and looked for the DNA found in MERS viruses on three consecutive days. They only found the virus one of the days the same day that one of the camels tested positive for MERS.
Resists various viruses Total U s. crop by acreage: 12%Found in: Whole vegetables and other productssugar beets*Trait:
As the White house noted the decline is blamed on various factors from a lack of good habitat to exposure to certain pesticides to mite infestations and viruses.
which bird flu viruses don't reproduce. In spite of public opposition and a lack of funding GM meat research has continued to advance.
in order to study how viruses jump between species. Last year neuroscientists at Stanford university boosted the intelligence of mice with human brain cells.
The fact that most isolates of Chalara fraxinea are incompatible with each other could mean that it might be difficult to deploy damaging fungal viruses against the pathogen as a disease control method
since viruses usually spread more readily in a fungal population when the colonies are able to fuse.
) and several different hosts for these viruses in Ethiopia. His study also highlights the economic repercussions of these viruses and other viral diseases in domestic livestock.
His findings may contribute to improved strategies for controlling and combating the spread of such diseases and to increased self-sufficiency in food.
Through funding from the Department of agriculture the researchers are beginning to examine the effects of viruses pesticides
while omitting the possibility of cross-contamination to other viruses--an easily encountered problem because of the sheer number of whiteflies used in testing.
and his colleagues wanted a better picture of the diversity of SAT 2 viruses in Sub-saharan africa
The relationships between the 250 sequences also indicate that it's possible the original source of the SAT 2 viruses that are now found in wild
To Hall these results indicate that genetic tracking of viruses has a lot of potential for making inferences about viral spread and heading off future outbreaks.
Going forward Hall says he plans to apply a similar approach to studying serotype O FMD viruses in Africa Asia
Bats which are important reservoir hosts for many pathogens particularly viruses have been hosts to malaria parasites for more than a century said coauthor Susan Perkins an associate curator in the Museum's Division of Invertebrate Zoology.
and may explain why they are able to host viruses such as Ebola rabies and the recently discovered Middle east Respiratory system (MERS) virus
This insects alongside some fungi bacteria and viruses cause annual loses of between four and ten percent of all the stored grains worldwide mainly corn wheat sorghum rice and beans.
In rare cases if introduced from wild birds to poultry some viruses of the H5
#Due to the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5n1 in Southeast asia a programme to monitor influenza viruses in wild birds in Norway was initiated in 2005.
The results showed that low pathogenic avian influenza viruses were present in 15.5%of the samples
but not the highly pathogenic H5n1 virus. The complete genetic material from a total of five influenza viruses from mallard and common gull were sequenced and characterized.
The results showed that the genes of the Norwegian viruses resembled the genes found in influenza viruses from other wild birds in Europe.
and America influenza viruses with different genetic material have developed between these two continents. However in some areas it has been observed that genes can be exchanged between influenza viruses from Eurasia and America.
Tønnessen studied the role that gulls play in the transfer of virus genes between these two continents.
Genes from American avian influenza viruses were detected not in the European gull viruses studied. However within avian influenza viruses from Eurasia she found that virus genes were exchanged between influenza viruses typically found in gulls and ducks respectively.
During the breeding seasons of 2008 and 2009 Tønnessen studied the occurrence of influenza virus in the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) at Hornã¸ya in Finnmark in Northern Norway.
In order to find out why influenza viruses of the H13 and H16 subtypes primarily infect gulls Tønnessen examined
whether the internal proteins of these viruses have particular signatures (amino acid composition) possibly related to host adaptation.
Diseases such as fungi and viruses can attack wheat and lower yields. This research quantifies the impact of weather diseases and new wheat varieties on yields.
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The diversity of crop pests continues to expand
From these samples the researchers isolated several influenza viruses and genetically sequenced those of the H7n9 subtype as well as related H7n7 and H9n2 viruses.
Given these results the authors write continued surveillance of influenza viruses in birds remains essential.
It shows the importance of viruses in shaping evolution and diversity of species. It's quite remarkable--retroviruses are considered generally to integrate at random locations in the genome
Over time the technique should be able to analyze much larger molecules like viruses that contain thousands
which pose high risks for the transmission of HPAI viruses in human and poultry populations:
which make use of so-called entomopathogenic viruses that are harmful to insects in particular the baculovirus.
Lastly unlike the molecules in chemical plant-protection products viruses are able to mutate which limits the development of resistance in their host.
and pressure created by the steam were sufficient to kill not just living microbes but also spores and viruses.
History of similar viruses gives cause for concernthe H7n9 avian flu strain that emerged in China earlier this year has subsided for now
David Morens Jeffery Taubenberger and Anthony Fauci in a paper published in mbio the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology describe the history of H7 viruses in animal and human disease
despite this apparent hiatus viruses like H7n9 which have subtype 7 hemagglutinin are a cause for heightened concern because of several highly unusual characteristics.
First H7 viruses have repeatedly been involved in numerous explosive poultry outbreaks including incidents in New york Canada Mexico The netherlands
Also H7 viruses have the ability to mutate from a low pathogenicity form to a high pathogenicity form in birds a scenario that can lead to large-scale culling and ultimately to human exposure to the virus among poultry workers.
Among other commonalities both viruses have a clinical picture that includes bilateral pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome
The fact that many H7 viruses tend to infect conjunctival cells is also cause for concern.
The authors point out that many H7 viruses have adapted to infect mammals including horses and pigs
The possibility that H7n9 might infect pigs is particularly troubling as swine are considered a mixing vessel for viruses--a breeding ground for novel viral reassortants like the 2009 H1n1 pandemic influenza strain commonly known as swine flu.
Although avian influenza viruses have not caused widespread human transmission in 94 years of surveillance there have been numerous instances of avian influenza spillover
and H7n9 might arguably be more likely than other avian viruses to become human-adapted write the authors.
All the unknowns surrounding the virus make a strong case for enhancing basic and applied research into the evolution of influenza viruses and for better integration of influenza virology within human and veterinary public health efforts.
#Bird flu in live poultry markets are the source of viruses causing human infectionson 31 march 2013 the Chinese National Health and Family planning Commission announced human cases of novel
Following analysis of H7n9 influenza viruses collected from live poultry markets it was found that these viruses circulating among birds were responsible for human infections.
Of these samples 20 were positive for the presence of H7n9 influenza viruses. All of the positive samples originated from live poultry markets in Shanghai.
The analysis of these novel H7n9 influenza virus isolates showed that that the six internal genes were derived from avian H9n2 viruses
HA receptor-binding specificity is a major molecular determinant for the host range of influenza viruses.
Within the HA protein of novel H7n9 viruses there was a leucine residue at position 226
which is characteristic of the HA gene in human influenza viruses. This finding implies that H7n9 viruses have acquired partially human receptor-binding specificity.
The authors conclude: We suggest that strong measures such as continued surveillance of avian and human hosts control of animal movement shutdown of live poultry markets
and transmissibility of these H7n9 viruses and to develop effective vaccines and antiviral drugs so as to reduce their adverse effects upon human health.
Influenza viruses circulating in pigs, birds could pose risk to humansin the summer of 1968 a new strain of influenza appeared in Hong kong.
Influenza evolutionin the past 100 years influenza viruses that emerged from pigs or birds have caused several notable flu pandemics.
When one of these avian or swine viruses gains the ability to infect humans it can often evade the immune system which is primed to recognize only strains that commonly infect humans.
After comparing HA genetic sequences in five key locations that control the viruses'interactions with infected hosts the researchers calculated an antigenic index for each strain.
Seeking viruses with an antigenic index of at least 49 percent and glycan-attachment patterns identical to those of the 1968 virus the research team identified 581 H3 viruses isolated
Fauquet and his colleagues in the GCP21--an alliance of scientists developers donors and industry representatives--are gathering at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Italy this week for a conference dedicated to declaring war on cassava viruses in Africa.
and little-known until about ten years ago CBSD has emerged as the most serious threat among the various cassava viruses.
The disease is caused by several viruses and the African continent witnessed several major CMD epidemics over the past decades the most recent and devastating
which carry the viruses that cause CMD and CBSD and pass it along as they feed on the plant's sap.
Experts to Develop Plan to Stop Viruses in their Tracksat the Italy meeting experts will discuss a variety of tactics for combating virus diseases such as developing more disease-resistant varieties like those recently released in Tanzania.
how to eradicate cassava viruses altogether. The aim will be to develop a bold regional strategy that will gradually step-by-step village-by-village replace farmers'existing infested cassava plants with virus-free planting material of the best and most resistant available cultivars.
and poverty in Africa but CBSD and other viruses are crippling yields. We need to treat CBSD
and other destructive viruses like the smallpox of cassava--formidable diseases but threats we can eradicate
or viruses that can make us sick. But in California's Salinas Valley some more vigorous interventions are cutting into the last corners of wildlife habitat and potentially threatening water quality without evidence of food safety benefits.
Studies on wild birds conducted as part of APEIR demonstrated the importance of undertaking surveillance in wild birds to characterise the influenza viruses carried by these birds.
It is also evident from the genetic studies that the surveillance systems in place have not detected close relatives of the original host of these viruses
The studies conducted by APEIR did find some additional influenza virus subtypes other than H5n1 viruses
and this information helps in understanding the transmission of other influenza viruses by wild birds.
Although no H7n9 viruses were detected the viruses found were fully characterised and gene sequences uploaded to gene databases adding to the pool of data available for comparison by scientists trying to unravel the origin of novel viruses.
APEIR recommended that all gene sequences of influenza viruses should be shared as soon as they are available
and this has been done by Chinese scientists for H7n9 viruses. APEIR researchers including Professor Lei Fumin of the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are currently investigating the possible role of wild birds in transmission of H7n9 avian influenza.
Professor Lei Fumin said We have seen already suggestions that this virus could be transmitted widely among migratory birds
At the same time the pathogens in wastewater such as viruses fungi and bacteria could destroy the algae themselves
For example when gypsy moth caterpillars consume foliage high in certain toxic compounds transmission of viruses between the caterpillars is reduced facilitating moth outbreaks.
When infected with the bacteria Wolbachia mosquitoes are unable to spread viruses such as dengue a disease
which is a strong blocker of dengue and other viruses. Insecticide use is very common in dengue
The whole universe of virology is divided into two types of viruses--viruses that are enveloped and viruses that are enveloped not.
If you look at any basic virology textbook it will say that these are categories that distinguish all viruses said lead researcher Stanley M. Lemon MD professor of medicine and a member of UNC Lineberger and the Center for Translational Immunology.
In a paper published online in Nature on March 31 Dr. Lemon's team discovered that Hepatitis a virus does not have an envelope
No one has shown that previously for a virus. It really blurs that classic distinction between these two types of viruses said Dr. Lemon.
Enveloped viruses are generally quite fragile in the environment while non-enveloped viruses are hardier outside of a host
and can survive for longer periods between hosts. Dr. Lemon believes the dual nature of Hepatitis a virus allows it to use the advantages of both virus types to enhance its survivability.
By not needing its envelope to survive outside the host the virus gains the ability of non-enveloped viruses to survive longer
Understanding how this really good vaccine works will help us in the future to develop better vaccines for other viruses that we are having difficulty developing vaccines for said Dr. Lemon.
and counter the killer viruses they transmit. The dual resistant insect and virus varieties may reduce
one or both of two natural genes known to resist the so-called TOSPO viruses which include tomato spotted wilt virus
and an interdisciplinary team of eight other scientists from seven other institutions nationwide as part of a new five-year $3. 75 million project to control thrips and TOSPO viruses in tomatoes.
and birds we've come up with a technique to predict sites where these viruses could mix
when viruses from humans and animals exchanged genes to create a new virus in a process called reassortment.
and human flu could serve as a mixing vessel for reassortment between the two viruses.
The mixing of genetic material between the seasonal human flu virus and bird flu can create novel virus strains that are more lethal than either of the original viruses said senior author Thomas Smith director of the Center for Tropical
and animals should be monitored for novel viruses which could help predict and prevent the next pandemic he said.
and sample foreign matter such as vaccines bacteria or viruses they come together as a group during what he and his team call the critical differentiation period.
#Pesticide application as potential source of noroviruses in fresh food supply chainscontaminated water used to dilute pesticides could be responsible for viruses entering the food chain warn scientists.
but when the selfish genes come in the form of viruses or other kinds of transposons there can be trouble.
Historically we've seen symptoms similar to IBDS associated with viruses spread by large-scale infestations of parasitic mites says Dr. David Tarpy an associate professor of entomology at North carolina State university
But they did note that diet affected the transport of bacteriophages--viruses that invade bacteria--in field runoff.
#Microbes team up to boost plants stress tolerancewhile most farmers consider viruses and fungi potential threats to their crops these microbes can help wild plants adapt to extreme conditions according to a Penn State virologist.
and her colleagues found an example of a collaboration between plants and viruses that confer drought tolerance to many different crop plants.
The researchers tested four different viruses and several different plants including crops such as rice tomato squash
and beets and showed that the viruses increased the plants'ability to tolerate drought. Virus infection also provided cold tolerance in some cases.
and in the hot geothermal ground in Yellowstone national park viruses and fungi work together with plants to confer temperature hardiness said Roossinck.
Because viruses are often present in plant fungi Roossinck wondered if viruses played a role in the reaction.
I noticed that all of the samples from the geothermal soils had a virus so it seemed worth it to take a deeper look said Roossinck.
While researchers do not entirely understand the role of viruses in helping plants withstand extreme conditions Roossinck said that future research may help the agricultural industry naturally develop hardier plants rather than rely on chemical solutions that threaten the environment.
If pest control measures aren't taken these annual plants can serve as amplifiers producing lots of viruses
and insects to move the viruses around. In contrast perennial plants in nature grow slower
but are equipped usually better to fight off invading viruses. When wild-growing perennials do get infected they can serve as reservoirs for viruses Malmstrom said a place where viruses can hang out a long time.
In the domestication of wild plants for bioenergy long-lived plants are being selected for fast growth like annuals.
and can serve as an amplifier for viruses. This all-in-one combination could increase virus pressure in crop areas unless mitigated.
To understand the complete ecology of viruses researchers are now studying these tiny organisms in nature too.
whether viruses can be used in agricultural terrorism how to recognize a novel virus and what happens
#Wild plants are infected with many viruses and still thriveresearchers have studied viruses as agents of disease in humans domestic animals
and plants but a study of plant viruses in the wild may point to a more cooperative benevolent role of the microbe according to a Penn State virologist.
Most of these wild plants have said viruses Marilyn Roossinck professor of plant pathology and environmental microbiology and biology who has examined more than 7000 individual plants for viruses.
But they don't have any of the symptoms that we usually see in crop plants with viruses.
Most of the viruses Roossinck studied are new viruses although they are related to viruses that have been examined in crops.
According to the researcher about half of the viruses that infect wild plants tend to be continually present in the plant--persistent.
The viruses get passed from plants to their offspring through the seeds. Researchers are still trying to uncover exactly
what viruses are doing in the plants. Since the viruses are found so often they may be playing some role in the life of the plant according to Roossinck.
In fact studies indicate that viruses can be beneficial to some plants making them hardier and helping them survive extreme temperatures
and drought said Roossinck who reported on her research today (Feb 17) at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
When most people think of viruses they think of serious diseases and death such as the AIDS virus Roossinck said.
However on a research trip in Costa rica a biodiversity hot spot in Central america she noticed that unmanaged wild plants looked healthier than managed agricultural fields.
During her research Roossinck observed that most of the approximately 10000 species of wild plants at the study site appeared healthy.
viruses fungi and bacteria whereas in crops farmers try to eliminate the microbes. Perhaps there is a connection.
Analyzing the viruses suggested that they were moving from the crops into the wild plants
Our work shows that RNA silencing suppression is a common strategy used by a variety of pathogens--viruses bacteria
They serve as a major defense mechanism against viruses in plants and invertebrates. RNA silencing has also been implicated in antibacterial plant defense.
The researchers made viruses missing the NSS gene and found they made mice in the laboratory less sick than viruses containing the NSS gene.
The researchers also discovered that SBV rapidly grows in the brain and spinal cord of aborted lambs and calves.
Which viruses infect the elephant? Which type of bacteria causes severe lung disease in European brown hare?
(or at least large sections of it) from pathogenic variants of influenza viruses for example or from completely new pathogens explains Greenwood.
by preventing the virus from getting into cells where it uses the cell's reproduction mechanism to make new viruses.
One way viruses mutate is by changing the protease they use for activation. This study shows how flexible coronaviruses are in terms of cleavage activation strategies said Millet.
They now show that severe cases like this one are caused by viruses that normally infect the species rather than by viruses that have jumped from African elephants
Therefore the viruses have not spread between zoos and the sources of the viruses were most likely wild-born elephant herdmates.
Because these viruses cannot be grown in cell culture we had to develop sensitive and specific PCR techniques to be able to identify
and EEHV7 are natural endogenous viruses of African elephants whereas EEHV1A EEHV1B EEHV4 and EEHV5 are apparently natural
and that the viruses causing disease normally do so only in their natural hosts. Close monitoring of Asian elephant calves in zoos has enabled so far lifesaving treatment for at least nine infected Asian calves says Hayward suggesting that such monitoring may ultimately enable determining why some animals become susceptible to severe disease after their primary EEHV1 infections
and subtypes of EEHVS are ancient viruses that evolved separately from all other known subfamilies of mammalian herpesviruses within the ancestor of modern elephants beginning about 100 million years ago.
The information gained in the new EEHV papers will be important for developing diagnostic tools for these viruses
Pathogens can include viruses and bacteria that damage the plant itself or bacteria like the Shiga-toxin producing E coli O104:
Crop pests include fungi bacteria viruses insects nematodes viroids and oomycetes. The research published in the journal Global Ecology
#Of bees, mites, and viruses: Virus infections after arrival of new parasitic mite in New zealand honeybee colonieshoneybee colonies are dying at alarming rates worldwide.
and adult bees the mites can transmit several honeybee viruses with high efficiency. Uncontrolled Varroa infestation can thereby cause an accelerating virus epidemic and so kill a bee colony within two to three years.
Interested in the complex interplay between bees mites and viruses Fanny Mondet from the University of Otago Dunedin New zealand and INRA Avignon France and colleagues took advantage of a unique situation in New zealand:
The researchers'aim was to monitor the first stages of the Varroa infestation and its consequences for bees and bee viruses.
and that the viruses play an important part in the survival or collapse of the bee colonies infested by Varroa.
but the target of his work consists of viruses that can only be found and identified with special methods and instruments.
but it raises concerns about other viruses getting through the border Hause said. We're not sure
and was detected around the same time as a couple of other viruses: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine deltacoronavirus both of which were detected in China in the same time frame prior to the U s. Both porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Hause has mapped these viruses at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory as a way to ensure the reliability of the next-generation sequencing methods he uses to identify
As we isolate viruses we can completely sequence their genomes Hause said. We can get a good understanding of
what makes those viruses tick. Next-generation sequencing goes farther and allows us to perform metagenomic sequencing where we don't isolate the virus
which includes the host DNA plus it reads all of the viruses in the sample too.
It's a universal method to detect viruses that we have adapted and applied to veterinary diagnostics.
Through this technology we can build a database with a collection of viruses based on where they came from and
and understand these viruses as much as possible. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Kansas State university.
Unfortunately bees all over the world are under pressure from pesticides mites viruses bacteria fungi and environmental changes among other things.
or between insecticides and pathogenic agents--the effects of the insecticides being exacerbated in bees already weakened by viruses or parasites.
When people think about food-borne pathogens normally they list bacteria viruses and maybe parasites. Fungal pathogens are considered not as food-borne pathogens.
Chase and his team found two viruses and one mutation. In some cases the virus incorporated part of a cow gene or another virus in the part of the genome in which most mutations take place Chase explains.
when our immune system produces antibodies to destroy enemy molecules like those from bacteria and viruses.
Water from canals may have carried also harmful protozoa bacteria and viruses. But groups to the northeast would have been able to expand maize production into new areas as their populations grew he said.
The researchers performed autopsies investigating various tissues and testing for the presence of bacteria viruses and parasites.
and goat species. Lentiviruses are viruses responsible for slow infections that damage the immune system and which cause a range of clinical symptoms (nervous pulmonary arthritic and mammary).
Specifically the so-called MR (mannose receptor) could be a safe door of entry for certain bacteria protozoa parasites and viruses like SRLVS into the target cell
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