The researchers measured the amount of a molecule in the taste buds called MESSENGER RNA (mrna)
and drinks said study researcher Danielle Reed a geneticist at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia.
 Electronic cigarettes turn nicotine and other chemicals into a vapor that's inhaled by the user.
and nicotine among other chemicals including propylene glycol. For all of the differences between e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes e-cigarettes still contain nicotine
A 2010 studyâ in the British Medical Journal found that the scarce evidence indicates the existence of various toxic and carcinogenic compounds albeit in possibly much smaller concentrations than in traditional cigarettes.
and that the chemicals are of a pharmaceutical grade. Â In the meantime Seidman worries that e-cigarettes simply assist smokers who wish to bring e-cigarettes into places such as airports where the smoker would
and analyzed genetic material from the trees'chloroplasts the green plant structures where photosynthesis takes place.
but surely more research needs to be done on the subject. 2005 study in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology:
Beyond medical conditions TNO has proposed printing customised meals with varied levels of the basic food components like carbs protein and fat for everyone from seniors to athletes to expectant mothers.
Some suggest 3d printed meat could provide high quality protein for a growing global population without increasing stress on arable land
Called phytomining the technique of finding gold uses plants to extract particles of the precious metal from soil.
so plants have no natural way of taking the particles in through their roots. Under certain chemical conditions gold solubility can be forced said Chris Anderson an environmental geochemist and gold phytomining expert at Massey University in New zealand.
Striking gold Fifteen years ago Anderson first showed it was possible to get mustard plants to suck up gold from chemically treated soil containing gold particles.
Once the crops reach their full height treat the soil with a chemical that makes gold soluble.
The gold found in plants are nanoparticles so there may be great potential for the chemical industry which uses gold nanoparticles as catalysts for chemical reactions Anderson said.
The chemicals involved in making gold soluble also induce the plants to take up other soil contaminants such as mercury arsenic
Cyanide and thiocyanate the same hazardous chemicals used by mining companies to get gold to leach out of rock must be used to dissolve gold particles in soil water.
The ABC recently reported that 400 people in the Philippines trampled vitamin-enriched oegolden rice trial crops because of fears to human health and biodiversity.
Vitamin a deficiencies are acknowledged as being serious and important by pro and anti-GM groups alike.
I do not come from a country where Vitamin a deficiency is a concern. I will not be offering the activists advice.
#To Cut Carbon, a Decade is Too Long to Wait (Op-Ed) Jeffrey Rissman policy analyst at Energy Innovation:
wildfires and desertification release carbon stored in vegetation; and melting permafrost allows for the decomposition of peat bogs and the melting of methane hydrates releasing methane into the atmosphere.
Third in the U s. greenhouse-gas emissions have declined recently from their peak in 2007. This was first due to the global recession
and then to the shale-gas boom which led to cheap natural gas that has reduced coal consumption
(which emits more CO2 than natural gas) and made new coal plants uneconomical. Society cannot rely on either of those factors continuing to bring emissions down.
The U s. economy is already recovering the country is rapidly building export capacity for natural gas
(which will help to bring domestic U s. prices in line with prices on the world market increasing the competitiveness of coal)
and there will be fewer and fewer remaining coal-power plants to replace with gas. Additionally the amount of methane leakage from natural gas facilities remains highly uncertain.
Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2. Depending on the leakage rate moving from coal to natural gas could fail to provide any climate benefits for 50 or even 100 years.
The U s. must make a serious commitment to zero-carbon energy and energy efficiency in the next ten years in order to be able to reduce emissions to the level required to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a reasonable timeframe.
Finally some critics of immediate action to reduce greenhouse gasses point out that technological innovation will bring down the costs of clean energy
and open up new options in the future so society should wait until clean-energy costs are lower before making a serious commitment to deployment.
And if nations wait to address greenhouse gasses there will be a larger amount of high-carbon infrastructure to replace increasing future costs.
Put in terms of a global carbon price a tax implemented today could be just $20 per ton (18 cents per gallon of gasoline)
because it's estimated that kids eat about seven servings daily of grains protein and dairy.
which affects carbon water and nutrient cycles; some birds produce additional clutches of eggs; and many insects (including pests such as bark beetles in the West
#Trans Fat Isn't Evil, Ignorance Is (Op-Ed) Dr. Mitchell Roslin is chief of obesity surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital in New york. He holds several patents for the treatment of obesity
The recent decision by the FDA and the 30 years of data demonstrating the damage of trans fats are clear evidence that the medical community's artificial efforts were not successful.
Besides heart disease trans fats have also been linked to cancer. But the real question is how can we avoid making the same mistake again?
Rising numbers of scale insects in cities could spell trouble for city trees which can provide some environmental benefits like cooling through shade and carbon sequestration.
and other ailments even though they ate a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. The researchers hypothesized that the type of fat marine-derived might play a role.
Researchers have shown that omega-3 fatty acids a type of polyunsaturated fat found primarily in seafood can improve your chances of living longer
Emerging research indicates omega-3s may boost levels of the brain chemicals serotonin and dopamine decreasing depression and violence.
#Urbanization Can Actually Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Op-Ed) Chris Busch is director of research and Hallie Kennan is a research assistant atâ Energy Innovation:
Because urban centers can be a leading source for greenhouse-gas emissions low-carbon urban design can be a crucial tool for combatting rising emissions levels.
thus conserving forestland and other green spaces that store carbon. Transportation impacts Research shows that densely-populated cities use less transportation energy the reason is less reliance on car travel.
and store carbon in the soil or vegetation at higher amounts than do buildings or roads.
which they are located ordered according to national per-capita greenhouse gas emissions. It shows that urban residents often have lower emissions per person than national averages for home countries.
While New york appears to have low carbon emissions based on its transportation and housing emissions per person this issue of traded goods complicates the picture.
and conserve green undeveloped land thus reducing the carbon footprints of their residents. With urbanization taking off in China and other developing countries now is the time to build sustainable cities.
#UV Light Makes Mushrooms Rich in Vitamin d The dog days of summer are a distant memory and so are the long bright sunny days.
But for many people sunlight is an essential source of Vitamin d. The human body needs Vitamin d to maintain bone health
and helps regulate the immune system. The ultraviolet light in sunlight actually converts cholesterol in your skin into Vitamin d.
The vitamin is also found in foods like fatty fish and fortified cereals milk and orange juice.
But since many people do not get enough Vitamin d through their diet alone the dark winter months can leave people deficient in the vitamin.
But now food scientists are giving mushrooms a Vitamin d boost with ultraviolet light. oethe exciting thing
I think is how rapidly we can take a mushroom that has no Vitamin d in it whatsoever
and in less than one second we can increase the Vitamin d content to over 100 percent of the recommended daily allowance said Michael Kalaras a postdoctoral scholar at Penn State university in University Park Pa.
Here s how it works. Quick pulses of ultraviolet light flash over the mushroom s surface going through it
and setting off a chemical process that converts a compound  similar to cholesterol inside the mushrooms into Vitamin d. oeit s already happening in a number of facilities where they re actually doing this on conveyor belts said Robert Beelman a food scientist at Penn State.
Mushrooms maintained their Vitamin d levels up to a week in the refrigerator. One serving of mushrooms has a day s worth of the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin d
which is 600 IUS (or 15 micrograms) per day. Â Researchers suggest that smaller amounts of mushrooms may be need all you
if you have other sources of Vitamin d in your diet. oewe haven t found any negative effects from our treatment said Kalaras.
It is possible to become sick from taking too much Vitamin d but researchers say those levels are extremely high
Ultraviolet Flashes Can Create Vitamin d-enriched mushrooms Penn State Food Science Robert Beelman Penn Stat n
and storing climate-warming carbon and differentiate it from secondary forests which may provide tree cover but without the original ecosystems.
#Vitamin b Supplements May Reduce Stroke Risk Taking Vitamin b supplements may help reduce the risk of stroke a new review suggests.
and found that people who took Vitamin b had a 7 percent decreased risk of stroke compared with people who took a placebo.
However among those who did have strokes taking Vitamin b supplements did not appear to affect the severity of strokes or the risk of dying from a stroke according to the study published Sept. 18 in the journal Neurology.
A number of factors may influence the ability of Vitamin b to reduce a person's stroke risk the researchers said.
These factors include how well a person's body absorbs the vitamins the concentrations of vitamins in the blood
whether Vitamin b supplements could reduce homocysteine levels and in turn lower stroke risk. But such studies have mixed found results.
Previous studies have conflicting findings regarding the use of Vitamin b supplements and stroke or heart attack Yuming said.
B vitamins are important nutrients for the body. They can be found in a variety of foods including whole grains potatoes bananas beans and lentils.
while supplements containing B vitamins are thought generally to be safe they should not be taken in large doses. High doses of vitamin B3 (niacin can cause health problems including blurred vision nausea vomiting and high blood sugar.
and sugary drinks refined grains and large amounts of saturated and trans fats and eating more fruits vegetables whole grains legumes and nuts trumps the more narrow goals of whether to include moderate
The Mediterranean diet emphasizes fruits vegetables nuts fish and healthy fats. Those who adopted all four healthy behaviors had an 80 percent lower death rate over 7. 6 years compared to participants with none of the healthy behaviors lead author Haitham Ahmed of Johns Hopkins Hospital said in a statement.
For example the Adventist vegans consumed nearly twice as much dietary fiber and Vitamin c as the European vegans.
Under a higher-emissions scenario in which heat-trapping gas emissions continue to rise the assessment projects a 13 percent decline in Colorado snow water equivalent by midcentury
At that point the tree stops growing and starts storing carbon in its cells. Late wood is denser than early wood
Mixed results Follow-up studies analyzing carbon molecules in the fossil wood also gives both deciduous and evergreen answers Ryberg said.
Most scientists attributed this wetter weather to the rise in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Baleen is made up of keratin the protein found in hair and fingernails which forms large plates that enclose a fibrous inner core.
As the water speed increased the bristles streamed out like hair blowing in a strong wind creating gaps where particles could slip through.
Protein Protein is essential for healthy living. It is one of the most important nutrients for the human body second only to water.
Bone health muscle function muscle strength muscle mass and immune function all are impaired with a low intake of protein.
New research has found that eating the right amount of protein nd at the right times is essential not only for your general health
Eating enough protein while losing weight is more likely to minimize muscle loss and maximize fat loss.
The National Academy of Sciences in a recent report recommended Americans get at least 15 percent of their calories from protein
Low carb diets are often as high as 80 percent protein and can damage your health in many ways.)
or bone loss consider increasing your protein. How much protein? A personalized formula: Studies of aging populations have found that about 1. 2 grams to 1. 6 grams of protein per one kilogram of body weight helps to reduce age-related muscle and bone loss.
This amount should also be enough to maximize your workouts. Determine your ideal body weight. Example:
If you weigh 150 pounds this means the amount of protein you should eat is:
150 lbs (divided by 2. 2 lbs per kilogram)= 68 kg; 68 kg x 1. 2 grams of protein per kg of body weight=82 grams of protein daily.
For the maximum amount of protein multiply 68 kg x 1. 6 grams of protein per kg=109 grams of protein per day.
Where should you get protein? Protein can be found in a wide range of foods.
Animal protein is in seafood dairy products meat poultry and eggs. Vegetarian protein can be found in legumes soy vegetables and grains.
And while it's true that high-protein foods often bring fat and calories along as uninvited guests it doesn't have to be that way.
The lowest-calorie animal protein sources are the leanest. Go for seafood poultry with no skin lean veal cuts pork tenderloin lean beef cuts (such as the round or tenderloin) or 95-percent-lean hams (less than 3 grams of fat per ounce.
Skim milk nonfat yogurt and low-fat cheeses are also great options. Soy products provide great low-calorie options too
and are high-quality proteins that are lean substitutes for meat. To add some protein to your diet toss four ounces (120 grams) of lean beef chicken
or seafood or 12 ounces (36 grams) of spiced tofu into your salad. This will add 30 grams of high-quality protein and no more than 150 to 200 calories.
Here are the numbers for some other great sources of protein: 8 ounces milk or yogurt:
8 16 grams protein depending on the type 1/2 cup cooked beans or tofu: 8 grams protein 1 ounce meat/fish/chicken/cheese (the leaner the meat the more protein and the fewer calories:
7 grams protein 1 large egg: 7 grams protein 1/2 cup cooked or one ounce dry (1 slice bread) grain:
3 grams protein 1/2 cup cooked or one cup raw vegetables: 2 grams protein Timing is everything!
Eat a food or beverage high in protein about 20 minutes before and again immediately after your strength-training workout.
And do the same after a vigorous cardiovascular workout such as tennis or kayaking or even just a long walk.
When you work out you break down your muscles. Taking in a high protein food with a little bit of carbohydrate and nutrients when your muscles are being broken down by exercise will build your muscle mass and your strength more effectively.
And don't forget to drink water because you also need to make sure you hydrate yourself properly!
My personal regimen includes drinking some skim milk before my workout (all you need is about 1/2 a cup or about 4 grams of protein) and eating yogurt immediately after my workout or yoga session in the gym!
If I forget the yogurt I'll run to the nearest coffee shop after I exercise and buy a skim latte which contains milk
or soy milk for my protein. But I like yogurt the best: In addition to high-quality protein it contains important probiotics
which keep your gastrointestinal tract healthy. It also offers high-quality carbohydrates calcium potassium and magnesium important nutrients that you need to replenish your muscles.
Current thinking among protein researchers is that this nutrient is more bioavailable for your muscles
if eaten in relatively small quantities throughout the day. For women 20 grams per meal is the ideal amount the body can utilize efficiently.
For men that can go up to 30 grams per meal. So with my personal protein-goal of 60 grams per day I make sure to have about 20 grams in the morning 20 grams midday and about 20 grams in the evening.
My body may not benefit from taking in more than that at one sitting. If you're a man who needs 100 grams per day you could spread out your protein intake for the day to four meals of about 25 grams each separated by at least two hours in between.
So an 8-ounce steak at night containing 56 grams of protein just won't cut it!
Surprise Tea! A new study has found that tea improves muscular strength. Tea? Apparently as people age oxidative stress and inflammation cause age-related breakdowns of muscle and bone.
Tea's healthy compounds called polyphenols reduce oxidative stress and inflammation preventing this breakdown and even improving muscular strength and bone mass.
A recent study funded by the National institutes of health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative medicine looked into tea's effects on muscle.
In the study postmenopausal women with osteopenia (the beginning of osteoporosis or brittle bones) were given tea
if the levels of greenhouse gas emissions are reduced not and nations have failed to address the myriad challenges of climate change scientists say Earth's fragile ecosystem could be in serious jeopardy.
This is because developing nations where the U n. estimates most of the next century's surge in population will occur have much smaller carbon footprints than developed countries such as the United states Canada
But most of the nations with the fastest growing populations have far lower per capita greenhouse gas emissions.
and later spread across the Atlantic ocean to the United states emissions of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases soared as manufacturing
which emit large amounts of greenhouse gases that linger in the atmosphere. This flurry of activity has taken a toll on the planet.
and China as they've industrialized countries that are populous and poor can experience a rapid rise in greenhouse gas emissions.
Since 2000 China's energy-related greenhouse gas emissions have increased at an average rate of more than 10 percent each year according to the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements
As part of his work at the Worldwatch Institute Engelman also promotes the idea of carbon taxes which would introduce fees based on the carbon content of fuels.
While these types of resource taxes have been suggested as an incentivized way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions they remain politically divisive.
According to an analysis by Cascio the greenhouse gas emissions generated by the production of cheeseburgers in the United states each year is about equal to the greenhouse gas emissions from 6. 5 million to 19.6 million SUVS over a year (There are about 16 million
and emit fewer greenhouse gases than livestock according to the U n.'s FAO report. Although eating insects comes with an ick factor for many Westerners bugs are a part of the diet of about 2 billion people worldwide according to the report.
And Australia the driest continent has already commissioned several desalination plants along its eastern coastline.
Washing the leaves in a variety of chemical baths helped Elliott determine the leaves'structure
#What Are Greenhouse Gases? Behind the struggle to address global warming and climate change lies the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.
A greenhouse gas is any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing infrared radiation thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere.
By increasing the heat in the atmosphere greenhouse gases are responsible for the greenhouse effect which ultimately leads to global warming.
The sun bombards Earth with enormous amounts of radiation which strike Earth's atmosphere in the form of visible light plus ultraviolet (UV) infrared (IR)
The gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation are known as greenhouse gases (sometimes abbreviated as GHG)
The most significant greenhouse gases are water vapor (H2o) carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2o) according to the Environmental protection agency (EPA.
Fluorinated gases including hydrofluorocarbons perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are created during industrial processes and are considered also greenhouse gases.
Though they are present in very small concentrations they trap heat very effectively making them high global-warming potential (GWP) gases.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) once used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were phased out by international agreement are also greenhouse gases.
Three factors affect the degree to which any greenhouse gas will influence global warming: Carbon dioxide has a significant impact on global warming partly because of its abundance in the atmosphere:
In 2011 CO2 composed 84 percent of U s. greenhouse emissions according to the EPA. Additionally CO2 stays in the atmosphere for thousands of years.
Some greenhouse gases like methane are produced through agricultural practices including livestock manure management. Others like CO2 largely result from natural processes like respiration and from the burning of fossil fuels like coal oil and gas.
Since the beginning of the Industrial revolution in the early 1800s humans have been burning fossils fuels at an ever-increasing rate.
In the United states like most other industrialized nations burning fossil fuels is the single greatest manmade source of greenhouse gases.
According to the EPA the production of electricity is the source of 33 percent of U s. greenhouse gas emissions.
Over 70 percent of U s. electricity comes from plants that burn fossil fuels usually coal and natural gas.
Transportation is a close second contributing about 28 percent of U s. greenhouse gas emissions. Almost all cars trucks ships trains and airplanes run on gasoline or diesel fuels.
Manufacturing and other industries contribute about 20 percent of U s. greenhouse gas emissions followed by residential and commercial sources (11 percent) and agriculture (8 percent.
Worldwide however the output of greenhouse gases is a source of grave concern: From the time the Industrial revolution began to the year 2009 atmospheric CO2 levels have increased almost 38 percent
+For the latest information on greenhouse gases visit s
#What Are Superfoods? Superfoods are foods mostly plant-based but also some fish and dairy thought to be nutritionally dense and thus good for one's health.
a healthy fat thought to prevent heart disease; fiber thought to prevent diabetes and digestive problems;
or phytochemicals the chemicals in plants responsible for deep colors and smells which can have numerous healthful benefits.
This is because blueberries are rich in vitamins phytochemicals and soluble fiber. While blueberries are indeed healthful so are about any kind of (nonpoisonous) berry.
Beans and whole grains are standard additions to the superfood lists Beans are a source of low-fat protein.
and loads of vitamins and trace minerals largely absent in the typical American diet such as manganese.
although they are inferior in regards to protein. Quinoa is not a grain but it cooks up like one
and this too is a remarkable source of protein vitamins minerals fiber and antioxidants. Nuts and seeds contain high levels of minerals and healthy fats.
Although these are common additions on superfood lists the downside is that they are high in calories.
These dark vegetables are loaded with vitamins A c and K as well as fiber calcium and other minerals.
Both kinds of food are generally excellent sources of fiber Vitamin a and much more. They are also naturally sweet
History's Most Mysterious Extinctions Carbon signatures The scientists focused on isotopes of carbon in plant waxes found in ancient soils and sediments.
Carbon isotopes differ in how many neutrons they possess in their atomic nuclei carbon-12 has six neutrons
while carbon-13 has seven. Both have six protons. The kinds of grasses that dominate northern Australia today have adapted to warmer dryer conditions
and mostly practice a kind of photosynthesis known as C4 which uses both carbon-12 and the heavier carbon-13 isotope.
which also takes up carbon-12 and carbon-13 but prefers carbon-12. By analyzing the ratios of these different carbon isotopes within plant waxes the researchers could infer what plants dominated the region at different times in the past.
The scientists also looked for an organic compound known as levoglucosan. This molecule is generated exclusively during the burning of land vegetation
so its presence would bolster the idea that humans changed the landscape with fire. The results of the study showed that about 44000 to 58000 years ago C4 plants apparently dominated the region
much as they do today making up 60 to 70 percent of the vegetation there. However by 43000 years ago C4 plants made up only 40 percent of the vegetation there.
There was a matching rise in C3 plants that lasted for about 5000 years. Which came first?
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