The authors then identify a network of Priority Primate Areas for conservation. The paper appears in the July 17 issue of the journal Oryx.
However the adequate protection of just nine sites including six national parks (Kilimanjaro Kitulo Mahale Saadani Udzungwa
and pulse seeds taken from 13 Neolithic sites around Europe. The findings are published in the early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The samples were from archaeological excavations of Neolithic sites across Europe dating from nearly 6000 to 2400 BC.
The cereal and pulse samples were taken from sites spread across Europe: in the UK they included Hambledon Hill in Dorset and Lismore Fields near Buxton in Derbyshire.
Other Neolithic sites included in the research were in Greece Bulgaria Germany and Denmark. The project was funded by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC.
and computer engineering and of physics and astronomy. Many animals and insects can see polarized light
The study is based on data from the Alien Forest Pest Explorer a web tool that gives users a county-by-county look at geographical distributions of damaging forest invasive pests throughout the nation.
Not surprisingly children lean toward sweets like cookies chocolate fruits and juices as well as salty foods that make them feel full like French fries and pizza.
Martin suggests product developers go beyond the traditional consumer trials and get consumers to absorb the product into their daily life over an extend period of time.
Microbial genome representation in the databases is skewed quite said Chris Rinke DOE JGI postdoctoral fellow and first author of the study.
Previous studies using video cameras found that snakes are major predators of young birds. Over the past twenty years fewer young Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) survived during hotter years according to research by Faaborg
As fears rise over antibiotic resistance two experts on The british Medical Journal website today debate
He understands the interest in creating a pipeline of new antibiotics but says overall reductions in antibiotic use should come first.
and Drug Administration Hollister and Green used computer-guided lasers to print stack and fuse thin layers of plastic to make up Kaiba's splint.
and elsewhere around the world Keenan and Richardson found increases in efficiency larger than those predicted by even the most state-of-the-art computer models The research which was done in collaboration with researchers from the Harvard's Department of Earth
Going forward Keenan (now based at Macquarie University in Sydney Australia) said he is working on a proposal to get access to data collected from even more sites around the world including several that monitor tropical and Arctic systems.
and by the availability of native prairie and vegetation cover at nest sites. Unexpectedly the scientists also found that female survival rates increased after wind turbines were installed.
The research will certainly aid with wind power site guidelines and with the development of mitigation strategies to enhance habitat conditions for the greater prairie chicken.
a site in the Smoky Hills in north central Kansas a site in the northern Flint Hills in northeastern Kansas and a site in the southern Flint Hills in southern Kansas. The Smoky Hills
site--the Meridian Way Wind power Facility near Concordia--was developed into a wind energy site which gave researchers the opportunity to observe greater prairie chickens before during and after wind turbine construction.
and collaborated with private landowners at each site. The researchers studied the birds for seven breeding seasons
and captured nearly 1000 total male and female birds around lek sites which are communal areas where males gather
patterns of nest site selection; reproductive components such as clutch size timing of laying eggs and hatchability of eggs;
but the avoidance within the home range doesn't seem to have an impact on nest site selection or nest survival.
because wind turbines may keep predators away from nest sites. Female mortality rates are highest during the breeding season
and other Terrasar-X satellite data in computer simulations using which they are able to model the break and flow mechanisms of the ice masses.
The scientist and her team then compare their simulation results with current satellite data such as from Terrasar-X
With gigabytes of flash memory becoming steadily cheaper a 1k nonvolatile memory unit has little practical use.
Douglas Natelson a professor of physics and astronomy and of electrical and computer engineering and Krishna Palem the Ken and Audrey Kennedy Professor of Computer science and Electrical and Computer Engineering and a professor of statistics.
Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice.
From the very last 45 minutes of the hatching process two videos were produced using the real-time MRI technology termed FLASH 2 and powerful graphics processing computers.
It allows extremely fast imaging speeds of up to 50 frames per second via the combined use of dedicated acquisition and reconstruction strategies.
A national database maintained by the American Nonsmokers'Rights Foundation shows that from January 1993 to June 2011 U s. smoking bans were put in effect in 843 parks and on 150 beaches.
and late first exposure to solid food for infants appears to be associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1dm) according to a study published by JAMA Pediatrics a JAMA Network publication.
The above story is provided based on materials by The JAMA Network Journals. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
They also identified a network of genes that cause poplar roots to grow well in low-nitrogen soil making them ideal candidates for biofuel tree plantations on marginal lands.
The article is titled Nitrogen deprivation promotes Populus root growth through global transcriptome reprogramming and activation of hierarchical genetic networks.
Wei a molecular biologist also has extensive knowledge of computer science and he is adept at applying it to large biological data sets.
By performing genetic network analyses they narrowed the field to a handful of key genes that appeared to control the majority of the 9198 others.
When we tweak this gene the entire network responds and the roots grow 58 percent more than controls'says Busov.
Wei's work with the genetic networks that cause root growth gave us one of the big switches says Busov.
#Not-weak knots bolster carbon fiberlarge flakes of graphene oxide are the essential ingredient in a new recipe for robust carbon fiber created at Rice university.
Credit goes to the unique properties of graphene oxide flakes created in an environmentally friendly process patented by Rice a few years ago.
Like with pitch the weak Van der waals force holds the graphene flakes together. Unlike pitch the atom-thick flakes have an enormous surface area
Because graphene oxide has very low bending modulus it thinks there's no knot there he said.
The Rice researchers also created a second type of fiber using smaller 9-micron flakes of graphene oxide.
Junichiro Kono a professor of electrical and computer engineering and of physics and astronomy; and Matteo Pasquali a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and of chemistry.
Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice.
The team then spent nearly two years to discover the new pyrethroid-binding site she added.
We're not seeing that yet at the sites we looked at and whether that happens depends on how much the tropics will continue to warm.
and year-to-year flower production in two contrasting tropical forests--a seasonally dry forest on Barro Colorado Island Panama and an ever-wet forest in Luquillo Puerto rico. The seasonally dry site according to Pau
Both sites still appear to respond positively to increases in light availability. Yet temperature was the most consistent factor across multiple time-scales.
Lead author Dr Tara Garnett from the Food Climate Research Network at the Oxford Martin School said:'
Her results show that the origins of agriculture in the Near east can be attributed to multiple centers rather than a single core area
Many pre-pottery Neolithic sites preserve comparatively short sequences of occupation making the long sequence form Chogha Golan particularly valuable for reconstructing the development of new patterns of human subsistence.
Over a period of two millennia the economy of the site shifted toward the domesticated species that formed the economic basis for the rise of village life and subsequent civilizations in the Near east.
Laborious computing workthe study was made possible by using the Bern3d-LPJ Earth System Model developed at the University of Bern.
There are natural sources of iodine that can be incorporated into the diet. We are trialling the use of seaweed as a source of iodine
respiratory urinary and surgical site infections. Like most illnesses caused by bacteria S. aureus infections are treated with antibiotics.
By moving away from freshly damaged sites they can minimize risk of predation and avoid competition explained Prof.
because the climate has shifted to become suitable for another set of species. This also makes it challenging to adhere to a management plan granting preservation status to a particular type of nature at a certain site.
At such a site the existence of a large number of fully grown specimens of an endangered species is no guarantee that there will be a next generation.
If it were to migrate unaided from its nearest native site in Southeast europe to Denmark it would take thousands of years.
and how they interact with each other in a complicated network said Rye who also is associate professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Texas A&m.
A highly sophisticated computer algorithm aligns the images and classifies them in subcategories. If you have enough of them you can actually reconstruct
and how they interact with each other in a complicated network said Rye who also is associate professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Texas A&m.
A highly sophisticated computer algorithm aligns the images and classifies them in subcategories. If you have enough of them you can actually reconstruct
This will make post-fire recovery on dry sites slow and uncertain. If forests are desired in these locations more aggressive attempts at reforestation may be needed they said.
A decade after this fire there was almost no tree regeneration at lower drier sites said Erich Dodson a researcher with the OSU Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society.
There was some regeneration at higher sites with more moisture. But at the low elevations it will be a long time before a forest comes back
These dry sites with less resilience to stand-replacing fire should be priorities for treatment
Higher-elevation mixed conifer forests in less moisture-limited sites may be able to recover from stand-replacing wildfire without treatment the researchers said.
and on horseback hiking across meadows along campsites and down ravines to collect 743 water samples from 155 sites across five national forests in northern California.
and phosphorus. The scientists found that recreation sites were the cleanest with the lowest levels of fecal indicator bacteria.
Overall 83 percent of all sample sites and 95 percent of all water samples collected were below U s. Environmental protection agency benchmarks for human health.
For instance most of the study's sample sites would exceed levels set by a more restrictive standard based on fecal coliform concentrations.
Integrated mosquito management#a method to control mosquitoes through targeted interventions based on mosquito biology that includes surveillance of mosquito activity reducing breeding sites such as neglected swimming pools
This new study solidifies that link documenting that female fishers who live in areas with a higher number of marijuana sites had more exposure to rodenticides
In marijuana cultivation sites regulations regarding proper use of pesticides are ignored completely and multiple compounds are used to target any
and compared the locations of these sites with the home ranges and survival of 46 adult female fishers.
This new study solidifies that link documenting that female fishers who live in areas with a higher number of marijuana sites had more exposure to rodenticides
In marijuana cultivation sites regulations regarding proper use of pesticides are ignored completely and multiple compounds are used to target any
and compared the locations of these sites with the home ranges and survival of 46 adult female fishers.
To test this hypothesis graduate student Chia-Ching Chu analyzed the population of microbes living in the guts of rootworm beetles collected from seven sites across the Midwest.
Some of these sites (including Piper City Ill. are hot spots of rotation-resistance and others (in Nebraska and northwest Missouri for example) lack evidence of rotation-resistant rootworms.
Crews that cut down the trees built roads to reach the sites which became avenues for the spread of ailanthus.
The older seed-producing trees were often found upwind from the sites of the recent ailanthus growth.
New roads are being constructed into these active drilling sites said Kasson. These drilling operations could lead to future spread.
The three year study was conducted across nine woodland sites in Cornwall. During winter populations of blue tits were left unfed given plain fat balls
Nest boxes and bird feeders were distributed around the woodland study sites and reproductive success was investigated by checking the nest boxes in the spring to determine the number of eggs laid and the growth and survival of chicks.
a cross-site study was published recently in the peer-reviewed scientific journal PLOS ONE. Bison are one of our most important conservation animals
The organizations kept annual records of each animal in the herd and matched the data with the climates of the sites.
The researchers used the Brown University Genomics Core Facility in their work. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Brown University.
A beautiful new species Stenoloba solaris from Chinascientist describe a new striking species of moth from China with an engaging wing pattern.
The new species Stenoloba solaris has inspired its name by the orange circular patch on its wings that resembles the rising sun. The study was published in the open access journal Zookeys.
and are suitable for making flour that can be used in bread cookies cakes and other products.
#Unzipped nanotubes unlock potential for batteriesresearchers at Rice university have come up with a new way to boost the efficiency of the ubiquitous lithium ion (LI) battery by employing ribbons of graphene that start as carbon nanotubes.
Proof-of-concept anodes--the part of the battery that stores lithium ions--built with graphene nanoribbons (GNRS)
Better batteries are desired greatly by everyone who carries a cellphone or computer or drives an electric car.
Since then the researchers have figured out how to make graphene nanoribbons in bulk and are moving toward commercial applications.
In the new experiments the Rice lab mixed graphene nanoribbons and tin oxide particles about 10 nanometers wide in a slurry with a cellulose gum binder and a bit of water spread it on a current collector
Graphene nanoribbons make a terrific framework that keeps the tin oxide nanoparticles dispersed and keeps them from fragmenting during cycling he said.
Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Zhiwei Peng Changsheng Xiang Gedeng Ruan and Zheng Yan and Douglas Natelson a Rice professor of physics and astronomy and of electrical and computer engineering.
Tour is the T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science at Rice.
Seeds were taken also from the site of a remediated quarry area in Vermillion County where they found native black locust growing.
These included images for six of the most popular cigarette brands in Germany and eight other products such as chocolate clothes mobile phones and cars.
and smoking behaviour and therefore the total ban on tobacco advertising advocated by the World health organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control data from this study support this measure because only exposure to tobacco advertisements predicted smoking initiation
From a base in Fairbanks Alaska the C-23 flies up to eight hours a day to sites on Alaska's North Slope interior and Yukon river Valley over tundra permafrost boreal
and crew wear noise-cancelling headphones to communicate. When you take the headphones off it's like being at a NASCAR race Miller quipped.
But what the C-23 lacks in beauty and quiet it makes up for in reliability
The ground sites serve as anchor points for CARVE's flight tracks. Ground data include air samples from tall towers
For example Ecker invited the expertise of Carnegie mellon University computer scientist Ziv Bar-Joseph transcriptional expert Timothy Hughes from the University of Toronto as well as computational biologist Trey Ideker
and genomicist Bing Ren from the University of California San diego. The study also represents a milestone for Ecker who has devoted his career to understanding the power exerted by plant-based ethylene.
Gary Hon Dwight Kuo Trey Ideker and Bing Ren from the University of California San diego;
and by using the website www. flattogflue. no. The results showed that the parasite's area of distribution now stretches from Lillesand in the south to Elverum in the north with the greatest density along the border to Sweden.
Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt for short. Bt proteins used for decades in sprays by organic farmers kill some devastating pests
but are considered environmentally friendly and harmless to people. However some scientists feared that widespread use of these proteins in genetically modified crops would spur rapid evolution of resistance in pests.
When Bt crops were introduced first the main question was how quickly would pests adapt and evolve resistance said Tabashnik head of the UA department of entomology who led the study.
Analyzing data from 77 studies of 13 pest species in eight countries on five continents the researchers found well-documented cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt crops in five major pests
Three of the five cases are in the United states where farmers have planted about half of the world's Bt crop acreage.
but in the best cases effectiveness of Bt crops has been sustained more than 15 years. According to the paper both the best and worst outcomes correspond with predictions from evolutionary principles.
The factors we found to favor sustained efficacy of Bt crops are in line with what we would expect based on evolutionary theory said Carriã re explaining that conditions are most favorable
inheritance of resistance is recessive--meaning insects survive on Bt plants only if have two copies of a resistance gene one from each parent
Refuges consist of standard non-Bt plants that pests can eat without ingesting Bt toxins. Computer models showed that refuges should be especially good for delaying resistance
when inheritance of resistance in the pest is explained recessive Carriã re. Planting refuges near Bt crops reduces the chances that two resistant insects will mate with each other making it more likely they will breed with a susceptible mate yielding offspring that are killed by the Bt crop.
The value of refuges has been controversial and in recent years the EPA has relaxed its requirements for planting refuges in the U s. Perhaps the most compelling evidence that refuges work comes from the pink bollworm
which evolved resistance rapidly to Bt cotton in India but not in the U s. Tabashnik said.
Same pest same crop same Bt protein but very different outcomes. He explained that in the southwestern U s. scientists from the EPA academia industry
One of the paper's main conclusions is that evaluating two factors can help to gauge the risk of resistance before Bt crops are commercialized.
or this pest will probably evolve resistance quickly to this Bt crop. Two leading experts on Bt crops welcomed publication of the study.
Kongming Wu director of the Institute for Plant Protection at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing said This review paper will be very helpful for understanding insect resistance in agricultural systems
and improving strategies to sustain the effectiveness of Bt crops. Fred Gould professor of entomology at North carolina State university commented:
Although the new report is the most comprehensive evaluation of pest resistance to Bt crops so far Tabashnik emphasized that it represents only the beginning of using systematic data analyses to enhance understanding and management of resistance.
and to analyze their characteristics The hope is that MDS could be joined with graphene which has no band gap
and hexagonal boron nitride (hbn) an insulator to form field-effect transistors integrated logic circuits photodetectors and flexible optoelectronics.
Last year Lou and Ajayan revealed their success at making intricate patterns of intertwining graphene and hbn among them the image of Rice's owl mascot.
The study of graphene prompted research into a lot of 2-D materials; molybdenum disulfide is just one of them.
Essentially we are trying to span the whole range of band gaps between graphene which is a semimetal and the boron nitride insulator.
MDS is distinct from graphene and hbn because it isn't exactly flat. Graphene and hbn are flat with arrays of hexagons formed by their constituent atoms.
But while MDS looks hexagonal when viewed from above it is actually a stack with a layer of molybdenum atoms between two layers of sulfur atoms.
We would like to stick graphene and MDS together (with hbn) into what would be a novel 2-D semiconductor component.
or graphene Najmaei said. We started learning that we could control that nucleation by adding artificial edges to the substrate
With ORNL's images in hand they were not only able to calculate the energies of a much more complex set of defects than are found in graphene
They inspected branches from seven whitebark pine sites in western Montana counting the scars left by pollen cones and seed cones.
The concrete sample examined at the Advanced Light source by Berkeley researchers BAI. 06.03 is from the harbor of Baiae one of many ancient underwater sites in the region.
) especially from sites near today's seaside town of Pozzuoli. Ash with similar mineral characteristics called pozzolan is found in many parts of the world.
and seawater formed highly stable C# -S-H and Al-tobermorite insuring strength and longevity.
Imported ancient Etruscan amphoras and a limestone press platform discovered at the ancient port site of Lattara in southern France have provided the earliest known biomolecular archaeological evidence of grape wine and winemaking
Combined Archaeological Chemical and Archaeobotanical Evidence Corroborate Discoveryat the site of Lattara merchant quarters inside a walled settlement circa 525-475 BCE held numerous Etruscan
and expansion of a worldwide wine culture--one that has known its earliest roots in the ancient Near east circa 7000-6000 BCE with chemical evidence for the earliest wine at the site of Hajji Firiz in what is now northern
and were studied by two groups working at separate early human sites in East Africa. Wynn wrote the study about teeth from Ethiopia's Awash Basin-Hadar area where research is led by Arizona State university's William Kimbel.
The team built computer simulations based on crop data from the nation's top 10 corn-producing states--Iowa Illinois Nebraska Minnesota Indiana Ohio South dakota Wisconsin Missouri
Satellite data reveal how tropical ecosystems may respond to climate extremestree cover in the tropics will likely change in surprising ways as climate change increases the frequency of extreme rainfall events according to a study by scientists from Wageningen University published today in Nature Climate Change.
Satellite datathe authors used satellite data to look at large scale patterns of tree cover across the tropics of Africa Australia and South america.
With our analysis of satellite data we could now assess how general this response is. We found out that the positive effect of extreme rainy events is localized
#Even with defects, graphene is strongest material in the worldin a new study published in Science Columbia Engineering researchers demonstrate that graphene
even if stitched together from many small crystalline grains is almost as strong as graphene in its perfect crystalline form.
Graphene consists of a single atomic layer of carbon arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Our first Science paper in 2008 studied the strength graphene can achieve
if it has no defects--its intrinsic strength says James Hone professor of mechanical engineering who led the study with Jeffrey Kysar professor of mechanical engineering.
But defect-free pristine graphene exists only in very small areas. Large-area sheets required for applications must contain many small grains connected at grain boundaries
This our second Science paper reports on the strength of large-area graphene films grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
and we're excited to say that graphene is back and stronger than ever. The study verifies that commonly used methods for postprocessing CVD-grown graphene weaken grain boundaries resulting in the extremely low strength seen in previous studies.
The Columbia Engineering team developed a new process that prevents any damage of graphene during transfer.
We substituted a different etchant and were able to create test samples without harming the graphene notes the paper's lead author Gwan-Hyoung Lee a postdoctoral fellow in the Hone lab. Our findings clearly correct the mistaken consensus that grain boundaries of graphene
are weak. This is great news because graphene offers such a plethora of opportunities both for fundamental scientific research and industrial applications.
In its perfect crystalline form graphene (a one-atom-thick carbon layer) is the strongest material ever measured as the Columbia Engineering team reported in Science in 2008--so strong that as Hone observed it would take an elephant balanced on a pencil to break through a sheet
of graphene the thickness of Saran wrap. For the first study the team obtained small structurally perfect flakes of graphene by mechanical exfoliation or mechanical peeling from a crystal of graphite.
But exfoliation is a time-consuming process that will never be practical for any of the many potential applications of graphene that require industrial mass production.
Currently scientists can grow sheets of graphene as large as a television screen by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in
which single layers of graphene are grown on copper substrates in a high-temperature furnace. One of the first applications of graphene may be as a conducting layer in flexible displays.
But CVD graphene is stitched'together from many small crystalline grains--like a quilt--at grain boundaries that contain defects in the atomic structure Kysar explains.
These grain boundaries can severely limit the strength of large-area graphene if they break much more easily than the perfect crystal lattice
and so there has been intense interest in understanding how strong they can be. The Columbia Engineering team wanted to discover what was making CVD graphene so weak.
In studying the processing techniques used to create their samples for testing they found that the chemical most commonly used to remove the copper substrate also causes damage to the graphene severely degrading its strength.
Their experiments demonstrated that CVD graphene with large grains is exactly as strong as exfoliated graphene showing that its crystal lattice is just as perfect.
And more surprisingly their experiments also showed that CVD graphene with small grains even when tested right at a grain boundary is about 90%as strong as the ideal crystal This is an exciting result for the future of graphene
because it provides experimental evidence that the exceptional strength it possesses at the atomic scale can persist all the way up to samples inches
or more in size says Hone. This strength will be invaluable as scientists continue to develop new flexible electronics and ultrastrong composite materials.
Strong large-area graphene can be used for a wide variety of applications such as flexible electronics
and strengthening components--potentially a television screen that rolls up like a poster or ultrastrong composites that could replace carbon fiber.
Or the researchers speculate a science fiction idea of a space elevator that could connect an orbiting satellite to Earth by a long cord that might consist of sheets of CVD graphene
since graphene (and its cousin material carbon nanotubes) is the only material with the high strength-to-weight ratio required for this kind of hypothetical application.
The team is excited also about studying 2d materials like graphene. Very little is known about the effects of grain boundaries in 2d materials Kysar adds.
Our work shows that grain boundaries in 2d materials can be much more sensitive to processing than in 3d materials.
This is due to all the atoms in graphene being surface atoms so surface damage that would normally not degrade the strength of 3d materials can completely destroy the strength of 2d materials.
However with appropriate processing that avoids surface damage grain boundaries in 2d materials especially graphene can be nearly as strong as the perfect defect-free structure.
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