Their further analysis also provide evidence on the ancestral status of the Indian group which holds great potential for introducing new alleles into the cultivated gene pool.
In this study researchers found that the Bt locus was delimited to a 442-kb region on chromosome 5 that harbors 67 predicted genes.
They further investigated the genomic basis of divergence among the cultivated populations for identifying genes controlling important traits.
This trait is caused by the accumulation of large amounts of Î-carotene that was reported to be controlled by a single recessive gene ore.
In this study researchers discovered a key natural variation in a Î-carotene hydroxylase gene that could be used to breed cucumber with enhanced nutritional value.
#Key genes for increasing oil content in plant leaves identifiedscientists at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have identified the key genes required for oil production and accumulation in plant leaves and other vegetative plant tissues.
Enhancing expression of these genes resulted in vastly increased oil content in leaves the most abundant sources of plant biomass-a finding that could have important implications for increasing the energy content of plant-based foods and renewable biofuel feedstocks.
The first step was to identify the genes responsible for oil production in vegetative plant tissues. Though oil isn't stored in these tissues almost all plant cells have the capacity to make oil.
but we tried to look also at different genes and enzymes said Xu. Unraveling the genesthe scientists used a series of genetic tricks to test the effects of overexpressing
or disabling genes that enable cells to make certain enzymes involved in oil production. Pumping up the factors that normally increase oil production in seeds had no effect on oil production in leaves
If you knock out (disable) the gene for an enzyme known as PDAT it doesn't affect oil synthesis in seeds
In contrast overexpressing the gene for PDAT-that is getting cells to make more of this enzyme-resulted in a 60-fold increase in leaf oil production.
if they activated the gene for oleosin along with PDAT? The result: Overexpression of the two genes together resulted in a 130-fold increase in production of leaf oil compared with control plants.
This time the oil accumulated in large clusters of tiny oleosin-coated oil droplets. Identifying the mechanismnext the scientists used radio-labeled carbon (C-14) to decipher the biochemical mechanism by which PDAT increases oil production.
Then the scientists decided to test the effects of overexpressing the newly identified oil-increasing genes (PDAT
Xu is now collaborating with Brookhaven biochemist John Shanklin to explore the potential effect of overexpressing these key genes on oil production in dedicated biomass crops such as sugarcane.
In a project which has just finished the scientists have focussed on a specific gene in pigs.
The gene SYN1 encodes the protein synapsin which is involved in communication between nerve cells. Synapsin almost exclusively occurs in nerve cells in the brain.
Parts of the gene can thus be used to control an expression of genes connected to hereditary versions of the aforementioned disorders.
The pig The SYN1 gene can with its specific expression in nerve cells be used for generation of pig models of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's.
The reason scientists bring a pig into the equation is that the pig is suited well as a model for investigating human diseases.
Before the gene was transferred from humans to pigs the scientists had to ensure that the SYN1 gene was expressed only in nerve cells.
We thus attached the relevant gene SYN1 to a gene from a jellyfish (GFP) and put it into a zebrafish in order to test the specificity of the gene explains Knud Larsen.
This is because jellyfish contain a gene that enables them to light up. This gene was transferred to the zebrafish alongside SYN1
so that the scientists could follow where in the fish activity occurred as a result of the SYN1 gene.
We could clearly see that the transparent zebrafish shone green in its nervous system as a result of the SYN1 gene from humans initiating processes in the nervous system.
We could thus conclude that SYN1 works specifically in nerve cells says Knud Larsen. The results of this investigation pave the way for the SYN1 gene being used in pig models for research into human diseases.
The pig with the human gene SYN1 can presumably also be used for research into the development of the brain and nervous system in the fetus.
I think it is interesting that the nervous system is preserved so well from an evolutionary point of view that you can observe a nerve-cell-specific expression of a pig gene in a zebrafish.
It is impressive that something that works in a pig also works in a fish says Knud Larsen.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Aarhus University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
In mammals these compounds can cause gene disruption and interfere with hormone function particularly in a developing fetus.
By fusing the genes encoding the Trxs f or m we increased the amount of recombinant protein (the albumin in this case).
Jaswinder Singh of Mcgill s Department of Plant science has identified a key gene that acts as a switch to determine how a particular plant will respond to high humidity
This switch is to be found in a key gene ARGONAUTE4 9 in the#oerna dependent DNA Methylation#pathway (Rddm.#
#oealthough in the past scientists have identified it as the pathway that regulates the way a variety of genes are expressed until now no one had made the link with PHS.#
#The Mcgill team made the discovery by using a variety of genomic and molecular tools to identify specific ARGONAUTE4 9 genes
and then compare the way that these genes are expressed in PHS resistant versus PHS susceptible varieties of wheat.#
The study#oepolymorphic homoeolog of key gene of Rddm pathway ARGONAUTE4 9 class is associated with Pre-harvest Sprouting in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)#was published just in the journal#oeplos ONE#.
and found that the children with RP carry two copies of a mutation at the dehydrodolichol diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) gene which makes the enzyme that synthesizes organic compounds called dolichols.
and found that instead of dolichol-19 the profiles from the three siblings with RP showed dolichol-18 as the dominant species. The parents who each carry one copy of the mutated DHDDS gene showed intermediate levels of dolichol-19 and higher
which genes are active and being transcribed from DNA into RNA --and genomic (DNA) data from a number of species of ants bees and wasps including bradynobaenid wasps a cuckoo wasp a spider wasp a scoliid wasp a mud dauber wasp a tiphiid wasp
The DNA from several genes of the bat parasites was sequenced at the Museum's Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics resulting in the most comprehensive evolutionary tree of life for malaria parasites of bats to date.
and safer for farm workerssince 1996 corn containing a gene that allows it to create a protein that is toxic to certain insects yet safe for human consumption has been grown in the United states
The focus thereby was on microrna--a short single-stranded RNA molecule that is now recognised as playing an important role in gene regulation.
and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has shown how temporal control of a single gene solves two problems during fruit ripening in strawberry.
When the seeds are ripe the Anr gene is turned off. This makes precursors of proanthocyanidins available for use in the production of anthocyanins the red pigments that give the mature fruit its alluring Color in their new study Thilo Fischer
Small RNAS guide gene silencing in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. In the case of Botrytis cinerea small RNAS silence the expression of host defense genes resulting in the host plant cells being less able to resist the fungal attack.
The process is similar to how protein effectors weaken host immunity in the case of most pathogens.
RNA interference or RNAI is conserved a gene regulatory mechanism that is guided by small RNAS for silencing
(or suppressing) genes. Next Jin and colleagues plan to continue investigating if the novel mechanism they discovered also exists in other aggressive pathogens.
The newly published study--led by professor Haja Kadarmideen--is the first in the world looking at pig to human comparative genetic mapping to reveal key genes on the human genome that are known to be involved in obesity.
and eating behaviour observations on all pigs via genome wide association studies to detect eating behaviour genes--a big task equivalent to finding polar bears in a snowstorm says Kadarmideen.
This is the first study in the world looking at pig to human comparative genetic mapping to reveal key genes on the human genome (e g. on chromosomes 6 and 17) that are known to be involved in human obesity and some new genes;
and this is because they may have received different variants of eating behaviour genes which could lead to obesity.
and behavioural changes to offset the actions of these potential obesity genes concludes Kadarmideen. Story Source:
After identifying hotspots of CWR diversity globally and comparing these against the CWR species already preserved in gene banks the scientists have generated now a list of taxa in critical need of future protection.
Colin Khoury of CIAT and Wageningen University in The netherlands will discuss a recently completed inventory of CWR in the United states as well as plans for protecting these plants both in gene banks and in the wild.
The team next inserted florescence genes into each organism which caused them to glow different colors--red for speaking and green for listening.
Moreover they are involved also in gene regulation helping to down regulate the activity of certain genes.
According to the study however the life-prolonging effect is not down to gene regulation as has often been supposed in the past.
It seems that the Baoul's immune system can tolerate higher levels of the blood parasite The Baoul gene pool should be preserveda number of international research projects are attempting to breed trypanosome-tolerant cattle
The researchers used gene sequencing technology to study the transcriptome which is the collection of RNA found in the tree leaves and fruit.
#Modifying rice crops to resist herbicide prompts weedy neighbors growth spurtrice containing an overactive gene that makes it resistant to a common herbicide can pass that genetic trait to weedy rice prompting powerful growth even
This new study is a surprising example of gene flow from crops to weeds that makes weeds more vigorous even without an environmental trigger researchers say.
It s probably because the pathway regulated by this gene is so important to the plant.#
The weed-killer glyphosate sold under the brand name Roundup kills plants by inhibiting a growth-related pathway activated by the epsps gene.
Biotech companies have inserted mutated forms of a similar gene from microbes into crop plants producing#oeroundup Ready#corn
But in this study the researchers used a different method boosting activation of the native epsps gene in rice plants#a process called overexpressing#to give the plants enough strength to survive an application of herbicide.
taking the plant s own gene and ramping it up#Snow said.##oewe don t know yet
#To overexpress the native gene in rice the scientists attached a promoter to it giving the plant an extra copy of its own gene
and ensuring that the gene is activated at all times. The researchers conducted tests in rice and four strains of a relative of the same species weedy rice a noxious plant that infests rice fields around the world.
In regulated field experiments the hybrids containing the overexpressed gene produced 48 percent to 125 percent more seeds per plant than did hybrid plants with no modified genes.
if a gene gives you a lot more seeds per plant compared to controls it s likely to increase the plants fitness
because those genes would be represented at a higher percentage in future generations#Snow said. When Snow and Lu set out to study this new genetic engineering method they didn t know what to expect.#
#oewith most types of herbicide resistant genes there s no benefit to a wild plant unless the herbicide is sprayed.
She has found that genes from crop plants can persist in related weeds over many generations.
In 2002 she led a study that was the first to show that a gene artificially inserted into crop plants to fend off pests could migrate to weeds in a natural environment
This is the first study to look at all of them A previous paper had come out looking at a specific region of chromosome 6
and use the genes that we bred for in grain sorghum over the last hundred years and move them into sweet sorghum and biomass sorghum.
We think that finding those genes is going to be said critical he. Even with this complete genetic map Brown said the research is still not at the end point.
and where we've stacked the good genes. Over here we've got exotic sorghum which hasn't been improved at all yet it's where most of the genetic diversity is.
For that genetic diversity to be useful to grain sorghum we need to know where the genes are for height
or biomass sorghum researchers will need to bring in some of the genes from grain sorghum for traits like seed quality or early-season vigor.
This is the general agronomic stuff we've been breeding for not the genes for dwarfing and earliness.
Right now we're using sorghum as a model--maybe we can find sorghum genes that we can also tinker with in miscanthus
Another gene found shows that sorghum produces a huge amount of antioxidant in the outer layer of the grain.
Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.
or by transferring resistance genes between bacteria. It is therefore important to only use antimicrobial agents as required to prevent overuse.
It demonstrates that some genes and proteins that most people think are specific to being multicellular in animals are already present in their unicellular relatives.
and sequenced the protein-coding genes of the organism to construct a 159-protein matrix for phylogenetic analyses.
and applied to crop fields contains antibiotic-resistant bacteria resistance genes and about 75 percent of the antibiotics consumed by the animals.
if researchers can identify the genes that influence the fishes'interest in being social they may be closer to understanding how genes drive human social behavior.
That suggests a single gene could cause fish to detect their environment differently Greenwood said
It provides a promising starting point in trying to locate the gene involved and Fred Hutch researchers are now working on manipulating the gene they think causes changes in the stickleback's lateral line to see
if that alters the fishes'schooling behavior. Research on schooling behavior in fish may seem an odd fit for a cancer research center
and the genes that tend to be affected during evolution in these other model systems we can apply that to humans she said.
Alternately the authors suggest the genes encoding these peptides could be used to engineer insect-resistant plants
. and others found this gene to encode A g protein called GÎ. Further experiments indicated an unexpected interaction between GÎ
The results showed that the genes of the Norwegian viruses resembled the genes found in influenza viruses from other wild birds in Europe.
However in some areas it has been observed that genes can be exchanged between influenza viruses from Eurasia and America.
Tønnessen studied the role that gulls play in the transfer of virus genes between these two continents.
Genes from American avian influenza viruses were detected not in the European gull viruses studied. However within avian influenza viruses from Eurasia she found that virus genes were exchanged between influenza viruses typically found in gulls and ducks respectively.
During the breeding seasons of 2008 and 2009 Tønnessen studied the occurrence of influenza virus in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) at Hornã¸ya in Finnmark in Northern Norway.
In a talk at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) scientists are describing identification of the genes responsible for pesticide-resistance in bedbugs
The surprise discovery we never expected is that most of the genes responsible for pesticide resistance in the bedbug are active in its outer skin-like shell or cuticle.
Zhu of Washington state University and colleagues who are with the University of Kentucky quickly realized that the location was the ideal spot for genes that mute the effects of pyrethroid insecticides--today's mainstay home
Some genes in the cuticle for instance produce substances that tear apart the molecular backbone of insecticides rendering them harmless.
Other genes manufacture biological pumps that literally pump insecticides back out of the cuticle before they can enter the body.
Zhu's team sifted through the bedbug's genome--its complete set of genes--to identify the genes responsible for this pesticide resistance.
It enabled us to perform quickly an analysis that would have taken years in the 1990s--a genome-wide analysis of the insecticide-resistance related genes in bedbugs.
They found 14 genes that in various combinations help bedbugs survive pesticide treatments with pyrethroid-type insecticides.
In case insecticides slip past the armor other genes kick in to prevent the toxins from attacking the nervous system.
Zhu said the findings suggest that development of new pesticides should focus on chemicals that shut down or mute genes in the cuticle that thwart today's pesticides.
when it comes to inhibiting cancer-causing pathways (such as the AP-1 protein) while activating chemoprotective genes (such as the Nrf2 gene).
The genes in question (Major Histocompatibility Complex; MHC) play a key role in detecting and fighting infections.
and other environmental factors affect the expression of genes in grapes and the chemistry of wine's aromas and color.
A team of geneticists from UCL University of Addis ababa and Roskilde University have shown that five different alleles are found in the Ethiopian population that cause adult lactase production one of which is confirmed newly.
Just over a third of the global population have inherited genes that allow us to make lactase the enzyme that digests milk as adults.
when we are babies to digest our mother's milk so in babies large amounts of lactase enzyme are expressed by our genes.
so in most humans manufacture of the lactase enzyme stops through de-activation of the corresponding gene.
However subtle mutations in the regulatory region of the gene in some individuals cause lactase to carry on being expressed into adulthood.
Soft selective sweeps have not been described so clearly before in humans one reason being caused that variations by soft selective sweeps are more likely to be caused by genetic mutations in regulatory sequences rather than mutations found in coding regions of genes.
since the lactase persistence genes are likely to have come under selection. Our studies on other African and Middle Eastern populations show quite different geographic distributions with overlap in Ethiopia suggesting that their origins are all different
The combination of mutation large effective population size migration and selection has been shown to be important in generating this kind of pattern of diversity namely parallel selection of multiple alleles of similar function a so-called soft selective sweep.
Their articles say that forest corridors play an essential role in maintaining the flow of genes between tiger
In the first ever gene-flow analysis of these big cats Sharma and Dutta analyzed the genes of the estimated 273 tigers
and 217 leopards living in four distinct populations in the 17375-mile Satpura-Maikal region of central India then used computer modeling to compare contemporary and historical gene flow among the region's tiger
and leopard populations. The genetic data showed that the region's tiger population divided rapidly twice in history:
while the flow of genes between the four tiger and leopard populations has decreased over time clusters linked by contiguous forest corridors have maintained a high rate of gene flow.
Reserves that have lost connectivity between them have seen the greatest decline in gene flow The research suggests that given the fact of limited financial and human capital the big cats would be served better by extending conservation efforts beyond source habitats to a larger landscape scale.
and possibly obstruct the flow of genes between the habitats. In cases where habitats become islands
and behavior affect how genes express themselves in offspring should help health care providers and public health officials develop more precise prenatal strategies to maximize the health of newborn children.
Liver samples were taken from the lambs born to these ewes at four months of age to examine their genes and proteins.
and drug target candidates the team identified a set of genes that are more active in certain stages of the parasite life cycle and within the parasite s gut.
when and where each gene is turned on or off in the cells and tissues of H. contortus to reveal new insights into the worm s lifecycle.
The researchers also described the full gene repertoires for known drug target families. This gives a comprehensive understanding of how several important treatments work against worms
and begins to unravel why resistance has occurred in these genes.##oenot only is this worm closely related to many other parasites of livestock it is also similar to some species of worms in humans.#
The analysis indicated that sorghum possesses a diverse primary gene pool but with decreased diversity in both landrace and improved groups.
The study identified 8m high-quality SNPS 1. 9m indels and specific gene loss and gain events in S. bicolor providing the largest dataset obtained in sorghum to date.
I did not expect that said noted ecologist Gene Likens a co-discoverer of acid rain in 1963 who collaborated with Kaushal on this research.
because it has the largest contiguous cluster of genes related to nitrogen fixation of any cyanobacterium. Roughly 30 genes are part of the same functional unit under the control of a single operating signal or promoter.
The scientists hope this cluster of genes can be moved to another cyanobacterial strain in a single mega-transfer.
The one they've picked as the host Synechocystis 6803 is studied the best strain of cyanobacteria.
The scientists will need to figure out how to connect the transplanted nitrogen-fixing gene cluster to Synechocystis'clock.
and to determine the origin of genes. According to their analysis domestic ducks and chickens played distinct roles in the genesis of the H7n9 virus infecting humans today.
Within ducks and later within chickens various strains of avian H7n9 H7n7 and H9n2 influenza exchanged genes with one another in different combinations.
#PHS gene prevents wheat from sprouting: Fewer crop losses anticipateda new study about the common problem of preharvest sprouting or PHS in wheat is nipping the crop-killing issue in the bud.
and cloned a gene in wheat named PHS that prevents the plant from preharvest sprouting.
With this study they will have a gene marker to expedite the breeding of wheat that will not have this problem.
I think that this gene is a big step toward establishing a white wheat industry in Kansas. Gill said identifying the PHS gene creates a greater assurance before planting a crop that it will be resistant to preharvest sprouting once it grows a year later.
and test whether it has the preharvest sprouting resistance gene rather than finding out once the crop grows.
Much of the work to isolate the PHS gene came from Gill and his colleagues'efforts to fully sequence the genome--think genetic blueprint--of common wheat.
and look for a naturally occurring resistance gene. Gill said without the sequenced segments finding the PHS gene would have been impossible.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Kansas State university. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
which led to a decrease in the production of anti-apoptotic genes in the pancreatic cancer cells.
Certain genes associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines were highly upregulated de Mejia said. According to Johnson the scientists'in vitro study in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research is the first to show that apigenin treatment can lead to an increase in interleukin 17s in pancreatic cells showing its potential relevance in anti-pancreatic cancer activity.
#The secret of male beauty (in turkeys) The essence of male beauty is down to the way males use their genes rather than
what genes they have according to a new study into the sexual attractiveness of turkeys. Geneticists have puzzled long over why individuals of the same sex show a greater or lesser degree of sexual attractiveness.
(and therefore share the majority of their genes)# dominant males show higher expression of genes predominantly found in males
and a lower expression of genes predominantly found in females than their subordinate brothers. Therefore dominant males were both masculinised and defeminised in terms of their gene expression.
A male s attractiveness is a function of how they express their genes rather than the genes themselves.
#oehere we have shown that male beauty is a result of how you use your genes rather than the difference in the genes themselves.#
#oewe expect to find a similar effect in females in that more attractive females may show a higher expression of genes predominantly found in females and lower expression of male genes.#
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011