and Policy Program a joint program of the Fielding School of Public health and the School of law shows that in at least one case the system failed by approving a chemical called methyl iodide for use on strawberries.
Until we find safer alternatives to chemical pesticides it is extremely important that the evaluation of new pesticides is thorough.
and his team have completed the first comprehensive genomic analysis of the molecular changes behind that adaptation.
and lipid profile (types of fats in the blood); also increased antioxidant defences and decreased markers associated with oxidative DNA damage and inflammation all cardiovascular risk factors.
The modification of oxidative stress in adipose tissue (or fat tissue) can help in the prevention of cardiovascular risk associated with childhood obesity
and saturated fats and therefore are high in calories says Noelia Betoret principal researcher and professor at the School of Agricultural engineering and Natural Environment.
#Densest array of carbon nanotubes grown to datecarbon nanotubes'outstanding mechanical electrical and thermal properties make them an alluring material to electronics manufacturers.
The high density aspect is overlooked often in many carbon nanotube growth processes and is an unusual feature of our approach says John Robertson a professor in the electronic devices
High-density forests are necessary for certain applications of carbon nanotubes like electronic interconnects and thermal interface materials he says.
Robertson and his colleagues grew carbon nanotubes on a conductive copper surface that was coated with co-catalysts cobalt and molybdenum.
When the interaction of metals was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy it revealed the creation of a more supportive substrate for the forests to root in.
In microelectronics this approach to growing high-density carbon nanotube forests on conductors can potentially replace
In the future more robust carbon nanotube forests may also help improve thermal interface materials battery electrodes and supercapacitors.
Previously wood had to be dried coated with carbon and put under a high vacuum to be studied at the nanolevel.
When we used specific chemical tags to dye the pectin red and cellulose green we saw for the first time that pectin surrounds the torus and forms ringlike structures at the margin of the torus.
and ultimately the rate at which carbon is cycled as it is returned to the atmosphere. In wood products the sealed wood fiber cells are
and fractionation difficult--the first step in extracting natural chemicals from wood to make products ranging from medicinal polymers to sugars that are the basis for bioenergy systems.
a toxic protein produced in its leaves and stems which kills pests in a matter of days.
Bt maize and resistance developmentgenetically engineered maize is created by introducing a gene into the plant genome that expresses a toxic protein from a bacterium i e.
Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides--gases produced from the burning of fossil fuels--react with water molecules in the air.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 significantly reduced sulfur dioxide emissions but decades of acid rain already had changed the soil chemistry of many sensitive regions including the White Mountains of New hampshire
and Chemistry analyses blood samples from spectacled caiman in Costa rica and finds that intensive pesticide use in plantations leads to contaminated species in protected conservation areas.
What they found could provide a blueprint for a material used for artificial ligaments a chemical-free way to protect crops from insects and a new insight on how human muscles function.
The chemical structure of the silk allows the substance to adhere to most substances underwater.
but try to put super glue in your bathtub without it ever getting a chance to dry says Jeff Yarger professor of chemistry biochemistry
The fly silk's long fibers make it behave a lot like collagen material used in connective tissues
and collagen-like Yarger and his team had to examine the biopolymers tiny molecular structures that serve as the building blocks for the silk using the Biocars sector 14 at the Argonne National Laboratory-based APS.
The crystalline structures in the silk are so small that Yarger says it is impossible to look at the molecular makeup of the silk with conventional X-rays.
They found that at the molecular level caddisfly silk differs greatly from other terrestrial spun silks such as those from spiders or silkworms.
Caddisfly silk is phosphoratelated meaning that after the amino acid chain that makes up the silk is created phosphate molecules bond to the chain.
but farmers may soon have a chemical-free way to protect their plants from these voracious pests by turning their natural growth cycle against them.
which means a universal and chemical-free pest control method may be on its way. Muscled mothsalthough few gym rats want to admit it whispery moth wings
But logistically looking at the protein structures within a moth's muscle cells is no easy task.
and then using one of the world's most powerful light sources to examine the molecular structure of its muscle movement in real time.
when a moth flaps its wings a bit of a tug of war is happening at a molecular level.
At a molecular level a moth's muscle is not very different than a human's meaning that elastic energy may serve a much larger role in human muscle function than researchers previously thought.
#Plant community plays key role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions from carbon rich moorlandsdifferent moorland plants particularly heather
and cotton grass can strongly influence climate warming effects on greenhouse gas emissions researchers from Lancaster University The University of Manchester
The findings published this week in the journal Ecology Letters show valuable carbon stores which lie deep below peaty moorlands are at risk from changes in climate
But the study found that the make-up of the plant community could also play a key role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions from these carbon rich ecosystems as not all vegetation types respond in the same way to warming.
when heather was present warming increased the amount of CO2 taken up from the atmosphere making the ecosystem a greater sink for this greenhouse gas.
or climate change itself also had such a strong impact on greenhouse gas emissions and even changed the way that warming affected them.
This means that the way we manage peat land vegetation will strongly influence the way that peat land carbon sink strength responds to future climate change.
By taking gas samples every month of the year we were able to show that the types of plants growing in these ecosystems can modify the effects of increase in temperature.
when looking at how global change affects carbon cycling she added. Otherwise a vital part is missing--the biology is a key ingredient.
If this is true then we can expect similar responses in other carbon rich systems in the Arctic and Boreal regions.
or soil particles blow in the air. Practices such as washing food well before eating and covering soils with mulch can help decrease these risks.
#Massive carbon credit sale announced in Madagascarthe Government of Madagascar and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) announced today that 705588 carbon credits are certified for sale from the Makira Forest REDD+Project.
WCS estimates that it will prevent the release of more than 32 million tons of CO2 over the next thirty years.
Through carbon credit sales from avoided deforestation the Makira REDD+Project will finance the long-term conservation of one of Madagascar's most pristine remaining rainforest ecosystems harboring rare and threatened plants and animals
This sale is a major step forward for the Government of Madagascar in advancing the use of carbon credits to fight climate change
REDD+is an international framework that assigns a financial value to the carbon stored in forests offering compensation to developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation while investing in low-carbon paths
REDD+additionally includes the role of conservation sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
Along with its benefits to wildlife the sale will directly benefit local communities living around the protected area by allocating 50 percent of the net revenues of carbon sales to improve local infrastructure provide health
Thus the sale of carbon stored in the protected forests of Makira Natural Park provides a significant financial opportunity for Madagascar.
The sale of these carbon credits has triple bottom-line benefits; it helps wildlife local people
and fights climate change said Todd Stevens Vice president of the Makira Carbon Company a nonprofit subsidiary of WCS.
and verified by the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and has received a'Gold'level validation by the Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance.
Scientists estimate that up to 17 percent of annual carbon emissions--more that the entire U s. generates each year--are caused by destruction of forests especially in tropical areas.
and is perceived to hold little value for timber carbon or biodiversity. Dr Struebig Lecturer in Biological Conservation from DICE explains:'
and characterized a new organism that will help scientists understand the molecular mechanisms and ancestral genetic toolkit that enabled animals
and proteins that most people think are specific to being multicellular in animals are already present in their unicellular relatives.
Genomic analyses of single cell organisms that are specifically related to multicellular lineages often provide clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution of multicellular life.
and sequenced the protein-coding genes of the organism to construct a 159-protein matrix for phylogenetic analyses.
and molecular data to examine the risks of E coli O157 transmission from cattle to humans
Recent interest in reducing chemical inputs into cranberry growing systems has led researchers to evaluate alternative methods such as flame cultivation as a potential nonchemical weed control option.
and manufacturers because two materials can have the same chemical composition but very different mechanical properties depending on their grain size.
Increased intake of folate was associated also with a decreased risk of depression. Vegetables fruits berries whole-grains meat and liver are the most important dietary sources of folate.
In addition increased coffee consumption was associated non-linearly with a decreased risk of depression. In addition participation in a three-year lifestyle intervention study improved depression scores with no specific group effect.
Contrary to some earlier observations Vitamin b12 intake serum concentrations of n-3 PUFAS serum ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAS tea drinking and total caffeine
Kenya's leadership in adaptation planning is particularly important he added given that international negotiations to mitigate the effect of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions are basically at a stand still.
Similar environmentally extended input-output models combined with life cycle impact assessment methods have been used to calculate carbon footprints
Only a few production paths contribute to greenhouse gas emissionsanother surprising observation was that out of tens of thousands of different production paths only a handful had very significant environmental impacts.
For example with respect to greenhouse gas emissions only 0. 3 per cent of the variables examined were relevant.
As this result surprised the researchers the method was tested by trying to predict Finland's greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 from year 2002 data only updating the 60 most important components of the 23000 model parameters.
#Tropical forest carbon absorption may hinge on an odd couplea unique housing arrangement between a specific group of tree species
The findings suggest that the role of tropical forests in offsetting the atmospheric buildup of carbon from fossil fuels depends on tree diversity particularly in forests recovering from exploitation.
carbon sink or carbon-storage capacity. Tracts of land that were pasture only 12 years before had accumulated already as much as 40 percent of the carbon found in fully mature forests.
Legumes contributed more than half of the nitrogen needed to make that happen the researchers reported.
These fledgling woodlands had the capacity to store 50 metric tons of carbon per hectare (2. 47 acres)
which equates to roughly 185 tons of carbon dioxide or the exhaust of some 21285 gallons of gasoline.
Though the legumes'nitrogen fertilizer output waned in later years the species nonetheless took up carbon at rates that were up to nine times faster than non-legume trees.
By nurturing bigger healthier trees that take up more carbon legumes have realized a newly importance when it comes to influencing atmospheric carbon dioxide said second author Lars Hedin a Princeton professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and the Princeton Environmental Institute.
Scientists have recently put numbers on how much carbon forests as a whole absorb with a recent paper suggesting that the world's forests took up 2. 4 quadrillion tons of carbon from 1990 to 2007.
Tropical forests are a huge carbon sink. If trees could just grow and store carbon you could have a rapid sink
but if they don't have enough nitrogen they don't take up carbon said Hedin adding that nitrogen-fixing trees are uncommon in temperate forests such as those in most of North america and Europe.
Legumes are a group of plants that perform a valuable function but no one knew how much they help with the carbon sink Hedin said.
This work shows that they may be critical for the carbon sink and that the level of biodiversity in a tropical forest may determine the size of the carbon sink.
First author Sarah Batterman a postdoctoral research associate in Hedin's research group said legumes
or nitrogen fixers are especially important for forests recovering from agricultural use logging fire or other human activities The researchers studied 16 forest plots that were formerly pasture
Computer models that calculate the global balance of atmospheric carbon dioxide also must factor in sinks that offset carbon such as tropical forests.
And if forests take up carbon differently depending on the abundance and diversity of legumes models should reflect that variation she said.
and improve predictions about the carbon sink Batterman said. Batterman and Hedin worked with Michiel van Breugel an STRI postdoctoral fellow;
#Grassroots action in livestock feeding to help curb global climate changein a series of papers to be presented next week scientists offer new evidence that a potent chemical mechanism operating in the roots of a tropical
grass used for livestock feed has enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Referred to as biological nitrification inhibition
or BNI the mechanism markedly reduces the conversion of nitrogen applied to soil as fertilizer into nitrous oxide according to papers prepared for the 22nd International Grasslands Congress.
but it also contributes about half of agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions Peters explained. BNI is a rare triple-win technology that's good for rural livelihoods as well as the global environment and climate.
and other countries and they have recently been taken back to Africa to help ease severe shortages of livestock Feed in a major breakthrough JIRCAS scientists discovered several years ago the chemical substance responsible for BNI
and developed a reliable method for detecting the nitrification inhibitor coming from plant roots. Scientists at CIAT then validated the BNI concept in the field demonstrating that Brachiaria grass suppresses nitrification
and nitrous oxide emissions compared with soybean which lacks this ability. Other research has shown that deep-rooted productive Brachiaria grasses capture large amounts of atmospheric carbon--on a scale similar to that of tropical forests--a further plus for climate change mitigation.
Our work on BNI started with a field observation made by one of our scientists in the 1980s--back then it was nothing more than a dream said Peters.
#Carbon farming schemes should consider multiple cobenefitscarbon markets and related international schemes that allow payments to landholders for planting trees sometimes called carbon farming are intended to support sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere.
But they will have harmful effects such as degrading ecosystems and causing food supply problems if other benefits and disbenefits from revegetating agricultural landscapes are taken not also into account in land-use decisions according to an article published in the October issue of Bioscience.
Brenda B. Lin of the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization and her colleagues assessed a variety of ways that people have attempted carbon farming.
Simple maximization of profit can lead landholders accessing carbon markets to create monoculture plantations which do not support biodiversity
--and revegetation of marginal or crop land can sequester carbon while also yielding a broad spectrum of environmental benefits.
Lin and her colleagues urge organizers of carbon farming schemes to move beyond a carbon-only focus
The farmer clones also carry bacteria that secrete chemicals to fend off amoebae that don't bother to do their own farming.
Amoebas carrying chemical weaponsbut the situation was actually more complex than this. Brock quickly realized that some of the bacteria found in association with the Dicty weren't edible.
Producers of bamboo textiles maintain their products are processed antimicrobial without chemicals non-pollutant biodegradable and recyclable.
& Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) held in Indianapolis this week. We found that advanced sewage treatment reduced the levels of pyrethroids by more than 97 percent said Kurt N. Ohlinger Ph d. who presented the results of the study.
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A new study by a team of researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research center may help provide some insight.
Some of the same brain regions and neurological chemicals that control human social behavior are involved probably in fish social behavior as well.'
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but a new protein discovered in the venom of Australian tarantulas can also kill prey insects that consume the venom orally.
The protein is strongly insecticidal to the cotton bollworm an important agricultural pest according to research published September 11 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Glenn King and Maggie Hardy from the Institute of Molecular
The small protein named orally active insecticidal peptide-1 (OAIP-1) was found to be highly toxic to insects that consumed it with potency similar to that of the synthetic insecticide imidacloprid.
It will have far-reaching consequences for biodiversity and carbon storage. To test whether trees are migrating northward having faster turnover
and colleagues present first evidence of a functional interaction between an important class of signaling molecule called A g protein which binds receptors and an unexpected class of cell-surface receptors.
and others found this gene to encode A g protein called GÎ. Further experiments indicated an unexpected interaction between GÎ
which acts as a signaling switch can be activated by A g protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that belongs to a class of cell-surface receptors that pass the cell membrane only a single time.
#New cell component important to tea and wine-makingscientists have discovered where plants build tannins complex chemicals used by plants for defence and protection.
e g. chloroplasts in plant cells which are involved in photosynthesis mitochondria in both animal and plant cells engaged in respiration
and ribosomes that are essential for protein synthesis. Each organelle also produces a range of chemicals for the cell.
When we purified for the first time the tannosomes (unknown objects at this time) we thought we had obtained chloroplasts and rejected them as rubbish artifacts.
After several trials we considered that chloroplasts were not the only green objects in plants.
and in more samples they examined spectra light signatures of chemicals. What they found was that these strange organelles were producing tannins.
The most intriguing finding from this study is the very close proximity of the tannin polymerization system and the photosynthesis supercomplexes.
whether the internal proteins of these viruses have particular signatures (amino acid composition) possibly related to host adaptation.
Burlingame who is with Allylix Inc. a renewable-chemical firm in Lexington Ky. spoke at a symposium entitled Biopesticides:
and use a chemical process to convert it into nootkatone. Allylix said the process made it possible to market nootkatone at a competitive price.
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Pavlath's process involves treating freshly cut apple slices with a form of Vitamin c resulting in the first commercial product that retains the desirable characteristics of fresh apples without leaving a detectable residue.
People in Europe for centuries preserved fresh fruit with larding a coating of the melted fat from hogs.
Those coatings sealed off the fruit preventing the exchange of gases with the air essential for sustaining good quality.
Today's edible films however allow that exchange of gases and have other features that maintain freshness flavor aroma texture and nutritional value.
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and Le Le's assets for substances that could do so during the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS).
and transform them into oils and fats for biodiesel production. Brown said that either the bacteria themselves
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Speaking at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) Sara Risch Ph d. said that new packaging materials must meet the criteria for being sustainable without sacrificing the security freshness and visibility
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and not because of the risk of a nasty sting an expert on the health of those beneficial insects said in Indianapolis today at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS).
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and fruits followed by protein-rich foods and should not be started before six months in line with recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding until that time.
and sugar and the protein iron calcium and carbohydrate content from the manufacturers'websites labels on products in store and via direct email inquiry.
And their protein content was only 40%higher than formula milk. Products containing meat had the highest iron content
and the inclusion of fruit sugars rather than refined sugars won't make any difference in terms of the risk of tooth decay they say.
and protein as 100g of a similar commercial product say the authors. They emphasise that the main point of weaning foods is to increase the energy content of the diet
#The chemistry behind the character of bourbon, scotch and ryewhiskeys have captivated long the senses of connoisseurs
whether with smokiness and a whiff of vanilla or a spicy character with hints of caramel and now the emerging chemistry of brown spirits is proving that they have distinct chemical signatures to match the complex combinations of grains barrels aging and other
With sales of boutique bourbons and other small-batch whiskeys booming the chemical fingerprinting of whiskeys was the topic of a talk at the 246th National Meeting
& Exposition of the American Chemical Society held recently in Indianapolis. Thomas Collins Ph d. who presented the research just a few hours from the home of some of the nation's best-known distilleries noted that his team's work profiling 60 American whiskeys has resulted in a treasure trove of information that could prove useful for whiskey-makers
Whiskeys'chemical profiles could be used for distillers'quality assurance or process improvement programs said Collins research director at the University of California-Davis Food safety and Measurement Facility.
Using chemistry's latest analytical tools Collins'team found that a single whiskey sample can contain hundreds of nonvolatile compounds the ones that tend to stay in the liquid rather than evaporate off.
Added up across multiple samples the number of compounds comes to about 4000 total a scientific testament to the complex molecular mingling that occurs as a spirit ages sometimes for decades in a 53-gallon oak barrel.
The deliberate tasteful chemistry experiment begins with dense American white oak wood usually harvested from forests in the South
and other compounds that infuse flavors of vanilla caramel and others. Lastly how long a spirit ages plays an important role in its final character.
Of the thousands of compounds in the resulting products the scientists narrowed the field down to 50 to 100 contributors including fatty acids alcohols
But not all varieties of whiskey tested were identified easily through chemical profiling Collins noted. Though the ratios of grains used to make them differ significantly bourbons
and rye whiskeys made in the same distillery developed chemical signatures that looked more like each other than those of bourbons and rye whiskeys respectively of another producer.
Collins'presentation was part of a two-day symposium called Polyphenolic Chemistry in Food Science: Flavor Color and Biofunctional Properties.
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#Calculating the carbon footprint of Californias productsnow that California's greenhouse gas cap -and-trade policy is law attention is shifting to recognizing industry efficiency.
and our analysis methods will provide California policymakers with valuable tools to do so said Eric Masanet associate professor of mechanical engineering and of chemical and biological engineering at Northwestern's Mccormick School of Engineering and Applied science.
The methods to calculate the carbon intensity of individual products--from tomato paste and milk to beer and wine--will help California more accurately determine the number of allowances allocated to these manufacturing facilities.
Leveraging technical expertise within industry and academia we aim to create a transparent fair way of benchmarking that provides incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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