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Synopsis: 4. biotech: Virology: Viruses:

#Eating Almonds Can Help the Body Fight off Viruses Eating almonds boosts immune system response to viruses.

Researchers found almond skins improved the ability of the white blood cells to detect viruses while also increasing the bodys ability to prevent viruses from replicating

and so spreading inside the body. They discovered that even after the almonds had been digested in the gut

there was still an increase in the immune systems defence against viruses. The scientists, who are based at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich and the Policlinico Universitario in Messina,

Italy, said their findings suggest that the nuts can increase the immune systems ability to fight off a wide range of viruses,

it was likely that eating almonds regularly could help protect people from becoming infected with viruses in the first place,

which are involved in fighting off viruses. They said it was likely that other nuts may also have this sort of activity.

it is fair to assume that it will have an impact on other viruses. Via Telegraph Share Thissubscribedel. icio. usfacebookredditstumbleupontechnorati T

And several RNA-based viruses had been detected as well. But the Army/Montana team using a new software system developed by the military for analyzing proteins,

and viruses but still taste and look like regular eggs. They are sold in most grocery stores and come with a red oep stamped on the carton or on the eggs themselves.

Scientists are still working to determine the exact cause of CCD theories range from parasites to viruses

which experts suspect is caused by a combination of mites, parasites, viruses and pesticides. Bumblebees are having problems, too.

or glow in the presence of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens known to reduce crop yields,

blamed on many factors including parasites, fungi, stress, pesticides and viruses. But most studies have focused on honeybees.

Bacteria that uses a tiny molecular machine to kill attacking viruses could change the way that scientists edit the DNA of plants,

The bacteria used to culture milk are particularly prone to becoming infected with viruses that kill them, lowering productivity.

The bacteria were keeping track of telltale bits of genetic code from viruses that might try to infect them,

and, somehow, they were using these codes to kill those viruses when they attacked. CRISPR was a primitive immune system.

they found that the bacteria combined Cas9 with genetic material to create#oehoming molecules#that attack viruses.

That kills viruses but scientists use it to cut DNA in exactly the place they want.

including environmental stressors bacterial infections and viruses — work together to build up and steadily threaten a population before rearing back smacking down and taking an actual toll in

Recent research has revealed that 13 zoonotic viruses infect and kill an estimated 2. 2 million people each year.

whether a person falls ill with flu including their overall health researchers like to study flu viruses in animals under controlled conditions to better understand how they spread said study researcher Dr. Richard Webby a bird-flu expert at St jude

H7n7 viruses have appeared in other parts of the world but the one the researchers found differed from those.

Flu viruses are named for their proteins the H in the name comes from hemagglutinin and the N from neuraminidase.

Both the H7n9 virus and the H7h7 virus belong to the H7 family of viruses. 6 Flu Vaccine Myths There are probably other viruses like H7n7 that are circulating in the poultry populations in China said study

Many flu viruses Guan noted don't cause people any problems. They spread through poultry populations

But H7-type flu viruses persist and oftenâ evolve into new forms. Vincent Racaniello professor of microbiology and immunology at Columbia University in New york said this kind of surveillance study is important in finding new viruses and understanding them better.

If scientists saw changes in the H7n7's proteins for instance they could see if it wasâ becoming more dangerous to humans said Racaniello who was involved not in the new study.

Guan said the most surprising thing the team found was just how widespread flu viruses are.

Influenza viruses often change as they are transmitted between individuals and species; as H7n9 made its way from migratory to domestic birds it exchanged genes with other types of flu.

Surveillance in birds is essential to let us know what is happening to viruses in the field and

When we look at influenza viruses this is an unusually dangerous virus for humans Keiji Fukuda the World health organization's assistant director-general for health security said Wednesday at a briefing.

Public health officials in general have been worried about bird flu viruses for years. Research several years ago showed that the virus could be transmitted from an expectant mother to a fetus

The H7n9 viruses in the samples were very genetically similar to the viruses that have sickened people in China suggesting that poultry markets are a source of infections the researchers said.

New flu viruses can arise when gene segments from different flu strains mix and match.

All three of the parent viruses are thought to have infected birds he said. Poultry markets may provide a sort of breeding ground for such reassortment to happen.

It provides a rather unnatural environment where a lot of these different bird species that may have different flu viruses get together

and perhaps share viruses Webby said. Yanzhong Huang director of the Center for Global Health Studies at Seton Hall University in South Orange N. J. said that it's still not certain that the new virus originated in poultry.

Limited human transmission of bird flu viruses has been seen in the past and is not surprising Rudge and Coke said.

Food poisoning is caused by eating food contaminated by organisms such as bacteria viruses and parasites. Symptoms include nausea vomiting diarrhea abdominal cramps and fever.

and then causing bacterial cell lysis (i e. bursting) to release progeny phages (viruses). We are trying to harness the innate ability of that lactic acid bacteriophage to control unwanted lactic acid bacteria during ethanol fermentation.

The good news though is that the two viruses that cause these cancers are largely preventable by vaccine-Hepatitis b

although seasonal influenza activity is declining flu viruses continue to circulate and cause illness in parts of the U s. For example in New york state the numbers from the second week of April show influenza is still widespread with more than 2500 lab-confirmed cases.

Diarrhea or loose bowel movements also is caused by many factors most commonly by viruses bacteria or an allergic reaction.

Other deadly viruses and possibly chemical contaminates play a roll as well. To stave the losses the USDA program will pay farmers

Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically attack bacteria. These phages as researchers call them have evolved alongside bacteria

Scientists are interested most in lytic phages viruses that inject their DNA into a bacterium and then hijack the cell s machinery to make new copies of the virus. The copies eventually burst through bacterium s membrane killing it

It is now common and routine for researchers to screen bees in colonies for rare viruses.

Viruses such as TRSV once they jump species are a likely source of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases the researchers said in their mbio study.

The increasing prevalence of TRSV in conjunction with other bee viruses is associated with a gradual decline of host populations

but they may also boost a person's immunity when dealing with everyday viruses and infections like the common cold.

At this time, there is no evidence to indicate the development of widespread antiviral resistance among pandemic H1n1 viruses.

Yet the number of swine-flu sequences in the international Genbank database is about a tenth of that for avian flu viruses.

Past pandemic viruses have gone also on to become endemic in pig populations. It's absolutely surprising that a virus this contagious in both humans and swine

flu viruses, although common, tend to cause only mild disease, so there is no obligation to report cases of swine flu,

H2 and H3 bird viruses, meaning that they would have no immunity. This shows that the world needs a comprehensive surveillance system of all influenza subtypes

Pandemic flu viruses brew for years before going global: Nature Newsfamily trees for pandemic influenza have revealed that components of deadly flu viruses probably lurk in humans

and other animals for years before they emerge as a worldwide threat to human health.

The work suggests that a more thorough characterization of circulating flu viruses could provide clues to an emerging pandemic before it hits.

would have been present in human and swine flu viruses at least 6 years earlier. During the intervening years

swine and human flu viruses would have swapped genes with avian viruses, ultimately giving rise to the dangerous assortment of genes carried by the 1918 virus. This work suggests that the generation of pandemic strains

swine and human flu viruses and created family trees based on DNA sequence information. By estimating the amount of time it would take to accumulate the differences in DNA sequences found in human and swine viruses,

the researchers determined that a precursor to at least one 1918 flu gene was present in mammals before 1911.

and then swapped genes with mammalian flu viruses before becoming a pandemic. Meanwhile, elements of the 1957 pandemic flu virus also thought to be a mosaic of human

Nevertheless, reliance upon patchy data from historical flu viruses has its limitations. Michael Worobey, who studies pathogen evolution at the University of Arizona in Tucson, says that his own analyses have suggested also that human

For months, it has been apparent that swine flu strikes the young more often than the old an unusual pattern that suggests older patients could have been exposed to similar viruses in the past.

the two viruses are not strikingly similar. But it is still possible that the immune response elicited by one virus can offer protection against the other (see Old seasonal flu antibodies target swine flu virus). Oddly,

exposure to similar viruses that circulated from the 1920s to 1950s was not enough to elicit these antibodies a result that doesn't mesh with the lower infection rates among those who are over the age of 60

is caused by a morbillivirus a group of viruses that also includes measles. Clinical signs include fever, discharges from the eyes and nose, diarrhoea and dehydration.

To assess whether mosquito populations are harbouring dangerous viruses, researchers often use traps baited with carbon dioxide

and subjected to genetic analyses to identify any viruses. But this procedure does not distinguish between viruses that are confined safely to the mosquitoes'gut

and those that have migrated to their salivary glands to be released in saliva when the insects bite a host.

Both methods put people at risk of exposure to the viruses. Andrew van den Hurk of the Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services in Coopers Plains, Australia,

but inactivate viruses, enabling researchers to collect them safely. The team report their new approach in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1.

and that more than 70%of cards tested positive for the three viruses. Almost all cards that mosquitoes had fed on tested positive for the viruses they carried.

The team next tested their approach in the field. Their results showed that traps containing honey-soaked cards attracted more mosquitoes than those without cards,

where they were tested for Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses. VIRAL RNA was found on the cards and in the mosquitoes that fed on the cards.

because it detects viruses only when mosquitoes are capable of transmitting them. Viruses in mosquito saliva can be transmitted,

but those in the gut cannot infect a new host when a mosquito bites. But the usefulness of the cards may vary according to the mosquito species and the geographical region

chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, prefers blood meals over honey. The kinds of mosquitoes they trapped with this method are not necessarily the most important vectors for some viruses,

says Scott Weaver, who studies virus-mosquito interactions at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston.

or how many mosquitoes, deposited viruses on the cards. As a result, it would be nearly impossible to quantify the risk of infection on the basis of the amount of VIRAL RNA on the cards

It would be more valuable for the quick and dirty detection of viruses, he says.

What's more, flu viruses mutate quickly and are famous for evading vaccines. If made commercially available,

which includes genetic sequences that match up with an enzyme that influenza viruses use for replication and packaging.

health organizations and the public about existing viruses and attract scientists to the field. Wheat killer A research programme tackling a devastating wheat fungus has been granted US$40 million over five years as part of a partnership between the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington,

Since 1989, nearly 1, 400 patients 墉 mostly haemophiliacs 墉 have sued after being infected in the 1980s by blood coagulants that were treated not to kill viruses.

including viruses, bacteria and fungi some novel that, alone or in combination, might push a bee colony into precipitous decline.

which spreads harmful viruses, continue to take their toll. Annual surveys in the United states show that almost 35%of all colonies die during a typical winter.

and a greater prevalence of several viruses, two of which had not been detected in bees before. Yet despite having a multitude of enemies

The pathogens include bacteria and viruses that cause smallpox, the plague, anthrax, Ebola and foot-and-mouth disease.

goat and sheep pox viruses. The report was a response to an executive order from US President Barack Obama last year.

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and they are star players in the chain of events that led to this outbreak.

Nature Newsserious viruses carried by bats pose a considerable risk to people in West Africa,

Bats are thought to have been the source of several of the nastiest viruses to jump to humans from animals during the past 40 years,

Researchers hope that by studying how the viruses jump to people they can come up with ways to limit the spread of disease without culling the bats

The viruses were thought then to be restricted to Asia and Australasia but in 2008 the team reported finding antibodies to them in Eidolon helvum fruit bats in Ghana, West Africa, indicating that these bats had been infected too1.

Cunningham says it's too early to say for sure how many people are infected with the viruses in Ghana.

We spend millions on hunting down new viruses but very little on working out what causes viruses to jump species,

says Andrew Dobson, an infectious-disease ecologist at Princeton university in New jersey who commends the project's focus.

and similar viruses, says Arag £o, who is a member of CTNBIO but abstained from the decision on the beans.

the treatment uses viruses to deliver a healthy version of the gene to patients'liver cells.

Surveillance of flu viruses could, they argue, allow health organizations to monitor birds and other animals for the mutations that would provide an early warning of a pandemic

But they caution that virus surveillance systems are ill-equipped to detect such mutations arising in flu viruses.

As such, work on the viruses is unlikely to offer significant, immediate public-health benefits, they say. That tips the balance of risk-benefit assessment in favour of a cautious approach, says Michael Osterholm,

All five mutations have been spotted individually although not together in wild viruses. Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and his colleagues have submitted similar work to Nature,

in order to limit the risk that uncontrolled proliferation of such research might lead to accidental or intentional release of similar mutant viruses.

and avian viruses, creating opportunities for genetic reassortment in co-infected animals. Fouchier argues that many countries collect more and more-timely,

"Warnings weeks after dangerous viruses have emerged in poultry, or mammals, may be better than no warnings at all.

Bossart, a microbiologist at Boston University in Massachusetts, works on treatments and vaccines for the Nipah and Hendra viruses,

Timely global surveillance of animal flu viruses is crucial not just for identifying pandemic threats,

but also for detecting outbreaks, monitoring how viruses are evolving, understanding risk factors that enable them to spread

and low pathogenic viruses are just as likely, if not more likely, to become pandemic. The number of avian flu sequences deposited in the database skyrocketed between 2003 and 2010,

The older sequences can inform surveillance by showing how the viruses have evolved, says Peiris, but contemporary data are important"for real-time surveillance,

The two agencies responsible for monitoring disease outbreaks in animals the Food and agriculture organization (FAO) of the United nations and the World organisation for Animal health (OIE) stipulate that sequences of potentially zoonotic viruses should be deposited in public databases within 3 months

Surveillance of avian flu viruses is bad, but that of pig viruses is worse. Yet pigs are a serious pandemic risk:

they can be infected co with both human and avian flu strains, which means that they provide ample opportunity for gene swapping and, thereby,

a highly conserved set of six genes that allows the virus to swap genes with flu viruses from other species much more freely than the seasonal H1n1 that circulated before 2009 (see Pandemic 2009 H1n1 virus gives wings to avian flu).

and endemic swine viruses, says Peiris. Another pig virus that has the TRIG cassette, H3n2, infected 12 people in the United states in 2011."

so could provide insight into the pathology and basic biology of viruses, Baron says. Of more immediate interest, investigators would also like to know

2012) is authored co by members of two teams that reported associations between XMRV and related viruses and CFS.

and can spread through the air 1."It shows that there are very nasty viruses being generated in swine,

"And these viruses are coming out of apparently healthy pigs. Like that responsible for the 2009 pandemic, the new strain, known as Sw/1204, is a'triple-reassortant'virus that is, one with genes from avian, swine and human flu.

Such viruses, which first appeared in North america in 1998, have been circulating in Korean pigs for at least a decade.

and two H3n2 viruses isolated from pig abattoirs before the 2009 pandemic. Most of these viruses did not cause any signs of serious disease in ferrets.

Sw/1204 was the exception. It replicated in the airways and lungs of three infected ferrets

. But these mutations cannot fully account for the deadly nature of the transmitted Sw/1204 viruses.

and an expert in the epidemiology and ecology of avian flu viruses at the Free University of Brussels, says that

says Marius Gilbert, an expert in the epidemiology and ecology of avian flu viruses at the Universitã libre de Bruxelles in Belgium.

analysing the viruses they find; and trying to trace people who have been exposed to infected patients.

The genetic sequences of the H7n9 viruses found in the birds are highly similar to those isolated from human patients,

Researchers know that H7 flu viruses mainly infect wild birds such as ducks, geese, waders and gulls,

Because flu viruses evolve rapidly, comparing viral sequences from each of the human cases might reveal

Humanity has never been exposed widely to H7 or N9 flu viruses, and so lacks resistance to these subtypes.

Flu viruses have eight genes: two that encode the haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins that stud the surface of the virus,

In the three human cases, the genes coding for the internal proteins seem to come from H9n2 viruses a class that is endemic in birds,

More specifically, the sequences appear similar to recent H9n2 viruses found in China and South korea.

seems to be similar to avian H11n9 viruses that were found in South korea in 2011;

because this protein allows the virus to bind to host cells seems to belong to a Eurasian group of H7 avian flu viruses.

which was a mix of viruses that infect birds, pigs and humans. Most of the genetic analyses are still being carried out confidentially within THE WHO's global flu-research networks.

A striking feature of the novel virus is that its H protein is structurally similar to that of viruses that don t cause severe sickness in birds,

Flu viruses that don t sicken birds can, however, cause severe disease in humans simply because we lack any immunity to them.

They also may be more lethal in people depending on how the viruses bind to receptors in the human airway.

H7 viruses are common in wild birds but much less so in poultry. It therefore seems unlikely that three human cases in such a short space of time could result from contact with wild birds

with scientific discussions including threats from the avian influenza viruses H7n9 and H5n1. gm. asm. org21-23 may The Pasteur institute in Paris hosts an international symposium on HIV research,

The FAO and the OIE hope to eventually reduce the number of sites holding live wild viruses to a handful of officially designated labs

because they are relatively consistent across many types of influenza viruses. The new study suggests that such vaccines could also produce antibodies that enhance the ability of some viruses to infect new hosts,

says James Crowe, an immunologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. But that does not mean that researchers should stop developing novel flu vaccines,

the authors of a study published today in Nature1 say that their finding reinforces the idea that H7 avian viruses are constantly mixing

Ducks, in particular, act as living mixing bowls for avian viruses. Domestic species encounter a large catalogue of wild-bird viruses,

which swap genes to form versions that can spread to chickens and to humans. Better surveillance of Chinese bird populations is needed to monitor the emergence of dangerous viruses such as H7n9,

says lead author Yi Guan, an influenza specialist at the University of Hong kong. In China, the virus has infected 135 people

. When the team sequenced the two viruses genomes and compared them to other bird-flu strains,

The scientists think that those viruses swapped genes in domestic ducks before spreading to chickens, where they traded genes with a common chicken virus, H9n2.

That improved the viruses'ability to spread in chickens, which live in close contact with humans.

It really shows that the emergence of these types of viruses can happen at any time,

David Morens, an influenza researcher and senior adviser at the US National institutes of health in Bethesda, Maryland, says that the evolutionary pathway that the viruses followed suggests that more surveillance

whereas viruses and nematode worms shifted to lower latitudes. Other groups showed no detectable change."

that those pest groups seen moving towards the equator largely nematode worms and viruses are the most poorly understood,

from viruses to fish and mammals, have become invasive in the country (see Space invaders).

Study revives bird origin for 1918 flu pandemicthe virus that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic probably sprang from North american domestic and wild birds, not from the mixing of human and swine viruses.

Worobey and his colleagues analysed more than 80,000 gene sequences from flu viruses isolated from humans, birds, horses,

pigs and bats using a model they developed to map evolutionary relationships between viruses from different host species. The branched tree that resulted showed that the genes of the deadly 1918 pandemic virus are of avian origin.

A 2005 genetic analysis of the 1918 pandemic virus pulled from a victim s preserved tissue concluded that it most closely matched viruses of avian origin2.

Antibiotics also came into play in the 1940's but that only treats bacterial critters and not viruses.

My question to you is do you have antibiotics that kill resistant bacteria's and viruses?

For example fish genes have been placed in tomatoes human genes in tobacco bacteria in corn and viruses in squash and fruit.

They already handle numerous viruses and bacteria all around them in everyday life. The U s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend vaccines at very young ages

Monkeys contain simian viruses. 11 When the poliovirus was passaged through the monkeys or grown on the monkey kidney cells for production extrane g

ALL OF the mobile viruses are on Android and more every day. Combined with vendors being reluctant to update the system this makes using Android dangerous for nontechnical people

and viruses that honeybees do and they don't have the same social order Droege says.

The semen is screened for viruses before it comes into the U s. That means of course that the task of collecting bee semen falls upon the U s. team's colleagues overseas.

because it doesn't require the tight biosecurity that a factory that makes vaccines from live viruses needs its creators say.

In the future the same techniques could apply to vaccines to the polio virus which belongs to a large group of viruses related to hoof

or killed polio viruses. The weakened type still carries a small risk of reverting to its original form

Samples of flu viruses taken from pigs and from people in Ohio during the 2012 outbreak were genetically close to one another according to the study

which influenza viruses evolve. Swine are susceptible to avian human and swine flus and these virus can circulate inside pigs for varying lengths of time with no signs of illness.

This makes them great meet-markets for flu viruses to exchange genetic material. The H1n1 flu that reached pandemic proportions in 2009 first spent some time circulating among pigs in Asia Europe and North america.

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