Fertilization

Breast feeding (14)
Fertilization (281)
Pregnancy (424)

Synopsis: Birth & reproduction: Reproduction: Fertilization:

As an added bonus, pollination from the bees actually helps improve crop yields 15-30, %further adding to income.

Skin cells could be converted into sperm that could create an animal through in vitro fertilisation (IVF), or even transformed into whole animals.

It is estimated that a third of everything we eat depends upon honeybee pollination, which means that bees contribute some £26bn to the global economy.

in order to make pollination more efficient. It can be assumed, however, based on the results of the study, that the plants that survived natural selection are developed those that correct levels of these addictive substances,

Figs and the wasps that pollinate them present one of biologists favorite examples of a beneficial relationship between two different species. In exchange for the pollination service provided by the wasp,

and deposit pollenwasps that did not provide the basic service of pollination were sanctioned. However in passively pollinated species

The U s. Department of agriculture estimates about one-third of the nations diet directly or indirectly benefits from honeybee pollination.

and they have called this behavior buzz pollination that enables them to cause pollen to fly off the flower.#

and pollination behaviors that have evolved along with the species of plants they pollinate. Bumblebees can fly in colder weather than other species,

Xavier Callauaud s garden comes with a worm farm that will encourage plant fertilization and organic recycling.

a critical development if the commercial pollination industry cannot recover from severe yearly losses over the past decade.

Instead of prescribing field fertilization before application, high-resolution crop sensors inform application equipment of correct amounts needed.

particularly in Europe where a recent study found that demand for pollination is fast outstripping the supply of bees.

The findings detailed today (March 7) in the journal Science show how plants can manipulate animals'memories to improve their odds of pollination.

The findings detailed today (March 7) in the journal Science show how plants can manipulate animals'memories to improve their odds of pollination.</

New research however indicates that insect pollination was established probably well before the first flowers. While the oldest bee fossil was trapped in its amber prison only about 80 million years ago evidence has been found that bee

If more plants grow because of the earthworm fertilization then those plants would use carbon dioxide in their normal photosynthesis cycle

so hand-pollination is required sometimes.)Email asklizzyp@gmail. comâ or follow herâ@techepalermo. Follow Livescience on Twitter@livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+k

The connection between human sexuality and eggs and pollination is vague which can cause some confusion among curious children.

Though there are some variations the story typically involves bees pollinating flowers symbolizing male fertilization and the birds laying eggs

Honeybees use both visual and olfactory cues to recognize flowersâ that produce nectar in return for insect pollination.

Peak pollination times for grasses are in the afternoon to early evening so outdoor exercisers

And without nitrogen fertilisation hemp won't grow as vigorously as is suggested often. So as with any other crop it takes good agricultural practice to grow hemp right.

Still if cultivated on good soil with decent fertilisation hemp can certainly be an environmentally sound crop for bioenergy production and for other industrial uses as well.

The ultimate aim is to improve honeybee pollination and productivity on farms as well as help us monitor for any biosecurity threats including Colony Collapse Disorder a global phenomenon where worker bees from a beehive

Loss of habitat and agricultural environments as well as the widespread use of pesticides and chemicals in farming are believed to be contributing to the current bee crisis throughout the United states. The value of pollination to agriculture is estimated at more than $200 billion each year worldwide

Can we do it for functions like pollination and biological control of pests? I hope we can start watching urban ecosystems for problem insects

when they move from flower to flower during the pollination process. What wasn't known until now was the relationship of systemic host-jumping

After self-pollination the flowers lose their petals as the fertilized ovaries in the center of the flowers begin to enlarge.

and flower simultaneously the plant will produce a seedless fruit that develops without fertilization. When removed the crown of the pineapple fruit contains small roots.

explained either by the fertilization effect of elevated CO2 levels or by the fact that they are still in the process of growing back from major disturbances in past centuries.

In the past, work on cattle led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and in vitro fertilization techniques.

and only rarely produced viable seeds after fertilization. In contrast, the triple mutants created by Mercier

and fertilization produced viable triploid and tetraploid seeds. The results are encouraging, says Ueli Grossniklaus, a plant developmental biologist at the University of Zurich,

Researchers must first find out how to engineer crop plants to produce viable seeds from diploid reproductive cells without fertilization a process called parthenogenesis.

fertilization causes the chromosome number of the offspring to double in each generation, an undesirable outcome.

and production from a possible carbon fertilization effect increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere may be beneficial to some crops,

Taking carbon fertilization into account could give a more optimistic outcome, he says. But Goulding adds that the models also do not include loss of land to bioenergy crops

the indirect benefits of iron fertilization from whale faeces might remove more carbon from the atmosphere by boosting algal growth than the growth of the whales themselves.

which showed that the soil was acidifying rapidly because of over-fertilization (see'Acid soil threatens Chinese farms').

But Chinese farmers are often unaware of the consequences of over-fertilization. They see the green leaves

Better education could provide a simple solution to the fertilization problem. Upendra Singh, a soil scientist at the IFDC

We believe the cells know they are male or female at fertilization, Clinton says.

Plant biologists fear for cress project: Nature Newsthe brilliant career of a diminutive weed may have hit a snag.

higher concentrations of the gas reduce water loss during photosynthesis. A strong CO2 fertilization effect

But in the Northern hemisphere, fertilization experiments which involve pumping tonnes of CO2 into forest plots indicate that the effect is limited by the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen.

CO2 fertilization is absolutely critical in the tropics and we know absolutely nothing about it

They called for a rethink of current fertilization practices. Zhang Fusuo, a plant nutritionist at the China Agricultural University in Beijing, says China has 9%of the world's arable land

and used for commercial pollination in tomato greenhouses. Honeybees tend to perform poorly in tomato pollination.

But in the last three years, researchers have identified five North american species that have undergone a relatively swift population reduction since the 1990s

as nitrogen fertilization helps the exotic geranium take over. It just doesn't make any sense to ask what percentage of the decline is due to anthropogenic climate change from a scientific standpoint it doesn't have much value.

increasing fertilization and promoting the use of land-management techniques that integrate forests with agriculture.

the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), was thrown a lifeline on 25 january. The functions of the HFEA and another regulator the Human Tissue Authority were due to be transferred to other bodies

Ecotoxicologist James Cresswell, who studies pollination at the University of Exeter, UK, says that one can still equivocate over the evidence

Climate modellers trying to build carbon fertilization into their forecasts have had  precious few data to go on."

But the Hadley Centre s simulations, like all climate models, assume a substantial CO2-fertilization effect in the tropics.

the extent of CO2 fertilization largely determines the Amazon s resilience to global warming.""Let s do it right.

Because of the sheer volume of carbon cycling through the tropics, the fertilization effect has a massive impact on the amount of carbon that forests take up globally and on how much remains in the atmosphere.

UK modellers showed last year3that atmospheric CO2 Â levels in 2100 depended largely on the magnitude of the fertilization effect,

Richard Betts, a member of the Hadley team, says the paper showed that the effect of the CO2-fertilization feedback was potentially much larger than had been thought."

The experiments in temperate forests   rings of towers that inject CO2 into circular plots   showed an initial fertilization effect,

In theory, the fertilization effect should be stronger in the tropics, where warmer temperatures work in concert with higher CO2 levels to increase the rate of photosynthesis

despite reproducing by internal fertilization. A study published today in Current Biology1 shows that the development of chicken penises is cut short by signals that promote cell death."

After initially planning to dissolve the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and the Human Tissue Authority,

 but they are threatened because of habitat loss as well as gene flow from domesticated plants through cross-pollination, says Paul Gepts, a plant breeder at the University of California,

or wild relatives through cross-pollination make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction.""The traditional expectation is that any sort of transgene will confer disadvantage in the wild in the absence of selection pressure,

Earlier studies seemed to suggest that CO2 fertilization could not explain it and that enhanced nitrogen deposition due to industrial activities might be a factor.

and the vegetation that depends on them for pollination. Fewer bees not only means less honey it means less food.

Totally crazy to think that technology can be as efficient as the natural bee in pollination.

The cross-pollination bit is the perhaps the most disturbing thing but I head somewhere that recently they prohibited agro companies from suing farmers that accidentally grow GMO crops that got there by cross pollinationalso the article says that theres nothing thats been published to support the notion of any health detriments (or benefits) from GMO crops...

FYI-It is impossible to stop cross pollination. Committee Charge from the Office of the Secretary The AC21 has been charged by the Office of the Secretary with addressing the following questions:

http://www. usda. gov/documents/ac21 report-enhancing-coexistence. pdfthey sue people for cross pollination and win by out spending them-Many of these farmers have had to pay a settlement to the corporation even

if that means cross-pollination may cause non-modified rice to die or what.)Opponents also say there are better ways of relieving Vitamin a deficiency such as encouraging farmers to grow

BBC Why aren't there tests inside controlled environments to see what effects there are of cross pollination?

And yes cross-pollination with other plants has unknown consequences. You get different strains of plants.

Cross-pollination and hybridization occurs naturally...genetic modification happens in the lab only.@@shutterpod...genetic modification happens in the lab only really guess you never heard of domestication corn hybrids or evolution?

The honey substitutes that are being fed to bees weakens their immune system making migrating pollination services unreliable and expensive.

Crops from almonds to berries to broccoli to onions all depend on bee pollination. In addition to breeding colony collapse-resistant bees the Washington researchers hope to breed new bees with other traits American farmers from different regions want.

but for their pollination services--without them you wouldn't have almonds blueberries tomatoes and a long list of other crucial crops.

Heck you could even use them for pollination!..If the bee disappeared off the face of the earth man would only have four years left to live...

I think most of the Midwest was still under snow at that time so even incidental cross pollination is impossible.

the corn syrup they are forced to eat en route to their next pollination gig...is laced with Monsanto and Bayer's Systemic Neurotoxins.

There are many ways to pollinate. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pollination But what is killing the bees

For starters it's possible to reduce the chance of cross-pollination by staggering planting schedules

and depend on forest-bound species for pollination and dispersal. Their conservation will depend on our ability to protect large areas of old-growth forests.

and vegetable crops rely on pollination by bees and other insect species--and the future of many of those species is uncertain.

We've developed a set of metrics that we think offers a comprehensive overview of pollination efficiency

The researchers conducted a pilot study using their comprehensive approach to assess the pollination performance of various bee species on economically important highbush blueberry crops in North carolina.

Particularly in the context of the crisis-stricken honeybee populations the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris is being bred on an industrial scale for the pollination of fruit and vegetable crops both inside and outside greenhouses.

and crop pollination--but the Dartmouth study is the first to do so for albedo or the surface reflection of incoming solar energy.

The study also has implications for understanding the effects of climate change on plant pollination.

and royal jelly but also to those dedicated to crop pollination and queen bee breeding. The researcher specialized in bee genetics points out that the developed technology was published recently on INIFAP we are in process of validation using field tests with beekeepers

or ph and pollination syndromes said lead author Yelenik who earned her doctorate from UCSB's Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology and now works for the U s. Geological Survey's Pacific Island Ecosystems

and therefore reduces honey production and even pollination efficiency. The team also found that the mandibular gland

In developing countries in particular nitrogen fertilization rates are spiraling upward driving up fossil-fuel consumption Deluca said.

Although modest in comparison to modern fertilization the observation that cyanobacteria could drive the productivity of these boreal floodplain systems so effectively for so long makes one question

because their research has revealed that soil K testing is of no value for predicting soil K availability and that KCL fertilization seldom pays.

Test values fluctuated drastically did not differentiate soil K buildup from depletion and increased even in the complete absence of K fertilization.

Khan and his colleagues pointed out that KCL fertilization has long been promoted as a prerequisite for high nutritional value for food and feed.

whether K fertilization is needed. Based on published research cited in their paper they prefer the use of potassium sulfate not KCL.

There is growing concern regarding the global decline of honey bee populations and the implications of this demise for the pollination of crops.

In the future we may rely on other insect species to perform crop pollination services including naturally-occurring native

Pollination success of generalist plants tends to be positively related to pollinator diversity so any habitat modifications that increase the number of pollinating species present at a site would tend to be of some inherent value.

But changes in grazing pressure and pollination can also affect the genetic composition of natural plant populations according to a new study.

and pollination intensity determine whether the short or the tall primrose morph reproduces more successfully.

of California Cooperative Extension in Salinas studied nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation management practices in fall-planted annual strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.

They also surveyed growers regarding their nitrogen (N) fertilization practices. Our primary objective was to document plant

Our research determined that current nitrogen fertilization practices did not efficiently match the crop N uptake pattern observed Hartz said.

Although the researchers saw a strong historical influence of carbon fertilization in carbon absorption that exchange does have its limits Saleska said.

#Unregulated, agricultural ammonia threatens U s. national parks ecologythirty-eight U s. national parks are experiencing accidental fertilization at

However no government regulations currently limit the amount of ammonia (NH3) that enters the atmosphere through agricultural fertilization or manure from animal husbandry

One in three mouthfuls of our food depend on bee pollination said lead author Dr John Bryden from the School of Biological sciences at Royal Holloway.

and safeguard future pollination services. Pesticides can have a detrimental effect on bees at levels used in the field said co-author Dr Nigel Raine.

#Understanding soil nitrogen management using synchrotron technologyas food security becomes an increasingly important global issue scientists are looking for the best way to maintain the organic matter in soils using different methods of fertilization and crop rotation.

Indeed fertilization has had a profound effect on humanity as a whole. The downside of nitrogen fertilization is that run off of nitrates to the surface waters or leaching of nitrates to groundwater cause problems with water quality and eutrophication in lakes.

The recent algal blooms on Lake Winnipeg are a prime example of this nitrogen pollution.

To obtain the snack researchers enriched apple slices with mandarin juice using a technology of impregnation developed

This was restoration not fertilization said Battles. We were only replacing what was lost. Researchers monitored the forest over the next 15 years comparing the treatment area with an adjacent watershed that had the same characteristics

Honeybees are one of the most important bee species in the world in terms of their contribution to food production through pollination.

These benefits may include for example reduced pollution outflow and erosion and better wind protection pest control and pollination.

and vegetable crops around the country in an approach known as managed pollination It involves placing bee hives in fields

when crops are ready for pollination. The biggest impacts from decreased hive numbers will be felt by farmers producing crops with high pollination requirements such as almonds.

Consumers may see a lowered availability of certain fruits and vegetables and some higher costs explained Fell.

Honeybees are not the only species of bee that can be used in managed pollination. If colonies continue declining Fell believes that there will be an increase in the use of other species including the bumble bee and alfalfa leafcutter bee.

In addition they are not as easily managed for pollination as the honeybee. The major advantages of using honeybees are ease of movement both in

By biasing fertilisation in favour of MHC-dissimilar males females increase the diversity of MHC within their offspring providing them with better disease resistance.

and urban areas and to enhance pollination services for crops and biodiversity. Under current agri-environment schemes the UK Government pays farmers to manage their land for the benefit of particular habitats

because bees play a pivotal role in crop pollination agricultural yields and therefore food supply and prices.

and increasing the chance of pollination. An infrared camera from Goleta-based FLIR captured time-sequence thermal photography of Chanel as her spadix the tall core spike that houses both female and male flowers heated up to nearly human body temperature.

and pollination systems said Scott Hodges professor in the Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology.

whether an oil palm plantlet is a high-yielding palm Even with selective breeding 10 to 15 percent of plants are the low-yielding dura form due to uncontrollable wind and insect pollination particularly in plantations

and other insects--the pollination they carry out is essential for both natural ecosystems and agriculture.

Across the steps of the pollination process from patterns of bumblebee visits to plants to picking up pollen to seed production the researchers saw a cascading effect of removing one bee species

and imported bumblebees are essential for pollination of greenhouse crops such as tomatoes. They are used also to enhance pollination of other food crops such as strawberries

and are marketed now for use in people s gardens. The trade is large and widespread:

To test whether such a carbon dioxide fertilization effect was taking place in forests Keenan Richardson

Contemporary nitrogen fertilization practices are not environmentally or economically smart says Busov who studies the functional genomics of plant development.

They can suck some of the excess nitrogen from crop fertilization out of ground water. That's good for the plants and good for nature the researcher observes.

In normal pollination sperm-carrying pollen grains land on the pistil's tip or stigma and grow tubes down its style to reach the ovaries in the ovules at the pistil's base.

but fertilization often fails at the pollen tube burst -and-release step. Among crop plants pollination means food.

Understanding this molecular back-and-forth at all the different levels and stages will be useful to either engineer the process

. However recently there has been a lot of concern that the decline of pollinators might result in pollination limitation of insect-pollinated crops.

'Rachael Winfree a leading pollination scientist from Rutgers University New jersey USA comments'This is an interesting timely and comprehensive study that tests several ecological hypotheses to answer an important question:

and vegetables depends on animal pollination and we know that most crop pollination is done by wild pollinators.

Biodiversity is important to ensuring we don't lose that service. Relying on a few species could be risky in a changing environment he added.

or to the quality of the pollination services they provide to wildflowers or agricultural crops.

Indeed he believes farmers will benefit from healthy pollinator populations as they provide substantial economic benefits to crop pollination.

While 50 years of inorganic fertilization did increase soil organic carbon stocks in a long-term experiment in western Kansas the practice seemingly failed to enhance soil aggregate stability--a key indicator of soil

Fertilization typically leaves behind more crop residues in fields he explains which in turn can boost soil organic carbon levels.

When he tested soils from the experimental plots he saw soil organic carbon concentrations rise gradually with increases in nitrogen fertilization at soil depths from 0 to 6 inches although not at deeper ones.

Similarly phosphorus fertilization increased soil organic carbon at depths of 0 to 3 inches and 6 to 12 inches.

Because tillage periodically disturbs the soil it may also negate any benefits of fertilization. Blanco is now testing these hypotheses in three additional long-term experiments in Nebraska that encompass a wider range of tillage practices

The hypothesis is that inorganic fertilization combined with conservation tillage--strip till no-till and others--may improve soil structural properties relative to conventional tillage systems.

and rivers leading to over-fertilization and low-oxygen conditions that endanger fish and other aquatic life.

Current fertilization practices may not match the uptake capabilities of hybrids that contain transgenic insect protection

and fertilization due to the processing and transport required for these products and services. Landscaping is something everyone can understand Townsend-Small says.

As the need for carbon sequestration biofuels and other forest products increases the study suggests that there might be unintended consequences to enhancing ecosystems using fertilization.

and these bees search for other coffee plants to find more nectar leading to better pollination.

Because everything was compressed more there was less overlap and less time for successful pollination. Of the 532 pairings between the plants and bees that linked the subset of Robertson's network Knight

A 40-year-old re-collection of Robertson's networkbut Burkle and Knight were aware that counting network links was a crude measure of pollination services.

Marlin's dataset gave us visitation rate a quantitative measure of pollination we otherwise wouldn't have had.

and at worst can clog up pistils preventing fertilization the bee washings also pointed to a decline in pollination services.

and coffee to examine the consequences of having abundant wild pollinators for crop pollination. Our study demonstrates that production of many fruit

These patterns are thought to be important for pollination. Bees can identify and are attracted sometimes to patterned flowers over plain flowers.

and/or to increase pollination efficiency. Right now we really don't know what drives them Redmond said.

Fortunately this carbon release is counteracted by the positive effects of carbon dioxide fertilisation on plant growth under most scenarios of the 21st century

and ultimately after pollination seeds--will provide more physical space for the development of the structures that mature into kernels.

In corn reproduction male flowers at the top of the plants distribute pollen grains two at a time through individual tubes to tiny cobs on the stalks covered by strands known as silks in a process known as double fertilization.

The team took advantage of an extremely rare phenomenon in plants called hetero-fertilization in

and they carry out very important biological functions such as pollination nutrient recycling and biological control of plagues as their larvae feed on other insects that are damaging to crops

#Two new studies show why biodiversity is important for pollination services in California almondagricultural demand for pollination is growing more quickly than the supply of honey bees the dominant species managed for crop pollination.

Increasing the efficiency of pollination represents a way of increasing crop yield without any increase in agricultural intensity or area.

Biological sciences shows that the pollination effectiveness of honey bees in California almond orchards was greater in the presence of other bees.

Almond is a crop highly dependent on honey bee pollination and is a $3 billion industry in California.

and their pollination effectiveness was greater than in orchards where other bees were absent. Furthermore orchards with wild bees had a greater proportion fruit set.

These findings show that wild pollinators not only contribute directly to almond pollination but also indirectly through increasing the pollination service provided by the honey bees.

A second study in the same system published in Global Change Biology found two other mechanisms by which pollinator diversity improved pollination service to almond.

Firstly they found that honey bees preferred to visit flowers in the top parts of the almond trees.

Where wild pollinators were present they often visited the lower parts of the trees filling the gap in pollination service left by the honey bees.

Secondly in high winds orchards with only honey bees present had almost no pollination service as the honey bees were not flying.

In orchards with a diversity of pollinators pollination service was buffered to an extent by the wild bees.

therefore help sustain pollination service under extreme weather conditions when the service by honey bees declines.

The findings presented in the two articles highlight different ways biodiversity is important for pollination service.

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