In a talk at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) scientists are describing identification of the genes responsible for pesticide-resistance in bedbugs
which includes 12 other research papers on topics ranging from pesticide resistance to monitoring chemicals in the environment to tick spit.
Some genes in the cuticle for instance produce substances that tear apart the molecular backbone of insecticides rendering them harmless.
Zhu said the findings suggest that development of new pesticides should focus on chemicals that shut down or mute genes in the cuticle that thwart today's pesticides.
We need to combine as many chemical and non-chemical approaches as we have to get rid of the infestation.
She cited specifically integrated pest management for bedbugs approaches in which careful use of pesticides combines with other common-sense measures.
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and personal care products (PPCPS) in crops irrigated with recycled sewage water scientists reported in Indianapolis today at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS).
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It was part of the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS.
The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society (ACS. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h
The reports on herbicide resistance and its challenges and how modern agriculture is coping were part of a symposium on the topic at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS) the world's largest scientific society.
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Speakers at the 246th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society recently described how natural colors used centuries ago are making a resurgence in response to consumer preferences manufacturers'needs
and beverage coloring he said citing fruit drinks vitamin waters ice cream and yogurt. They are stable for instance
Talcott spoke at a symposium The Chemistry of Functional Beverages which are beverages that go beyond the basics of quenching thirst
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#Interstellar winds buffeting our solar system have shifted directionscientists including University of New hampshire astrophysicists involved in NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission have discovered that the particles streaming into the solar system from interstellar space have changed likely direction over the last 40 years.
The data from the IBEX spacecraft show that neutral interstellar atoms are flowing into the solar system from a different direction than previously observed.
Interstellar atoms flow past Earth as the interstellar cloud surrounding the solar system passes the sun at 23 kilometers per second (50000 miles per hour.
IBEX and Ulysses directly measured neutral helium atoms as they coursed through the inner solar system.
and plays an important role for the water and carbon balance including greenhouse gases. Even though it was clear that major problems were occurring in Mongolia in the past 20 years researchers were uncertain
and Sweetcrisp) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These five cultivars are significant in Florida and have been rated subjectively as having varied flavor characteristics noted lead author James Olmstead.
when they are immature they may contain low levels of many of volatile compounds and therefore will not have the characteristic blueberry flavor.
Dr. Dickinson's research currently focuses on how sulforaphane--a naturally occurring compound in broccoli with established chemopreventive properties--could possibly be used to help patients reduce their risk for skin cancer.
when it comes to inhibiting cancer-causing pathways (such as the AP-1 protein) while activating chemoprotective genes (such as the Nrf2 gene).
if the compound is effective in the context of solar simulated light. Previous studies have shown that the extract is quite safe for both topical and oral administration.
if biorefineries receive money in the form of carbon credits for reducing pollution incentives for farmers should be included in contracts
but the biorefinery gets carbon credit for those sustainable practices. This should be worked into the contract--that
Rice chemist Lon Wilson and his colleagues are inserting bismuth compounds into single-walled carbon nanotubes to make a more effective contrast agent for computed tomography (CT) scanners.
Luke's Episcopal Hospital and the Texas Heart Institute appear in the Journal of Materials Chemistry B. This is not the first time bismuth has been tested for CT scans
The capsules are made from a chemical process that cuts and purifies the nanotubes. When the tubes and bismuth chloride are mixed in a solution they combine over time to form Bi@US-tubes.
Wilson said his team's studies showed stem cells readily absorb Bi@US-tubes without affecting their function The cells adjust over time to the incorporation of these chunks of carbon
Bismuth ions appear to get into the nanotubes by capillary action and we think we can improve on the process to at least double the contrast maybe more he said.
ndez-Rivera former postdoctoral researcher Diana Yoon and Antonios Mikos the Louis Calder Professor of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular engineering all of Rice;
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In particular researchers have struggled to find an electrolyte which conducts ions between a battery's electrodes that won't break down
while allowing ions to pass through). Our innovation has been to identify an unconventional electrolyte/separator system that remains stable at high temperatures Ajayan said.
Ajayan is the Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor in Mechanical engineering and Materials Science and of chemistry at Rice.
The researchers analyzed the stable carbon isotopes within each tree ring as a recorder of physiological changes through time.
Nippert's Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometry Laboratory at Kansas State university analyzed the samples. Researchers analyzed tree rings back to the early 1900s when sulfur dioxide deposition throughout the Ohio river Valley began to increase.
By studying the stable isotopic signature in each tree ring the researchers were able to compare the trees'growth patterns and changes in physiology to changes in atmospheric chemistry during the 20th century.
#Scientists sequence genome of high-value grape, seek secrets of wines aromademystifying the chemical processes that create a wine's aroma
Connected at UNU-BIOLAC workshops in Montevideo Uruguayan chemistry professor Francisco Carrau and scientist Massimo Delledonne of Italy recently collaborated on sequencing the Tannat grape pressings
and other environmental factors affect the expression of genes in grapes and the chemistry of wine's aromas and color.
#Increased greenhouse gases and aerosols have similar effects on rainfallalthough greenhouse gases and aerosols have very distinct properties their effects on spatial patterns of rainfall change are surprisingly similar according to new research from the University of Hawaii at Manoa's International Pacific Research center (IPRC) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Humanmade climate change comes mostly from the radiative forcing of greenhouse gases and air pollutants or aerosols.
While greenhouse gases are mixed well in the atmosphere and tend to be distributed evenly around the globe aerosols vary greatly in local concentration
Even though aerosols and greenhouse gases are concentrated in vastly different regions of Earth all three models revealed similar regional effects on rainfall over the ocean.
The climate changes induced by greenhouse gases and by aerosols share a common set of ocean-atmospheric feedback structures explaining the spatial resemblance between the two types of response.
and whether trees stored less carbon as a result of winter injury U s. Forest Service and University of Vermont scientists came up with a surprising result--three decades later the canary is feeling much better.
and had a significant impact on carbon storage. They also found something they did not expect.
The study Quantifying the legacy of foliar winter injury on woody aboveground carbon sequestration of red spruce trees was published earlier this year in the journal Forest Ecology and Management.
and his colleagues also answered the question they set out to answer--how did the foliar damage associated with the 2003 winter injury affect carbon storage?
and resulted in cumulative reductions across the landscape equivalent to the carbon produced by burning 280 million gallons of gasoline.
Liver samples were taken from the lambs born to these ewes at four months of age to examine their genes and proteins.
or larviciding by adding chemicals or biological larvicides to standing water to kill larvae. Currently the use of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying of homes are used widely for malaria transmission control
According to the researchers this type of forest is a unique carbon sink containing the most abundant land carbon stocks on the planet.
Old-growth forests sequester carbon pollution and support the world's most diverse ecosystems. Mill Creek is an old-growth forest located in Del Norte Calif. in a geographically limited coastal redwood forest bioregion
Two of these proteins are already being studied as potential drug targets against other pathogens. The team sequenced the genome of Haemonchus contortus
and their mentors from different disciplines i e. anthropology archeology chemistry and genetics has been looking at the role played by milk cheese
and around plants can substantially reduce the need for chemical fertilizers pesticides and herbicides. The report How Microbes can Help Feed the World is based on the deliberation of a group of scientific experts who gathered for two days in WASHINGTON DC in December 2012 to consider a series of questions regarding how plant-microbe interactions
and often debilitating osteoarthritis. The researchers found that mice fed a diet rich in the compound had significantly less cartilage damage
The researchers discovered that sulforaphane blocks the enzymes that cause joint destruction by stopping a key molecule known to cause inflammation.
if the compound got into joints in sufficient amounts to be effective and their findings are published today in the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism.
because it is about how diet might work in osteoarthritis. Once you know that you can look at other dietary compounds which could protect the joint
whether the compound has altered joint metabolism and if it can be detected in the replaced joints.
and Vitamin d supplements to prevent and manage osteoporosis an unwanted side effect of breast cancer therapies. However new research from Wake Forest Baptist Medical center finds that the recommended daily doses of these supplements may not prevent loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in these women.
and Vitamin d supplementation in maintaining skeletal health of women with breast cancer he said. At the doses recommended the data show that these supplements are inadequate to prevent loss of BMD.
and 200-1000 IU Vitamin d the doses commonly recommended do not prevent loss of BMD in women with breast cancer.
and Vitamin d supplements to these women a low intensity intervention that seems to make sense Datta said
and efficacy of calcium and Vitamin d supplementation in women undergoing breast cancer therapy. The research is supported by the Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University Cancer Control Traineeship--NCI/NIH grant R25ca122061.
#New technique for measuring tree growth cuts down on research timetree growth is measured to understand tree health fluxes in carbon sequestration and other forest ecosystem functions.
The swamps provide vital ecosystem functions like carbon storage and water purification. We wanted to be able to look at how baldcypress trees respond to changes in their environment such as differences in temperature water salinity
#Oxygen-generating compound shows promise for saving tissue after severe injurythe same compound in a common household clothes detergent shows promise as a treatment to preserve muscle tissue after severe injury.
Researchers at the Wake Forest Baptist Medical center's Institute for Regenerative Medicine hope the oxygen-generating compound could one day aid in saving
SPO is a combination of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide molecules. In the presence of water it decomposes into oxygen and other salts.
Our surprising finding was that even after exercising isolated leg muscles in the absence of oxygen the muscles injected with the SPO compound could generate 20 percent more force than untreated muscles said Harrison.
and within the body is the first to demonstrate that an oxygen-generating compound helps preserve muscle function
The major implication of these findings is that oxygen-generating compounds can potentially reduce the magnitude of the permanent functional deficits resulting from traumatic injury to muscle said George Christ Ph d. co-author and professor of regenerative medicine at Wake Forest Baptist.
#Changing river chemistry affects Eastern US water suppliesuman activities are changing the basic chemistry of many rivers in the Eastern U s. with potentially major consequences for urban water supplies
Over time spans of 25 to 60 years two-thirds of the rivers had become significantly more alkaline
Paradoxically higher acid levels in rain soil and water caused by human activity are major triggers for these changes in river chemistry said associate professor Sujay Kaushalof the University of Maryland.
and agricultural fertilizers speed up the dissolving of surfaces that are naturally high in alkaline minerals.
In a process known as chemical weathering the acid eats away at limestone other carbonate rocks
and even concrete sidewalks dissolving alkaline particles that wash off into streams and rivers. Scientists have studied the effects of increased chemical weathering in small mountain streams tainted by acid runoff where the process can actually help rebalance streams'ph levels.
But researchers have not looked at the accumulating levels of alkalinity in downstream reaches of numerous major rivers
But we're also seeing antacid compounds increasing downriver. And those sites are not acidic
Much of the Eastern U s. is also underlain by porous alkaline limestone and other carbonate rocks making the region more prone to the types of water chemistry changes that the researchers found.
This is especially true in the Appalachian mountains where soils are thin steep slopes cause erosion and acid rain from smokestack industries have had a major impact on forests and streams.
The researchers also found that the chemical weathering of these carbonate rocks adds to the carbon burden in rivers
or saltpeter from Chilean mines and plowed in glistening granules of synthetic fertilizer made in chemical plants.
If they succeed the chemical apparatus for nitrogen fixation will be miniaturized automated and relocated within the plant
Much of modern agriculture relies on biologically available nitrogenous compounds made by an industrial process developed by German chemist Fritz Haber in 1909.
Because of the energy requirements of nitrogen fixation we want to put it in chloroplasts because that's where the energy-storing ATP molecules are produced.
In effect the goal is to convert all crop plants not just the legumes into nitrogen fixers.
Amazing cycling chemistryall cyanobacteria photosynthesize storing the energy of sunlight temporarily in ATP molecules and eventually in carbon-based molecules but only some of them fix nitrogen.
During the day the cells photosynthesize as fast as they can storing the carbon molecules they create in granules.
Then during the night they burn the carbon molecules as fast as they can. This uses up all the oxygen in the cell creating the anaerobic conditions needed for nitrogen fixation.
while reducing pollution and greenhouse gases will require more than luck. Odds are it will take a daring out of the box idea like this one.
The data also suggested that women with the highest intake of vitamins A c and E had the lowest risk of bladder cancer.
However a growing concern is that these particles could pose a potential health risk to humans and the environment.
and the smaller particles were able to penetrate the skin and reach the pear pulp.
The study was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Missouri-Columbia.
#Beetles modify emissions of greenhouse gases from cow patscattle contribute to global warming by burping
and farting large amounts of greenhouse gases. Some of the same gases are emitted also from cow pats on pastures.
But now researchers from the University of Helsinki have found that beetles living in cow pats may reduce emissions of the key greenhouse gas--methane.
Agriculture is one of the biggest sources of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases responsible for global warming.
Among these cattle farming for meat and milk are major sources of methane a gas with a potent warming effect.
Much of this methane comes from the guts of ruminating cattle but some escapes from dung pats on pastures.
This will have a major impact on how carbon escapes from cow pats into the atmosphere. You see the important thing here is not just how much carbon is released explains Tomas Roslin head of the research team.
The question is rather in what form it is released. If carbon is first taken up by plants as carbon dioxide then emitted in the same format by the cows eating the plants then the effect of plants passing through cattle will be small in terms of global warming.
But if in the process the same carbon is converted from carbon dioxide to methane--a gas with a much higher impact on climate--it is then that we need to worry.
If the beetles can keep those methane emissions down well then we should obviously thank them
and former mining sites thanks to an inexpensive non-chemical soil additive. The additive a simple mixture of organic waste such as chicken manure and zeolite a porous volcanic rock could be used to support agriculture in both the developed and developing world
while avoiding the serious environmental consequences associated with the overuse of chemical fertilisers. The mixture permits a controlled release of nutrients the regulation of water and an ideal environment for growing crops.
The coal waste contains chemical elements that can be ionised by the biofertiliser making nutrients which are essential to growth available for uptake by the plants.
When the mixture is added to soil it boosts the population of microorganisms responsible for nitrification which is essential for plant nutrition.
and chemical fertilisers in order for plants to grow. Control experiments have shown that water held in the zeolite increases the moisture content of soil in desert conditions.
and in the case of fruits and vegetables a better taste than those grown with chemical fertilisers.
Over the past century chemical fertilisers have been used to boost nitrogen levels and crop yields helping global food supply keep pace with population growth.
and the carbon concentration is lowered. The overuse of chemical fertilisers causes the soil to lose both its ability to hold water
and its overall structure leading to greater runoff and groundwater pollution. Nitrogen-rich fertiliser runoff is the primary cause of oxygen depletion in oceans lakes
The proportion of these compounds correlated with antioxidant properties of the fruit extracts when experimentally tested.
Though commonly consumed fruits like apples or strawberries have been studied extensively for their chemical constituents the nutritional benefits of fruits grown in such conditions are not well-known.
The authors conclude Such fruits can provide a source of new bioactive compounds with functional properties beneficial to health which should stimulate the pharmaceutical
which suggests that the maintenance of such early-successional habitats in mature forest may benefit these species. Study results did not find a correlation between habitat and the presence of fat or parasites.
Their study appears in ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Eiichiro Fukusaki and colleagues point out that Kopi Luwak (Indonesian for civet coffee) is the world's costliest coffee often fetching $150-$200 per pound.
They describe identifying unique chemical fingerprints that can be used to identify authentic Kopi Luwak and distinguish pure Kopi Luwak from Kopi Luwak that has been mixed with cheaper coffee.
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University of Michigan research team members said the principle also could be used to produce other valuable chemicals such as plastics.
Moreover by engineering the bacteria differently they believe their system could produce a variety of petroleum-based chemicals in a sustainable way.
Furthermore gemsbok and springbok are two of the main protein sources for local communities who would be affected negatively by declining wildlife population sizes.
An important role is played by number of rare studies combining experimental fieldwork and research on sections of ecosystems as well as a broad selection of chemical and biological analyses.
An interdisciplinary approach can plausibly demonstrate connections between the effects of chemicals in humans and animals and the often indirect consequences on the population community and ecosystem levels.
when we pre-treated cancer cells with apigenin for 24 hours then applied the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine for 36 hours said Elvira de Mejia a U of I professor of food chemistry and food toxicology.
According to Johnson the scientists'in vitro study in Molecular Nutrition and Food Research is the first to show that apigenin treatment can lead to an increase in interleukin 17s in pancreatic cells showing its potential relevance in anti-pancreatic cancer activity.
A plant cell wall mainly consists of lignin and sugar molecules such as cellulose. Cellulose can be converted to glucose
Lignin is a kind of cement that embeds the sugar molecules and thereby gives firmness to plants.
Unfortunately lignin severely reduces the accessibility of sugar molecules for biofuel production. The lignin cement has to be removed via an energy-consuming and environmentally unfriendly process.
Increasing insight into this process can lead to new strategies to improve the accessibility of the cellulose molecules.
and private industry that supports research on technologies that significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases while meeting the world's energy needs.
#¢Switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes could help smokers avoid approximately 6000 chemicals some of which are human carcinogens.
Reduced exposure to harmful chemicals warrants research of these products as a smoking cessation vehicle says Cinciripini.
#Options for molecular imaging expandeda Rice university laboratory has improved upon its ability to determine molecular structures in three dimensions in ways that challenge long-used standards.
By measuring the vibrations between atoms using femtosecond-long laser pulses the Rice lab of chemist Junrong Zheng is able to discern the positions of atoms within molecules without the restrictions imposed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging.
The technique can capture the structure of molecules at room temperature or very low or high temperatures and in many kinds of samples including crystals powders gels liquids and gases.
It will be useful to scientists who study catalysis energy storage organic solar cells and biomembranes among many other possibilities Zheng said.
The researchers reported their results online this week in the American Chemical Society's Journal of Physical chemistry.
Zheng and his co-authors at Rice and Oak ridge National Laboratory analyzed variations of a model molecule 4#-methyl-2#nitroacetanilide (MNA) and compared the results with computer-generated and XRD models.
The images matched nicely he said. Traditional spectrometers read the wavelengths of light scattered by samples to identify materials and study their properties.
But the one-of-a-kind spectrometer developed by Zheng uses very short laser pulses to read the vibrational energies inherent to every atom.
Those energies determine how atoms bond to form a molecule and a measurement of the length and angles of those bonds can be extracted from the vibrations themselves he said The infrared
and terahertz lasers used for the experiment captured information about a molecular angle in a mere 100 femtoseconds.
The important part of this paper is to demonstrate that our method can determine three-dimensional molecular structures no matter
Typically when organic chemists synthesize a molecule they know its makeup but have no idea
Their first option is to make a single crystal of the molecule and use XRD to determine the precise structure.
But the trouble with many molecules is the solubility is really bad. Insoluble molecules can't be read well by either method.
The Rice technique dubbed multiple-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy is able to capture the conformation of small molecules--for starters--with great accuracy Zheng said.
The spectrometer reads only intramolecular interactions among vibrations and ignores interactions between molecules he said.
The atoms in every molecule are always vibrating and each bond between atoms vibrates at a certain frequency
and in a certain direction he said. We found that if we can measure the direction of one vibration
He said the researchers begin with the chemical formula and already know through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy how many vibrational frequencies are contained in a given molecule.
Then we measure each vibrational mode one by one Once we get all the cross-angles we can translate this to a model he said.
For now as a proof of concept Zheng and his team analyze molecules for which the structure is known already.
Over time the technique should be able to analyze much larger molecules like viruses that contain thousands
or tens of thousands of atoms he said. This is just the first demonstration that this method works he said.
These are simple molecules 23 or 24 atoms. I think it will take some time to get to proteins.
My expectation is that it will take 10 to 20 years to develop. Remember for NMR it took 50 years to be able to read the structure of proteins.
Hailong Chen a Welch postdoctoral research fellow at Rice is lead author of the paper;
Zheng is an assistant professor of chemistry. The Air force Office of Scientific research the Welch Foundation the Packard Foundation and the Department of energy supported the research.
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