to understand how to reduce disease caused by the virus. Researchers from the MRC Centre for Virus Research at the University of Glasgow in Scotland have developed methods to synthesize
and change the genome of Schmallenberg virus (SBV). SBV is discovered a recently pathogen of livestock such as cattle sheep and goats.
The researchers have laid bare important ways by which this virus causes disease. The full report about the study publishes on January 10 in the Open Access journal PLOS Pathogens.
From these cells the researchers recovered virus with identical infection properties to the natural SBV.
and identify a gene (called NSS) involved in protecting the virus against the immune response of infected animals.
The researchers made viruses missing the NSS gene and found they made mice in the laboratory less sick than viruses containing the NSS gene.
The researchers also discovered that SBV rapidly grows in the brain and spinal cord of aborted lambs and calves.
The virus prefers to infect cells called neurons which explains why it infects and damages the brain.
when virus is transmitted from an SBV infected mother to the calves or lambs in the uterus during pregnancy.
and control the SBV genome will allow the future development of new vaccines for this virus that is of great concern to European farmers.
Which viruses infect the elephant? Which type of bacteria causes severe lung disease in European brown hare?
(or at least large sections of it) from pathogenic variants of influenza viruses for example or from completely new pathogens explains Greenwood.
As their next task his team wants to retrieve simple and well characterised DNA VIRUSES such as the elephant herpes virus.
#How deadly MERS virus enters human cellscornell University researchers have uncovered details of how the deadly Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov) enters host cells and offer possible new avenues
The researchers Gary Whittaker Cornell professor of virology and Jean Millet a postdoctoral associate in Whittaker's lab suggest that blocking furin at a specific point in the host cell entry process could lead to a treatment
by preventing the virus from getting into cells where it uses the cell's reproduction mechanism to make new viruses.
after a new virus is assembled inside a host cell when the virus makes its way out of the host cell to the cell surface
and again when the released virus finds a new cell and is taken up into the membrane.
This is the first characterization of a natural coronavirus with a spike protein containing two furin cleavage sites said Millet the paper's first author.
One way viruses mutate is by changing the protease they use for activation. This study shows how flexible coronaviruses are in terms of cleavage activation strategies said Millet.
The researchers suspect that a MERS-Cov in camels may have mutated two and half years ago allowing the virus to infect humans.
At present the virus does not spread easily between people except during hospital-acquired outbreaks. Societies in North africa and the Middle east have strong cultural connections to camels where there are a lot of activities that expose people to raw camel products--milk urine
The first kidney transplant in Utah using an organ from a donor with hepatitis C. The first en bloc kidney where two pediatric kidneys were transplanted into one adult.
Data support new branch of herpesvirus familyelephants are among the most intelligent nonhumans arguably on par with chimps
In 1999 Gary Hayward of Johns hopkins university and collaborators published their results identifying a novel herpesvirus EEHV1 as the cause of Kumari's sudden death.
They now show that severe cases like this one are caused by viruses that normally infect the species rather than by viruses that have jumped from African elephants
which was their original hypothesis. Hayward's latest research appears ahead of print in two concurrently published papers in the Journal of Virology.
At the time of Kumari's death anti-zoo activists seized on the situation to call for abandoning all efforts to breed Asian elephants in zoos as they claimed that zoos were spreading the deadly herpesvirus says Hayward.
whereas some identical herpesvirus strains infected both healthy and diseased animals concurrently at particular facilities the majority were different strains
Therefore the viruses have not spread between zoos and the sources of the viruses were most likely wild-born elephant herdmates.
The papers also provide substantial data to support the hypothesis that the EEHV collectively represent a new fourth major branch of the herpesvirus family the proposed deltaherpesvirus subfamily (Deltaherpesvirinae) says Philip Pellett of Wayne State university Detroit who wrote an invited
Pellett adds that Further scientific significance arises from the discovery of 12 new herpesviruses and identification of some new wrinkles in our understanding of herpesvirus diversity and evolution.
In these studies the investigators performed extensive DNA fingerprinting of the genetic signatures of all the known EEHV cases as well as samples of EEHV virus that were obtained from wild Asian
Because these viruses cannot be grown in cell culture we had to develop sensitive and specific PCR techniques to be able to identify
and EEHV7 are natural endogenous viruses of African elephants whereas EEHV1A EEHV1B EEHV4 and EEHV5 are apparently natural
and that the viruses causing disease normally do so only in their natural hosts. Close monitoring of Asian elephant calves in zoos has enabled so far lifesaving treatment for at least nine infected Asian calves says Hayward suggesting that such monitoring may ultimately enable determining why some animals become susceptible to severe disease after their primary EEHV1 infections
In another paper in the same issue of Journal of Virology Hayward et al. demonstrate that the many highly diverged species
and subtypes of EEHVS are ancient viruses that evolved separately from all other known subfamilies of mammalian herpesviruses within the ancestor of modern elephants beginning about 100 million years ago.
Philip Pellett of Wayne State university School of medicine Detroit praises both of Hayward's studies in this issue of the Journal of Virology:
The information gained in the new EEHV papers will be important for developing diagnostic tools for these viruses
or had higher levels of biomarkers of tobacco exposure had a higher prevalence of the sexually transmitted infection oral human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) according to a study in the October 8 JAMA a theme issue
Pathogens can include viruses and bacteria that damage the plant itself or bacteria like the Shiga-toxin producing E coli O104:
#Bluetongue disease overwintering mystery solvedthe bluetongue virus which causes a serious disease that costs the cattle
By conducting this epidemiological study on a commercial dairy farm in Northern California we were able to demonstrate that the virus overwinters in female midges that had fed on an infected animal during the previous season said lead author Christie Mayo a veterinarian
In the U s. the virus'greatest economic impact is in the cattle industry because it is bigger than the domestic sheep industry
The virus that causes bluetongue was isolated first and identified in the Western hemisphere in the early 1950s at the UC Davis School of veterinary medicine.
and fall but there has been speculation over how the virus survives through the winter. When temperatures turn cold
but the virus reappears when temperatures warm the following season Findings from California dairythe researchers monitored cows and midges on a Northern California dairy farm for more than a year.
They documented for the first time the presence of genetic material for the bluetongue virus in female midges that were collected during two consecutive winter seasons.
The bluetongue virus was widespread in both the dairy cows and the midges from August to November.
Surprisingly however the researchers discovered that the virus was also present in female midges captured in February of both 2013 and 2014.
The researchers concluded that those long-lived female midges had been infected with the bluetongue virus during the previous warm-weather season.
They were carrying the virus through the winter months and would later in the season once again transmit it to cows on the dairy.
The research team notes that the bluetongue virus may also have additional yet-to-be discovered modes of overwintering in temperate regions.
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The research published in the journal Global Ecology
and the Citrus tristeza virus (given its name meaning'sadness'in Portuguese and Spanish by farmers in the 1930s)
#Of bees, mites, and viruses: Virus infections after arrival of new parasitic mite in New zealand honeybee colonieshoneybee colonies are dying at alarming rates worldwide.
A variety of factors have been proposed to explain their decline but the exact cause--and how bees can be saved--remains unclear.
and adult bees the mites can transmit several honeybee viruses with high efficiency. Uncontrolled Varroa infestation can thereby cause an accelerating virus epidemic and so kill a bee colony within two to three years.
Interested in the complex interplay between bees mites and viruses Fanny Mondet from the University of Otago Dunedin New zealand and INRA Avignon France and colleagues took advantage of a unique situation in New zealand:
The country was invaded only recently by Varroa which was detected first on the North Island in 2001 and still had an active infestation expansion front traveling southward into Varroa-free areas of the country
The researchers'aim was to monitor the first stages of the Varroa infestation and its consequences for bees and bee viruses.
Each of seven different virus species examined in detail responded in a unique way to the arrival establishment and persistence of the mite.
Consistent with the observations in other countries Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) is the virus most strongly affected by the spread of Varroa throughout New zealand.
Another highly virulent Varroa-transmitted virus Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV) also showed a close association with Varroa.
However in contrast to DWV KBV abundance peaks two years after an initial Varroa infestation and subsequently disappears from the colonies entirely leaving DWV as the dominant honeybee virus in long-term Varroa-infested areas.
The researchers say that the results of their study strengthen the idea that the multiple virus infestations in honeybees interact to create a dynamic and turbulent pathological landscape
and that the viruses play an important part in the survival or collapse of the bee colonies infested by Varroa.
Future work they state will focus on the mechanisms that form the evolutionary basis for the bee-Varroa-virus interaction.
Dr. Schnell and his team have developed a vaccine that activates the immune system to produce large amounts of antibodies against three virus strains
It includes the Zaire strain of Ebola virus that is currently spreading across West Africa as well as the Sudan strain and the Marburg virus a virus in the same family as Ebola
Although they do not confer the long-lasting immunity of a vaccine antibodies attach to virus particles
and help chaperone them out of the blood before they can infect more cells It's like a sponge that mops up a lot of the virus in the body says Schnell.
It gives the immune system the time it needs to build a response to the virus that has infected already cells.
if the virus mutates. If money were no object we could have the first batch of serum ready for human testing in four to six months says Dr. Schnell.
Scientists analyze how influenza-related proteins help infect cellsa flu virus acts like a Trojan horse as it attacks
The discovery detailed this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows the path taken by hemagglutinin a glycoprotein that rides the surface of the influenza virus as it releases fusion peptides to invade a host cell.
Ma said frequent mutations to the cap help the virus avoid antibodies; this is the reason people need flu shots every year.
We're targeting the part that the virus cannot afford to change. Therefore it provides more hope for developing therapeutic agents he said.
but the target of his work consists of viruses that can only be found and identified with special methods and instruments.
Benjamin Hause an assistant research professor at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Kansas State university recently published an article about one of his discoveries porcine enterovirus G
which is an important find in the United states. We had isolated a virus in cells but didn't know what it was said Hause.
and it turned out to be porcine enterovirus G which had been described before but had never previously been found in North america.
The virus is thought to be benign and is known not to cause disease but it had only been reported before in Europe and Asia.
Fortunately porcine enterovirus G doesn't do much in pigs but it raises concerns about other viruses getting through the border Hause said.
We're not sure if this has been undetected here for some time or is a recent introduction. Coincidentally the virus was most similar to 2012 Chinese isolates
and was detected around the same time as a couple of other viruses: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus both of which were detected in China in the same time frame prior to the U s. Both porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
and porcine deltacoronavirus have caused major economic losses to hog producers in North america and are impacting several other aspects of the swine industry.
Hause has mapped these viruses at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory as a way to ensure the reliability of the next-generation sequencing methods he uses to identify
As we isolate viruses we can completely sequence their genomes Hause said. We can get a good understanding of
what makes those viruses tick. Next-generation sequencing goes farther and allows us to perform metagenomic sequencing where we don't isolate the virus
. Instead we can sequence all DNA contained in a sample which includes the host DNA plus it reads all of the viruses in the sample too.
It's a universal method to detect viruses that we have adapted and applied to veterinary diagnostics.
Hause's most recent work has led to the discovery of an influenza virus in cattle.
A swine sample came in that we thought was influenza but all other tests were said negative Hause.
He worked on his porcine enterovirus G paper with Richard Hesse a diagnostic virologist at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory who helped recruit Hause to the university to further develop his next-generation sequencing methodology
As a virus mutates and changes next-generation sequencing can be used to help update vaccines
Through this technology we can build a database with a collection of viruses based on where they came from and
and understand these viruses as much as possible. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Kansas State university.
and herpetologist at the Colorado Plateau Research Station has been studying the narrow-headed gartersnake which was listed recently as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act.
These differences remained even in an experimental hive that the researchers discovered was infected with deformed wing virus one of the many maladies that afflict honey bees around the world.
Unfortunately bees all over the world are under pressure from pesticides mites viruses bacteria fungi and environmental changes among other things.
or between insecticides and pathogenic agents--the effects of the insecticides being exacerbated in bees already weakened by viruses or parasites.
When people think about food-borne pathogens normally they list bacteria viruses and maybe parasites. Fungal pathogens are considered not as food-borne pathogens.
#Developing better vaccine for mutating virus in cowsbovine viral diarrhea virus infections result in one of the most costly diseases among cattle with losses in U s. herds estimated at $2 billion per year according to professor Christopher
The virus shuts down the immune system and makes the animal vulnerable to pneumonia and other respiratory diseases.
The animal will shed the virus for its entire life. Approximately 0. 5 percent of all cattle in the United states are infected persistently according to Chase.
Chase and his team found two viruses and one mutation. In some cases the virus incorporated part of a cow gene or another virus in the part of the genome in which most mutations take place Chase explains.
This makes developing a vaccine to prevent the virus challenging. Triggering immune responsethrough a five-year SDSU-USDA Experiment Station grant Chase his colleague immunology expert Alan Young
and assistant professor Adam Hoppe of SDSU Chemistry and Biochemistry Department are examining how BVDV suppresses the cow's immune response.
They surmise that different virus strains will require different vaccine strategies. Ultimately the best kind of immunization would be to increase the mucosal immune response antibodies secreted on the surfaces of the throat gastrointestinal tract
Research performed with Colorado State university showed that the virus quickly infects Kupffer cells in the liver
This may then lead to developing ways to prevent the virus from infecting the fetus
and attacks it as it would normally do with a bacterium or a virus. This causes symptoms like swelling rashes pain and even life-threatening anaphylactic shocks.
when our immune system produces antibodies to destroy enemy molecules like those from bacteria and viruses.
Water from canals may have carried also harmful protozoa bacteria and viruses. But groups to the northeast would have been able to expand maize production into new areas as their populations grew he said.
and Rocky mountain spotted fever and mosquitoes can spread West Nile Virus. Insect repellents are used to avoid exposure to pests that can bite attach
and Horst Thieme model disease persistence of a virus called Bluetongue using a system of several delay differential equations.
In sheep the bluetongue virus can cause abortion congenital abnormalities and death though mild cases completely recover.
but the concentration of bird markets makes them very suitable for infection should the virus be introduced there
which could provide advance warning should the virus spread and allow authorities to move quickly to contain it said Tim Robinson a scientist with ILRI's Livestock Systems
The existence of wetland-related agriculture near the markets such as farms that raise ducks in flooded rice fields appeared to be a contributing factor linked to the initial emergence of the virus
despite remarkably strict control efforts the virus has continued to slowly expand to new areas--evidence that H7n9 is difficult to contain along poultry market chains
and West Nile virus. One approach to controlling mosquitoes is to apply pesticides by spraying from planes or trucks over a large area.
The researchers performed autopsies investigating various tissues and testing for the presence of bacteria viruses and parasites.
#Involvement of gene in lentivirus infections of sheep, goats has been establishedin her Phd thesis Helena Crespo-Otano has studied the mechanism of the action of the small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) a type of virus
and goat species. Lentiviruses are viruses responsible for slow infections that damage the immune system and which cause a range of clinical symptoms (nervous pulmonary arthritic and mammary).
lentivirus de pequeã os rumiantes Role of the mannose receptor and the polarization of macrophages due to lentivirus infection in small ruminants.
when the virus is allowed to penetrate the cells of the animals. The target cells of these lentiviruses are the macrophages.
As Helena Crespo explained what is observed in the flocks infected by the small ruminant lentivirus is a fall in productivity an increase in mortality caused by secondary infections
Specifically the so-called MR (mannose receptor) could be a safe door of entry for certain bacteria protozoa parasites and viruses like SRLVS into the target cell
and characterised the ovine MR gene and have determined its involvement in the entry of the virus into the cells that express it.
and evolution of the disease opening up the possibility of identifying new therapeutic targets to combat lentiviral infections.
or absence of Varroa and Nosema parasites and viruses identify and measure pesticide contaminants in hives
Of the seven common honeybee viruses in the United states and Europe the team only identified three species
The number of viruses present was correlated positively with Varroa levels but was not related to colony size.
and viruses the researchers recommend that beekeepers in East Africa maintain healthy bee populations by protecting vital nesting habitat
That's why researchers at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Kansas State university have developed new tests they hope will mitigate the spread of these viruses.
but also to address the new diseases that are just destroying everything said Dick Hesse director of diagnostic virology at the lab and professor of diagnostic medicine and pathobiology.
Hesse says there are at least three viruses with similar symptoms affecting pigs two of which have entered the United states for the first time--porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and delta coronavirus.
Swine specialists and molecular diagnosticians at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory have developed tests to detect which virus is infecting the pigs.
and how high the immunity is you can make adjustments on how you treat the virus Hesse said.
An international research group led by Arizona State university professor Qiang Shawn Chen has developed a new generation of potentially safer and more cost-effective therapeutics against West Nile virus and other pathogens.
and protect mice against a lethal dose challenge of West Nile virus--even as late as 4 days after the initial infection.
The overarching goal of our research is to create an innovative yet sustainable and accessible low cost solution to combat the global threat of West Nile virus said Chen a researcher at Arizona State university's Biodesign Institute and professor in the Department
West Nile virus is spread by infected mosquitoes and targets the central nervous system. It can be a serious life-altering
or drug treatment against West Nile virus which has been widely spread across the U s. Canada Latin america and the Caribbean.
Secondly we've wanted to improve the delivery of the therapeutic into the brain to combat West Nile virus at the place where it does the greatest harm.
MABS target proteins found on the surface of West Nile virus . However this antibody was not to be able to accumulate at high levels in the brain.
Chen wanted to use this strategy to produce a more effective way to combat West Nile virus. In the new study they improved upon their phu-E16 design making half a dozen new variants that could for the first time lead to the development of MABS that effectively target the brain
and neutralize West Nile virus. Mice were infected with a lethal dose of West Nile virus and increasing amounts of a MAB therapeutic were delivered as a single dose the same day of infection.
In this case the therapeutic was administered 4 days after West Nile virus infection when the virus has already spread to the brain.
In each case they protected up to 90 percent of the mice from lethal infection. This is the first instance of such an effect
and makes possible neutralizing West Nile virus even after infection by a tetravalent MAB. The tetravalent MABS design will offer the researchers greater flexibility toward selection of disease tissue and antigen targets.
#Study fingers chickens, quail in spread of H7n9 influenza virusamong the copious species of poultry in China quail and chickens are the likely sources of infection of H7n9 influenza virus
to humans according to a paper published ahead of print in the Journal of Virology. Knowing the likely poultry species lets us target our interventions better to prevent human infections says corresponding author David Suarez of the United states Department of agriculture.
The H7n9 avian influenza virus was reported first in humans in March 2013 in China. Since then over 375 human cases have been confirmed
and is presumed to have contracted the virus in China. According to the World health organization most known human infections have resulted from direct or indirect contact with poultry.
We quickly recognized that the virus from this outbreak was represented unusual and a real human and veterinary risk he says.
Most of the genes had come from a poultry virus that had existed in china for many years
We felt a major knowledge gap in the outbreak was that we didn't know which poultry species was maintaining the virus
and hopefully eradicate the virus. In the study Suarez and his collaborators first infected seven species of poultry with a human isolate of the Chinese H7n9 virus. The virus replicated well in quail
and chickens and the former quickly infected their cage-mates says Suarez. The virus replicated less well in other poultry species
and did not transmit efficiently. Pigeons were notably resistant to becoming infected. In additional experiments quail transmitted virus efficiently
while pekin ducks and pigeons did not. None of the poultry species became sick when infected with H7n9 making detection of the virus that much more difficult in the birds says Suarez.
This work supports the need for better surveillance in animal species for avian influenza says Suarez.
versus the public health goals of eradicating the virus says Suarez. This work supports the field epidemiology studies that had identified live poultry markets as the likely source of the outbreak says Suarez.
However their efforts did not eradicate the virus and it has returned for a second wave.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011