and rice drinks but data is limited for rice protein-based infants formulas. Recommendations to limit exposure to arsenic in ricebecause of these concerns the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition urges regulation of the inorganic arsenic content of dietary products used by infants and children.
#Progress in allergic asthma research after ingestion of fruitsresearchers at the UPM suggest that the interaction between two proteins can be the responsible for the allergic asthma episodes after eating an infected fruit.
A protein known as Alt a 1 and related to the virulence is found in the spores this protein is described as the major allergen of this fungus.
According to this research this protein can be a major cause of childhood asthma in US. When a pathogen infects a plant the defense response is activated producing an increase of certain proteins related to the defense (known as protein 5). Likewise the fungus increases the production of the proteins involved in attacks or virulence.
However the symptoms of rot by Alternaria alternata are seen not in some fruits for example in kiwifruit.
and they detected the presence of Alt a 1 a protein of fungal virulence. Also researchers studied how this protein is involved in the activation of defense protein 5 in kiwifruit.
Fourteen days after the infection the kiwifruits showed a regular aspect without apparent development of the fungus
and Kiwi proteins) they detected the presence of Alt a 1 in the pulp. What is more they observed that this fungal protein is found in the same areas that the defense protein of the kiwifruit.
Using computer modeling techniques they identified a surface area in Alt a 1 susceptible to interact with the defense protein.
In that interaction Alt a 1 is joined to a region of the protein 5 of the kiwifruit causing a remarkable decrease of its defense activity.
These results reveal that Alt a 1 is an inhibitor of the defense proteins of family 5
which is particularly important in processes of fungal infection. Researchers did observed not development of the fungus in kiwifruit
The use of certain compounds in agriculture notably difenoconazole propiconazole epoxiconazole bromuconazole and tebuconazol are particularly likely to lead to resistance yet are used freely in agriculture.
There is a very limited range of antifungal compounds to treat fungal diseases and some fungi are multi-resistant.
Lactic acid-producing bacteria ate away at her bones after death possibly liberating the phosphate ions used to make vivianite Fisher said.
As a result the harvested portion of the plant will often contain lower concentrations of other nutrients including health-promoting antioxidants Without the synthetic chemical pesticides applied on conventional crops organic plants also tend to produce more phenols
Overall organic crops had 18 to 69 percent higher concentrations of antioxidant compounds. The team concludes that consumers who switch to organic fruit vegetables
and their previous germplasm re-sequencing data the team discovered a novel ion transporter gene Gmchx1
Paper is also superior to plastics from the viewpoint of plant gas metabolism. This cover has given its best performance in tunnel cultivation
In a new paper available online in the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters a Rice team led by chemist James Tour compared its RRAM technology to more than a dozen competing versions.
Tour is Rice's T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry and professor of mechanical engineering and nanoengineering and of computer science.
and Edwin Thomas the William and Stephanie Sick Dean of Rice's George R. Brown School of engineering professor in mechanical engineering and materials science and in chemical and biomolecular engineering.
There is also a need for research to support land use decisions to reconcile economic development great ape conservation and the avoidance of carbon emissions.
Chemical control poses a considerable risk to non-target species such as endemic ants. The study therefore advises promoting
In a gastronomic tour of some of the many food descriptors used in medicine the author highlights imagery such as'anchovy sauce'to describe the pus from a liver abscess through'sago spleen'to indicate protein (amyloid) deposits to'oat
Persimmons are an important source of antioxidant compounds due to their content of carotenoids and tannins.
and facilitates the extraction of bioactive compounds from cells such as carotenoids and tannins increasing its antioxidant potential explains Amparo Quiles researcher at the Group of Microstructure and Food Chemistry of the Universitat Politã cnica de Valã ncia.
Moreover the application of high pressure techniques allows researchers to obtain a stable product suitable for consumer requirements
Although pesticide exposure has been implicated as a possible cause for bee decline until now we had limited understanding of the risk these chemicals pose especially how it affects natural foraging behaviour Raine said.
A star is glowing sphere of gas while planets like Earth are made up of solids.
Dust grains are composed of elements like carbon silicon oxygen iron and magnesium. But where does the cosmic dust come from?
The elements themselves are formed out of the glowing hydrogen gas in stars. The hydrogen atoms fuse together into heavier and heavier elements
and giant clouds of gas are slung out into space where they are recycled into new stars in a vast cosmic cycle.
which the star expels material containing hydrogen helium and carbon. This gas cloud resides as a shell around the star.
There are more of these outbursts and the shell around the star gets denser. Finally the star explodes
and the dense gas cloud take centre stage. When the star explodes the shockwave hits the dense gas cloud like a brick wall.
It is all in gas form and incredibly hot but when the eruption hits the'wall'the gas gets compressed
and cools down to about 2000 degrees. At this temperature and density elements can nucleate
and form solid particles. We measured dust grains as large as around one micron (a thousandth of a millimeter)
which is large for cosmic dust grains. They are so large that they can survive their onward journey out into the galaxy explains Christa Gall.
and other crops said Osman Radwan a U of I molecular biologist. If we look at diseases of soybean we find that soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is at the top
We need to understand at the molecular level how these two pathogens interact when they are present in soybean fields.
Understanding the mechanisms of molecular interactions between SCN and M. phaseolina will help molecular biologists
and breeders to design an effective method to control both diseases and to breed soybean for resistance to both pathogens he said.
and stop the progression of PDÂ#said Pahan. â#oeit is known that some important proteins like Parkin
Gradual degeneration of these cells causes a reduction in a vital chemical neurotransmitter dopamine. The decrease in dopamine results in one or more of the classic signs of Parkinson's disease that includes:
and 35 percent said they thought that fruit used to flavor the tobacco detoxify tobacco's harmful chemicals.
#Logging and burning cause the loss of 54 million tons of carbon a year in Amazoniaa study conducted by scientists in Brazil
In combination these factors could be removing nearly 54 million tons of carbon from the forest each year introduced into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
This total represents up to 40%of the carbon loss caused by deforestation in the region.
However our study has shown that this other type of degradation is having a severe impact on the forest with enormous quantities of previously stored carbon being lost into the atmosphere said Erika Berenguer researcher from the Lancaster Environment Centre at Lancaster University in the United kingdom
The combination of the two investigations resulted in the estimate of carbon stock available today.
what is known as carbon stock. It was the largest study conducted to date regarding carbon loss from tropical forests due to selective logging
and wildfires Ferreira said. According to her the research included four of the five functionally distinct carbon pools
whose study is recommended by the United nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): aboveground biomass (live plants) dead organic matter leaf litter (layer that contains a combination of fragments of leaves branches
The only thing we didn't measure was the carbon stock in the roots she said.
or fire had from 18%to 57%less carbon than primary forests. One area of primary forest ended up having more than 300 tons of carbon per hectare
while areas of forest that had been burned or subjected to timber extraction had at most 200 tons per hectare and on average less than 100 tons of carbon per hectare.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Fundaã§Ã£o de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de SãO Paulo.
Rhodopsin and rhodopsin family proteins in our eyes detect light and without our eyes we are unable to detect light.
We had revealed already in previous studies reported in 2010 (PNAS) that a photoreceptive protein Opsin-5 exists in the quail's hypothalamus in the brain says Professor Yoshimura.
This Opsin-5 protein was expressed in the CSF-contacting neurons which protrudes towards the third ventricle of the brain.
In addition when the RNA interference method was used to inhibit the activity of the Opsin-5 protein expressed in the CSF-contacting neurons the secretion of the thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland was inhibited.
#Bonellis Eagle diet reconstruction by means of isotope analysis to improve population conservationcarbon nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes analysis is an effective technique to reconstruct nestling Bonelli's Eagle diet according to a paper published in the journal The Ibis. The article is signed by experts Jaime Resano Mayor Antoni Hernã¡
ndez Matã as Joan Real and Francesc Parã s from the Conservation Biology Group affiliated with the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Barcelona (UB) and the Biodiversity Research Institute of UB (IRBIO.
Besides this conventional technique the stable isotope analysis (SIA) has been used successfully in recent years to study animals'diet
Therefore carbon nitrogen and sulphur--common elements in the biosphere--act as biogeochemical markers in animal tissues
and stable isotope analysis. The study showed that the isotopic analysis of feathers allows inferring individual species'diet during the breeding period something that is not possible by using pellet.
Authors highlight that carbon and nitrogen analysis are essential in all cases but sulphur is particularly useful to estimate the consumption of Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis).
The study assesses the trophic niche width of Bonelli's Eagle populations in Catalonia Andalusia and France by means of the stable isotope analysis;
In chemistry ph is a measure of the acidity of a solution. As each SPOT monitors
The species'small size and high-protein content make that an attractive possibility. Ninth-graders from Cesar Chavez Public Charter School for Public Policy in Washington focused their attention on
Two teams are interested in rust in space St peter's School students in Kansas city Missouri want to determine how microgravity affects oxidation
and crops that can deal with droughts and high temperatures like those now affecting the Southwestern United states. â#oefor each carbon dioxide molecule that is incorporated into plants through photosynthesis plants lose about 200 hundred molecules of water
and shares many of the same genes as other plants and crops he and his team of biologists discovered that the proteins encoded by the four genes they discovered repress the development of stomata at elevated CO2 levels.
Using a combination of systems biology and bioinformatic techniques the scientists cleverly isolated proteins which when mutated abolished the plantâ##s ability to respond to CO2 stress.
Because other proteins known as proteases are needed to activate the EPF2 peptide the scientists also used a â#oeproteomicsâ#approach to identify a new protein that they called CRSP (CO2 Response Secreted Protease)
which they determined is crucial for activating the EPF2 peptide. â#oewe identified CRSP a secreted protein
and EPF2 could be used to engineer crop varieties which are better able to perform in the current and future high CO2 global climate where fresh water availability for agriculture is dwindling. â#The discoveries of these proteins
but have lost their ability to produce certain defense chemicals making them vulnerable to attack by insects and pathogens.
Swiss scientists are exploring ways to help protect 21st century maize by rearming it with its ancestral chemical weapons.
The researchers led by Dr Ted Turlings (University of Neuchã¢tel Switzerland) found that many varieties of modern maize have lost their ability to produce a chemical called E-Î-caryophyllene.
This chemical is produced normally by traditional ancestors of modern maize roots when the plant is under attack from invading corn rootworms.
The chemical attracts'friendly'nematode worms from the surrounding soil which in turn kill the corn rootworm larvae within a few days.
One of the types of toxins that maize plants produce against their enemies is a class of chemicals called benzoxazinoids.
and assistant professor Adam Hoppe of SDSU Chemistry and Biochemistry Department are examining how BVDV suppresses the cow's immune response.
Hoppe's unique microscope setup allows the researchers to use fluorescence to see what's happening at a molecular level in live cells.
#Payback time for soil carbon from pasture conversion to sugarcane productionthe reduction of soil carbon stock caused by the conversion of pasture areas into sugarcane plantations--a very common change in Brazil in recent
and Harvard university Colorado State university and the Shell Technology Center Houston in the United states. Findings from the project Soil carbon stocks on land-use change process to sugarcane production in South-central Brazil carried out with funding from FAPESP
The study indicates that the soil carbon balance of pasture areas converted for the cultivation of sugarcane designed for ethanol production is not as negative as originally estimated said Carlos Clemente Cerri project coordinator and researcher at CENA.
According to Cerri soil from pasture areas has a carbon stock whose volume varies only slightly over the years.
However the process of preparing this type of soil for conversion to sugarcane plantations causes part of the carbon stock to be emitted into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2.
or even add to the initial soil carbon stock when the organic matter and plant residue penetrate the ground.
Our identification of the genes and their variants responsible for this adaptation to boron toxicity means that we now have molecular markers that can be used in breeding programs to select lines for boron tolerance with 100%accuracy.
The researchers used stable isotope analysis a chemical assay of a tissue biopsy that provides an integrative view of what the animal ate in previous months.
They matched the chemical signature of the mantas to that of zooplankton collected in the lagoons verifying that this habitat serves as an important feeding ground.
and carbon they can also result in avoidable losses of biodiversity. They have less value in some ways Putz said and more value in others.
This knowledge could help develop customized therapies like training the body's immune system to respond to certain proteins found in foods.
However determining which protein in a food causes an allergic response to a patient requires time-consuming tests that often ignore rare or unexpected allergens.
Publishing in Analytical Chemistry EPFL scientists have developed a highly sensitive method that can quickly and accurately identify the culprit proteins even at very low concentrations.
The method has been tested successfully in the context of cow milk allergy. Food allergies are becoming widespread in the Western world today affecting around 6-8%of children and about 3%of adults.
when the body's immune system mistakes a harmless food protein for a threat and attacks it as it would normally do with a bacterium or a virus. This causes symptoms like swelling rashes pain and even life-threatening anaphylactic shocks.
when our immune system produces antibodies to destroy enemy molecules like those from bacteria and viruses.
but that does not tell them which one of the numerous proteins in milk--and other foods--is causing the allergic response.
The team of Hubert Girault at EPFL has developed a highly sensitive method that uses a patient's Ige to determine specifically which protein induces allergic responses in them.
As the milk's proteins pass over the patient's Ige antibodies the ones that cause allergies are caught by them
The beads are washed then with a strong chemical that causes the allergy-inducing protein to dissociate from the patient's Ige antibodies.
The isolated culprit protein is identified then using mass spectrometry which is a technique that analyzes compounds according to their mass and electrical charge.
The method offers a personalized way to identify the exact proteins that can cause food allergies to a patient which can help develop an effective treatment.
It is also quicker as it does not require the detection and quantification of a patient's specific Ige antibodies or the laborious and resource-intensive diagnostic methods used currently.
Finally it provides higher accuracy than conventional allergy-testing methods as it can detect tiny amounts of allergic proteins
which locusts absorb protein and carbohydrate from different plants does not increase in step with temperature.
The first Kangaroo grass gives a high protein diet at high temperatures and a high carbohydrate diet at low temperatures.
In wheat the protein/carbohydrate ratio does not change with temperature but locusts are able to absorb the nutrients more effectively at higher temperatures.
however the locusts sit in warmer areas to ensure a protein-rich meal. Dr Clissold adds Being small insects can take advantage of the multitude of microclimates available.
However there is some evidence that rodents may increase their body temperature to reduce the toxicity of compounds found in some plant leaves.
#Kudzu can release soil carbon, accelerate global warmingclemson University scientists are shedding new light on how invasion by exotic plant species affects the ability of soil to store greenhouse gases.
The research could have far-reaching implications for how we manage agricultural land and native ecosystems.
and graduate student Mioko Tamura show that invasive plants can accelerate the greenhouse effect by releasing carbon stored in soil into the atmosphere.
Since soil stores more carbon than both the atmosphere and terrestrial vegetation combined the repercussions for how we manage agricultural land
and ecosystems to facilitate the storage of carbon could be dramatic. In their study Tamura and Tharayil examined the impact of encroachment of Japanese knotweed and kudzu two of North america's most widespread invasive plants on the soil carbon storage in native ecosystems.
They found that kudzu invasion released carbon that was stored in native soils while the carbon amassed in soils invaded by knotweed is more prone to oxidation
and is lost subsequently to the atmosphere. The key seems to be how plant litter chemistry regulates the soil biological activity that facilitates the buildup composition and stability of carbon-trapping organic matter in soil.
Our findings highlight the capacity of invasive plants to effect climate change by destabilizing the carbon pool in soil
and shows that invasive plants can have profound influence on our understanding to manage land in a way that mitigates carbon emissions Tharayil said.
Tharayil estimates that kudzu invasion results in the release of 4. 8 metric tons of carbon annually equal to the amount of carbon stored in 11.8 million acres of U s. forest.
This is the same amount of carbon emitted annually by consuming 540 million gallons of gasoline or burning 5. 1 billion pounds of coal.
Climate change is causing massive range expansion of many exotic and invasive plant species. As the climate warms kudzu will continue to invade northern ecosystems
and its impact on carbon emissions will grow Tharayil said. The findings provide particular insight into agricultural land-management strategies
and suggest that it is the chemistry of plant biomass added to soil rather than the total amount of biomass that has the greatest influence on the ability of soil to harbor stable carbon.
Our study indicates that incorporating legumes such as beans peas soybeans peanuts and lentils that have a higher proportion of nitrogen in its biomass can accelerate the storage of carbon in soils Tharayil said.
Thrarayil's lab is following up this research to gain a deeper understanding of soil carbon storage and invasion.
Tharayil leads a laboratory and research team at Clemson that studies how the chemical and biological interactions that take place in the plant-soil interface shape plant communities.
He is also the director of Clemson's Multi-User Analytical Laboratory which provides researchers with access to highly specialized laboratory instruments.
and levels of resistance to different compounds varied as well. What does Scott recommend? Only use insecticides when they are needed he said.
whether the snacks are labelled high fat low fat or not labelled at all even if they are concerned about their weight according to a new study led by the University of Greenwich.
But as the comet gets closer to the sun the gas production rate will increase.
and to determine the global gas production rate as a function of its distance from the sun. The gas production rate that MIRO determined provides scientists a measure of the evolution of the comet as it moves both toward
and then away from the sun. The gas production rate is also important to the Rosetta navigation team controlling the spacecraft as this flowing gas can alter the trajectory of spacecraft.
By studying the gas dust and structure of the nucleus and organic materials associated with the comet via both remote and in-situ observations the Rosetta mission should be a key to unlocking the history and evolution of our solar system as well as answering questions regarding the origin of Earth's water and perhaps even life.
Resembling a miniaturized ground-based radio telescope it was designed to study the composition velocity and temperature of gases on or near the comet's surface and measure the temperature of the nucleus down to a depth of several inches or centimeters.
The other two are an ultraviolet spectrometer called Alice and the Ion and Electron Sensor (IES.
which is built part of The swiss Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument. NASA's Deep space Network is supporting ESA's Ground Station Network for spacecraft tracking and navigation.
which play a major role in carbon storage. Our research suggests that as incomes rise in these countries it creates a new opportunity for domestic funding to play a larger role in supporting efforts to protect forests
This could make a big difference in protecting tropical biodiversity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
Our findings provide a strong economic rationale for coupling international payments for carbon storage made to UMI tropical countries with biodiversity payments funded by those countries themselves.
which is heating up at about twice the rate of the rest of the planet due to increasing greenhouse gases said CU-Boulder geological sciences Associate professor Jaelyn Eberle a study co-author.
The new findings on Arctic ocean salinity conditions in the Eocene were calculated in part by comparing ratios of oxygen isotopes locked in ancient shark teeth found in sediments on Banks Island in the Arctic circle
Oxygen isotopes in ancient bones and teeth reflect the water animals are living in or drinking said Kim a former postdoctoral researcher at the University of Wyoming.
if CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere continue to rise and what a runaway greenhouse effect potentially could look like.
The clearing of tropical forests to plant oil palm trees releases massive amounts of carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas fueling climate change.
Although we previously documented carbon emissions from land use conversion to oil palm we were stunned by how these oil palm plantations profoundly alter freshwater ecosystems for decades said study co-author
Home to the world's third-largest tropical forest the country is also one of the principal emitters of greenhouse gases due to the rapid conversion of carbon-rich forests and peatlands to other uses.
and eventually elevated platform mounds and compounds housing elite families. Yet birth rates were higher among people to the north and east in the San juan basin and northern San juan regions of northwest New Mexico and southwest Colorado.
#Carbon footprint of flowering treeswhy is it important to understand a tree's carbon footprint?
According to researchers Charles R. Hall and Dewayne Ingram authors of a study in the May 2014 issue of Hortscience a plant's carbon footprint is an impact indicator of primary interest to growers
The carbon footprint of plants and trees a measure of all greenhouse gases emitted in a product's life cycle is expressed in units of tons (or kilograms) of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2E.
Knowing the carbon footprint of production and distribution components of field-grown trees will help nursery managers understand the environmental costs associated with their respective systems
and evaluate potential system modifications to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Ingram and Hall noted. They added that product differentiation is an increasingly important business strategy for burgeoning green industry businesses
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