some species consider skatole a compound occurring in faeces part of the bouquet. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum.
Chemical compounds containing reactive nitrogen are major drivers of air and water pollution worldwide and hence of diseases like asthma or cancer.
Cary Mitchell professor of horticulture said the technique could be particularly useful for growing transgenic crops to produce high-value medicinal products such as antibodies for the budding plant-derived industrial and pharmaceutical compounds industry.
However the most widespread oenological practice the usage of chemical antioxidants (sulfites) can provoke adverse effects in some consumers sensitive to this compound.
and mud gobble up compounds such as oxygen and nitrates from the water before the water discharges back into the stream.
The more time the water spends in sediment the more some of these compounds are transformed to potentially more environmentally benign forms.
One compound nitrate is a major component of inorganic fertilizers that has helped make the area encompassed by the Mississippi river network the biggest producer of corn soybeans wheat cattle
Borneoâ##s productive trees vitally important for global carbon cyclinga team of scientists has found that the woody growth of forests in North borneo is half as great again as in the most productive forests of northwest Amazonia
The new study published today in the Journal of Ecology examined differences in aboveground wood production (one component of the total uptake of carbon by plants)
which is critically important in the global cycling of carbon. Trees are taller for a given diameter in Southeast asia compared with South america meaning they gain more biomass per unit of diameter growth
whether plant species composition matters at all to fundamental ecosystem functions such as productivity or carbon storage.
and sequester carbon is vitally important for managing them best to keep carbon out of the atmosphere.
Watson and his colleagues at Rice's Bioscience Research Collaborative solved the problem by adding chemical cross-linkers to the gel's molecules.
and the underlying molecular mechanismsthe National institutes of health the Keck Center Nanobiology Training program of the Gulf Coast Consortia and the Baylor College of Medicine Medical scientist Training program supported the research.
Scientists debate the cause of this global dimming with many scientists attributing it to pollution particles injected into the atmosphere by human activity that deflect incoming sunlight.
Major volcanic events such as the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines also have spewed tons of light-scattering sulfur dioxide particles into the atmosphere decreasing the amount of sunlight reaching the surface.
Stine said the findings could have implications for geoengineering proposals that would pump more aerosol particles into the atmosphere as a way to block sunlight
--and thus not soak up as much atmosphere-polluting carbon--under such a plan. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by San francisco State university.
This specialized approach is used by Charles W. Luetje chairman of the department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology in the UM Miller School of medicine
-symbiont interface is published in the journal of Molecular Ecology. That study found that the presence of amino acid transporters is expanded significantly in some sap-feeding insects relative to non sap-feeding insects.
The research which appears online this week in Molecular Systems Biology was conducted at the Texas Medical center in Houston by researchers from Rice the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Baylor College of Medicine.
The compounds then were incorporated into edible films made from pullulan and the researchers determined the antimicrobial activity of these films against bacterial pathogens inoculated onto petri dishes.
Because these markers typically have high rates of molecular evolution the number of repeats present in the genome often differs between individuals.
The author of the work studied the role played by this molecule in the development of various pathologies associated with infection So after analysing the MR expression in 124 tissue samples from 31 animals we saw that there was a greater expression of the mannose receptor in the more affected organs.
#Switch from cattle fields to carbon farms could tackle climate change, save endangered animals cheaplychanging cattle fields to forests is a cheap way of tackling climate change
Researchers from leading universities including the University of Sheffield carried out a survey of carbon stocks biodiversity and economic values from one of the world's most threatened ecosystems the western Andes of Colombia.
Under carbon markets designed to stop global warming they could get paid to change the use of their land from growing cows to'growing carbon'--receiving around US$1. 99 per tonne of carbon dioxide the trees remove from the atmosphere.
and they would be paid for the carbon grown. We studied older forests that are around 20-30 years old and found they had recovered around half of the carbon of a really mature forest.
More carbon comes back every single year and as it does so large numbers of highly threatened species return.
The impact on reducing the biodiversity extinction crisis and climate change could be huge. The study also found that letting forests regenerate had a massive impact on the populations of threatened species. In secondary forests in the region researchers found 33 of 40 red-listed bird species that are threatened with extinction.
These results were confirmed likewise by means of molecular techniques after the DNA had been extracted. Sexual reproduction produces new racesthe Phytophthora infestans fungus can also reproduce asexually without being crossed.
Molecule-for-molecule the effect of methane on global warming is more than 20 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100 year timeframe.
#Determining biocontainers carbon footprintmany efforts to reduce the environmental impacts associated with commercial horticulture production have failed to influence the general public.
The impacts were presented in terms of contribution to the carbon footprint or global warming potential (GWP) of a single finished plant in a 10-cm-diameter container.
#Critical end-stage liver disease discovery madea team of researchers in the University of Arizona's College of Pharmacy has discovered a molecular pathway that could be key to creating new therapeutics that would slow or even reverse
which refers to damage inflicted to biological tissues by reactive oxygen molecules. Such molecules also called free radicals occur naturally as a byproduct of metabolic processes in the body
and are associated with many chronic diseases including cancer diabetes neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Cells keep oxidative stress under control through various mechanisms said Donna Zhang a professor in the UA Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology explaining that most of these mechanisms involve Nrf2 a protein present in virtually every cell that acts as a molecular switch.
Nrf2 activates various biochemical mechanisms inside the cell that capture reactive oxygen molecules or dispose of damaged cellular components before they can cause more trouble.
and vegetables exert their healthful benefits by capturing reactive oxygen molecules. Under normal healthy conditions when no oxidative stress response is needed an enzyme called Keap1 constantly chews up Nrf2 keeping its level low.
Then under stress from reactive oxygen molecules or when you eat antioxidants from certain plants like broccoli sprouts it prevents Keap1 from eating up Nrf2 allowing it to accumulate in the cell explained Zhang who is also a member of the UA BIO5 Institute.
which food production--and other services such as carbon storage flood mitigation and locking up pollutants--depends.
Intensive farming often results in significant declines in soil organic carbon stocks as well as reducing the ability of soils to store water and nutrients and damaging soil structure which can lead to soil erosion.
She measured a range of soil properties including soil organic carbon levels total nitrogen and the ratio between carbon and nitrogen
allotment soil had 32%more organic carbon 36%higher carbon to nitrogen ratios 25%higher nitrogen
For example 95%of allotment holders compost their allotment waste so they recycle nutrients and carbon back to their soil more effectively.
Environmentalists counter that it imperils millions of hectares of forest threatening to release the billions of tons of carbon they contain.
New public initiatives like Brazil's Low-Carbon Agriculture Program which provides US$1. 5 billion in annual subsidized loans to improve agricultural production
while reducing associated carbon emissions are also key. Such initiatives will be critical if Brazil hopes to succeed in reconciling environmental conservation and agricultural development.
#Amazon rainforest survey could improve carbon offset schemescarbon offsetting initiatives could be improved with new insights into the make-up of tropical forests a study suggests.
The findings will enable researchers to assess more accurately the amount of carbon each tree can store.
This is a key factor in carbon offset schemes in which trees are given a cash value according to their carbon content
and credits can be traded in exchange for preserving trees. Existing satellite maps of the area have estimated trees'carbon content based largely on their height
but have not accounted for large regional variations in their shape and density. Researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Leeds who led the research say their findings could help quantify the amount of carbon available to trade in areas of forest.
This could help administer carbon offsetting more accurately and improve understanding of how much carbon is stored in the world's forests
which informs climate change forecasts. Scientists studied a database of thousands of tree species taken from more than 400 hectare-sized plots across the nine countries of the Amazon basin--Brazil Bolivia Colombia Ecuador French guiana Guyana Peru Suriname
and Venezuela. The survey was developed as part of a sister project known as RAINFOR involving more than 200 researchers across the region.
Their research found that forests in the basin's northeast on average stored twice as much carbon as those in the southwest as a result of soil climate and species variation.
Scientists say this highlights the need to recognise that carbon is distributed not uniformly in the forest.
Satellite maps of the world's forests don't contain enough information about their carbon content.
but species really matter for carbon. This is the big challenge for the next generation of satellite and field scientists.
The tag consists of tiny magnetic DNA particles encapsulated in a silica casing and mixed with the oil.
If counterfeiting were suspected the particles added at the place of origin could be extracted from the oil and analyzed enabling a definitive identification of the producer.
To ensure that the particles can be fished out of the oil as quickly and simply as possible Grass and his team employed another trick:
The magnetic iron oxide meanwhile made it easy to extract the particles from the oil.
Unbelievably small quantities of particles down to a millionth of a gram per litre and a tiny volume of a thousandth of a litre were enough to carry out the authenticity tests for the oil products write the researchers.
Silica particles are present in ketchup and orange juice among other products and iron oxide is permitted as a food additive E172.
So I prefer to know which particles have been added intentionally. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by ETH ZÃ rich.
and scientists have discovered the mat's molecular mix. The study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals new targets during the battle between microbe
and oft-studied plant Arabidopsis puts out a molecular signal that invites an attack from a pathogen.
The findings come from a collaboration of scientists led by Scott Peck of the University of Missouri that includes researchers from Missouri the Biological sciences Division at PNNL and EMSL DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory.
and employs its molecular machinery to pierce it injecting its contents into the plant's cells--a crucial step in infecting an organism.
The bacteria employ a molecular system known as the Type 3 Secretion System or T3ss to infect plants.
Peck's group used those findings as a guide to find the compounds that had the biggest effect--a combination that invites infection.
or molecules that the plant uses to recognize the bacteria as a strategy for evading detection said Peck associate professor of biochemistry at the University of Missouri
The same molecular machinery employed by Pseudomonas syringae is used also by a host of microbes to cause diseases that afflict people including salmonella the plague respiratory disease and chlamydia.
and structure of the Congo rainforest affecting its biodiversity and carbon storage. Previous research used satellite-based measurements of vegetation greenness to investigate changes in the Amazon rainforest notably the effects of severe short-term droughts in 2005 and 2010.
and after chlorine treatment the researchers realized that atom-scale grain boundaries were implicated in the enhanced performance.
and chemical composition after treatment the researchers found that chlorine atoms replaced tellurium atoms within the grain boundaries.
and if population genetics and the cataloguing of genome wide mutations could shed any light on possible molecular causes of the outbreak.
The nanoreporter is sized based on nanometer carbon material developed by a consortium of Rice labs led by chemist James Tour
On the flip side hydrogen sulfide is also a biologically important signaling molecule in processes that include pain and inflammation.
Now the same team joined by chemist Angel Martã is employing thermally stable soluble highly mobile carbon black-based nanoreporters modified to look for hydrogen sulfide and report results immediately upon their return to the surface.
When pumped out of a production well the particles can be analyzed with a spectrometer to determine the level of contamination This paper is a big step
'Modifying the particles with common polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was the key to making the nanoreporters stable in temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit.
and other biofuels reduces soil carbon and can generate more greenhouse gases than gasoline according to a study published today in the journal Nature Climate Change.
Importantly they found the rate of carbon emissions is constant whether a small amount of stover is removed
If less residue is removed there is less decrease in soil carbon but it results in a smaller biofuel energy yield Liska said.
and reduced soil carbon the study suggests planting cover crops to fix more carbon in the soil.
Until now scientists have not been able to fully quantify how much soil carbon is lost to carbon dioxide emissions after removing crop residue.
They've been hampered by limited carbon dioxide measurements in cornfields by the fact that annual carbon losses are comparatively small and difficult to measure
which was funded through a three-year $500000 grant from the U s. Department of energy used carbon dioxide measurements taken from 2001 to 2010 to validate a soil carbon model that was built using data from 36 field studies across North america Europe Africa and Asia.
and Wisconsin had the highest net loss of carbon from residue removal because they have cooler temperatures and more carbon in the soil.
The research has been in progress since 2007 involving the coordinated effort of faculty staff and students from four academic departments at UNL.
and horticulture to adapt Yang's soil carbon model and with Andrew Suyker an associate professor in the School of Natural resources to validate the model findings with field research.
Pelton's master's degree thesis reprogrammed the soil carbon model while Fang developed a method to incorporate carbon dioxide emissions into life cycle assessments of cellulosic ethanol.
#No-till soil organic carbon sequestration rates publishedfor the past 20 years researchers have published soil organic carbon sequestration rates.
 Many of the research findings have suggested that soil organic carbon can be sequestered by simply switching from moldboard or conventional tillage systems to no-till systems.
and soybean rotations without cover crops small grains and forages may not be increasing soil organic carbon stocks at the published rates. â#oesome studies have shown that both moldboard
and no-till systems are actually losing soil organic carbon stocks over timeâ#said University of Illinois soil scientist Ken Olson who led the review.
and Ohio who studied the published soil science and tillage literature related to soil organic carbon sequestration storage retention and loss.
and summary papers 120 papers on all sides of the soil organic carbon sequestration storage retention and loss issue were selected for review
and moldboard plots at the end of a long-term study is only a measure of net soil organic carbon storage difference between treatments
and does not support soil organic carbon sequestration claims. No-till systems on sloping and eroding sites retain more soil organic carbon in the surface from 0 to 15 centimeters
when compared to moldboard as a result of less disturbance and less soil erosion and transport of soil organic carbon-rich sediment off the plots. â#oethe subsurface layers also need to be sampled
and tested to the depth of rooting or 1 or 2 metersâ#Olson said. â#oethat no-till subsurface layer is often losing more soil organic carbon stock over time than is gained in the surface layer. â#During the analysis of the work Olson said that it became apparent that there were a number
of reasons for the conflicting findings including the definition of soil organic carbon sequestration used by different researchers.
The team proposed the definition of soil sequestration be: the process of transferring CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil of a land unit through unit plants plant residues and other organic solids
To claim soil organic carbon sequestration management practices must lead to an increase in the net soil organic carbon from a previous pre-treatment baseline measurement
 Carbon not directly originated from the atmosphere (from outside the land unit) cannot be counted as sequestered soil organic carbon.
and sediment-rich carbon deposition on a soil located on a lower landscape position or in a waterway.
or prairie with defined and identified boundaries The team identified a number of other methodological factors that could lead to errors in reported soil organic carbon sequestration rates including:
not accounting for carbon in amendments being loaded on the plots from external sources; use of different soil organic carbon laboratory methodsâ over the long-term study;
effects of soil erosion; transport and deposition on the experimental tillage plots; Â lack of sloping
and before the tillage treatment was applied that the soil organic carbon had dropped 20 to 50 percent
and lack of cover crops can all result in reduced soil organic carbon stocks. Because it would take 20 to 50 more years to design
Olson said that the accuracy of determining soil organic carbon sequestration depends on the method used. â#oein this review both the paired comparison method
and the pre-treatment soil organic carbon method were tested using the same plots and experimentâ#he said.
The results of this comparison showed that the paired-method (no-till compared to moldboard) overestimated soil organic carbon sequestration as compared to pre-treatment method where both no-till
and measure soil organic carbon sequestration rates no longer use the comparison method and adopt the pre-treatment soil organic carbon method
and (2) that existing long-term studies that researchers want to use to determine soil organic carbon sequestration rates be stopped temporarily
and sampled following the soil organic carbon sequestration protocol outlined in their article. â#oebecause these long-term studies are used for crop-yield determinations they need to be restarted without interruption
and soil sampling can be done during the non-growing seasonâ#Olson said. â#oethen the long-term experiments can be used to measure soil organic carbon sequestration rates. â#Story Source:
The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental sciences (ACES.
and Other Land Usesoil carbon sequestration--One of the recommendations coming out of this and previous reports is that carbon be sequestered through land management changes Rice said of practices that hold carbon in the soil.
Through reduced tillage in farming--no-till being the prime example --and systems using cover crops
It turns out that (carbon sequestration) has multiple benefits. If you increase the carbon content you improve the quality of the soil.
It makes it more productive less prone to erosion and the organic matter helps hold water
and air stabilizing soil during heavy rains storing carbon and replenishing soil nutrients. In this latest study the researchers found that total global production of shade grown coffee has increased
The team showed that purified flagella were able to directly interact with lipid molecules found in the membranes of plant cells.
and moisture on the site and stores carbon said Carolyn Copenheaver an associate professor of forest ecology In virginia Tech's College of Natural resources and Environment.
Changes in immune cells influenced by microgravity are found to occur rapidly at the molecular level With this discovery microgravity provides an excellent platform to investigate functional changes to immunity that normally take place over a period of time.
#Nutrient-rich forests absorb more carbonthe ability of forests to sequester carbon from the atmosphere depends on nutrients available in the forest soils shows new research from an international team of researchers including IIASA.
The study published in the journal Nature Climate Change showed that forests growing in fertile soils with ample nutrients are able to sequester about 30%of the carbon that they take up during photosynthesis. In contrast forests growing in nutrient-poor
soils may retain only 6%of that carbon. The rest is returned to the atmosphere as respiration.
-poor forests spend a lot of energy--carbon--through mechanisms to acquire nutrients from the soil whereas nutrient-rich forests can use that carbon to enhance biomass production.
Until now scientific models to predict forest carbon sequestration on a global scale had considered only the amount of nitrogen in the soil
and did not take into account other constraints such as phosphorus or the ph of the soil which is related to the availability of nutrients.
Tropical rainforests had the poorest nutrient availability and the lowest efficiency for carbon sequestration the researchers found.
The researchers believe that the difference in efficiency of carbon absorption could be due to several factors.
and thus retains more carbon. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by International Institute for Applied Systems analysis.
Swine specialists and molecular diagnosticians at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory have developed tests to detect which virus is infecting the pigs.
In the course of the research which has been echoed by the journal Molecular Breeding tobacco plants of the Virginia Gold
what we call the carbon budget he says. The world's scientists have calculated a carbon budget for the planet which tells us how much CO2 we can put into the atmosphere before we reach concentrations above which we will unacceptably warm the planet.
If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at current rates we risk overshooting the carbon budget with dire consequences.
We understand now if we do not want to overshoot we need to bring emissions down to basically zero over the next 50-60 years he said.
Nitrogen is emitted as a short-lived compound NOX which causes ground-level ozone the main ingredient in smog
and relates to compounds that are the detergent of the atmosphere. Sources of NOX include smokestacks
Within a day or two most of the NOX changes into nitrate a water-soluble molecule essential to life that gets deposited in soil and snow.
The detailed measurements of nitrate NOX and sulfur show the nitrogen isotope ratio leveling off in 1970
This shows that the relationship between emissions and the isotopes is less direct than we thought
The different forms or isotopes were measured in UW's Isolab. Geng's work showed that the long-term decrease in the nitrogen-15 isotope
since 1850 and its leveling off in 1970 are linked to changes in air chemistry. Airborne nitrate can exist as a gas
or a particle and nitrate with lighter isotopes tends to exist as a gas. But he found that the total fraction of nitrate present as gas
or particle varies with the acidity of the atmosphere and the acidic air causes more of the light isotopes to exist as a gas.
The isotope records really closely follow the atmospheric acidity trends said co-author Becky Alexander a UW associate professor of atmospheric sciences.
You can really see the effect of the Clean Air Act in 1970 which had the most dramatic impact on emission of acid from coal-fired power plants.
and oxygen or for the water molecules used to calculate temperature variations through time. But acidity in air could influence deposition
Eventually better understanding of the air chemistry during formation of the layers could allow researchers to correct for the effect extracting better information of the past from these compounds in the geologic record.
and other heavy metals as well as new molecules such as perfluorinated compounds that are also accumulating in the Antarctic.
Olestra's effect on PCB removal is apparently the result of solubilizing fat-soluble compounds like PCBS in the intestine
and the solubilization reduces absorption of these compounds into the body says Jandacek who was the principal investigator on a 2005 study that found that olestra removed toxins from animals.
That means 57 percent of the electric current went into producing these two compounds from carbon monoxide.
Carbon neutralthe Stanford team has begun looking for ways to create other fuels and improve the overall efficiency of the process.
For the process to be carbon neutral scientists will have to find a new way to make carbon monoxide from renewable energy instead of fossil fuel the primary source today.
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