or molecular analysis. It has also been reported that polymerase chain reaction PCR positive samples were reported negative on histology.
Collectively they represent a major terrestrial repository of carbon and play both active CO2 capture and processing and passive storage roles.
A major challenge for achieving a sustainable energy future is our understanding of the molecular basis of superior growth
Our analysis provides a much more comprehensive understanding of the genetic control of carbon allocation towards cell wall biopolymers in woody plants--a crucial step toward the development of future biomass crops.
Now for the first time Ralph Bock's group at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology could show that new species can be generated in an asexual manner As well as in previous studies Bock's group at the Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology used a method called grafting. It is known generally from nature that plants are able to grow together at their contact zones.
Carbon from forest debris has a different elemental mass than carbon produced by algae in the aquatic food chain.
We found fish that had almost 70%of their biomass made from carbon that came from trees
While plankton raised on algal carbon is more nutritious organic carbon from trees washed into lakes is a hugely important food source for freshwater fish bolstering their diet to ensure good size
They mapped metabolic pathway fluxes of the acetic acid bacteria feeding them specific isotopes that could easily be tracked.
The key molecule to initiate flavor development is acetate says Wittmann noting that The intensity of the aroma from a fermented bean is amazing.
This is the first study to suggest that it might be possible to personalize recommended diets for breast cancer survivors based on the molecular characteristics of their primary tumor.
This function is determined by the response of blood vessels in the forearm to a naturally occurring molecule called acetylcholine.
and that taurine plays an important role in bone formation Dr Vidya Velagapudi Head of the Metabolomics Unit at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland.
In addition older patients with Vitamin b12 deficiency from a study by the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland displayed a statistically positive correlation suggesting that Vitamin b12 plays a key role in regulating taurine synthesis and bone formation in humans of all ages.
This study provides support for expanding the use of carbon credits to pay farmers for better fertilizer management.
Carbon credits for fertilizer management are now available to U S. corn farmers. This paper provides a framework for using this system around the world.
Naled an organophosphate chemical was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae while resmethrin was the most toxic compound in clam larvae.
Decreased swimming activity was observed after four days in larval oysters and decreased growth was found in juvenile clams and oysters after 21 days.
and other chemicals to form various acidic compounds. The result is a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
and other sources prevailing winds blow these compounds across state and national borders sometimes over hundreds of miles.
which seeks to build scientific communities around cornerstone species of relevance to DOE missions in bioenergy carbon cycling and biogeochemistry.
In the first study of its kind scientists have calculated the amount of carbon absorbed by the world's tropical forests
They found that tropical forests absorb almost two billion tonnes of carbon each year equivalent to one-fifth of the world's carbon emissions by storing it in their bark leaves and soil.
if all human-related deforestation of the tropics were to stop the forests could absorb more carbon than at present equivalent to one-fifth of global emissions.
Researchers say carbon emissions from tropical forests will increase as the climate warms as rising temperatures accelerate the decay of dead plants
Global temperatures are forecast to rise by two degrees by the year 2099 which is predicted to increase annual carbon emissions from the forest by three-quarters of a billion tonnes.
Scientists from the Universities of Edinburgh and Leeds analysed data from multiple previous studies including satellite studies to determine the amount of carbon absorbed
Preventing further losses of carbon from our tropical forests must remain a high priority. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Edinburgh.
and allows forests to store more carbon dioxideevery spring as the weather warms trees in forests up and down the east coast explode in a bright green display of life as leaves fill their branches
Though the fact that forests can store more carbon is a good thing both Keenan
If forests weren't storing additional carbon in this manner we would be even worse off in terms of atmospheric CO2 levels so at the moment it's a good thingâ
Yes 26 million metric tons is a lot of carbon but it's still small when compared to fossil fuel emissions.
#so in the future an earlier spring might not help forests take up more carbon if they end up running out of water in midsummer.
Decomposition matters because the speed at which woody material are broken down strongly influences the retention of carbon in forest ecosystems
and can help to offset the loss of carbon to the atmosphere from other sources.
and bees have been shown to be able to use a wide range of floral cues including colour shape texture certain chemical compounds
and carbon mitigation into services paid for by markets. While economists recommended that the limited budget for this program be allocated among to the most efficient service providers the money ultimately went to rural communities
on current trends in forest biomass for energy in Europe carbon balance and the sustainable potential.
Recyclable material absorbs 82 percent of its weight in carbon dioxiderice University scientists have created an Earth-friendly way to separate carbon dioxide from natural gas at wellheads.
The Tour lab with assistance from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) produced the patented material that pulls only carbon dioxide molecules from flowing natural gas
and other emissions it could well face new regulations Tour said noting the White house issued its latest National Climate Assessment last month and this week set new rules to cut carbon pollution from the nation
The Rice material a nanoporous solid of carbon with nitrogen or sulfur is inexpensive and simple to produce compared with the liquid amine-based scrubbers used now Tour said.
Rice graduate student Chih-Chau Hwang lead author of the paper first tried to combine amines with porous carbon.
and carbon dioxide molecules he said. Hwang also considered metal oxide frameworks that trap carbon dioxide molecules
but they had the unfortunate side effect of capturing the desired methane as well and they are far too expensive to make for this application.
The porous carbon powder he settled on has massive surface area and turns the neat trick of converting gaseous carbon dioxide into solid polymer chains that nestle in the pores.
or nitrogen atoms) to start the polymerization reaction. This would never work on simple activated carbon; the key is that the polymer forms
and provides continuous selectivity for carbon dioxide. Methane ethane and propane molecules that make up natural gas may try to stick to the carbon
but the growing polymer chains simply push them off he said. The researchers treated their carbon source with potassium hydroxide at 600 degrees Celsius to produce the powders with either sulfur
or nitrogen atoms evenly distributed through the resulting porous material. The sulfur-infused powder performed best absorbing 82 percent of its weight in carbon dioxide.
The nitrogen-infused powder was nearly as good and improved with further processing. Tour said the material did not degrade over many cycles
After heating it to 600 degrees C for the one-step synthesis from inexpensive industrial polymers the final carbon material has a surface area of 2500 square meters per gram
Forests are also big carbon sinks that offset in part human-induced carbon emissions. Our finding also suggests the forest carbon sink may decrease in the U s. because of the slowdown in forest growth Tang says.
In some other countries young forests could grow faster and take up more carbon dioxide. To mitigate human-induced climate change
than climate in wood decomposition rates and the subsequent impacts on regional carbon cycling. Because decomposition of organic matter strongly influences the storage of carbon
or its release into the atmosphere it is a major factor in potential changes to the climate.
which may be more important in governing the release of terrestrial carbon. To better assess the importance of those local effects the researchers distributed 160 blocks of pine tree wood across five sub-regions of temperate forest in the eastern United states--from Connecticut to northern Florida
After 13 months they measured how much carbon had been lost whether absorbed by the microbes growing on the wood or directly into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
We have to cut down the amount of carbon being released into the atmosphere. The interdisciplinary team looked at a range of possible approaches to dissipating greenhouse gases and reducing warming.
reducing emissions sequestering carbon through biological means on land and in the ocean storing carbon dioxide in a liquefied form in underground geological formations and wells increasing Earth's cloud cover and solar reflection.
and low-carbon fuels would. Technology that is already available could reduce the amount of carbon being added to the atmosphere by some 7 gigatons per year the team found.
We have the technology and we know how to do it Cusack said. It's just that there doesn't seem to be political support for reducing emissions.
Of the five options the group evaluated sequestering carbon through biological means --or converting atmospheric carbon into solid sources of carbon like plants--holds the most promise.
One source curbing the destruction of forests and promoting growth of new forests could tie up as much as 1. 3 gigatons of carbon in plant material annually the team calculated.
Deforestation now is responsible for adding 1 gigaton of carbon each year to the atmosphere. Improving soil management is another biological means of carbon sequestration that holds considerable promise
because soils can trap plant materials that have converted already atmospheric carbon dioxide into a solid form as well as any carbon dioxide that the solids give off as they decompose.
Since the dawn of agriculture tilling land has led to the loss of about half (55 to 78 gigatons) of the carbon ever sequestered in soil the team reports.
But such simple steps as leaving slash--the plant waste left over after crop production--on fields after harvests so it could be incorporated into the soil could reintroduce between 0. 4 and 1. 1 gigatons of carbon annually to soil the study says.
The approach would also improve soil's ability to retain nutrients and water making it beneficial for additional reasons.
So the approach can work to keep carbon that has become bound up in plant life from decaying
which sequesters carbon. The approach ranked as the study's least viable strategy in part
because less than a quarter of the algae could be expected to eventually sink to the bottom of the ocean which would be the only way that carbon would be sequestered for a long period of time.
The study's second most promising climate engineering strategy after carbon sequestration was carbon capture and storage particularly when the technique is used near where fuels are being refined.
CCS turns carbon dioxide into a liquid form of carbon which oil and coal extraction companies then pump into underground geological formations and wells and cap;
millions of tons of carbon are already being stored this way each year. And the approach has the potential to store more than 1 gigaton permanently each year
--and up to 546 gigatons of carbon over time--the study says. However a liquid carbon leak could be fatal to humans
and other animals and the risk--while minimal--may stand in the way of public acceptance.
Food and carbon sequestrations are fine and may even rise under the various scenarios but you may need strong incentives to limit declines in the provision of other ecosystem services.
or to a control odor such as limonene another compound produced by citrus trees. The wasps were attracted strongly to the smell of both bacteria-infected and louse-infested citrus plants and also to pure methyl salicylate.
and respirable particulate matter with a mean particle diameter of less than 2. 5 microns (PM2. 5). A micron is approximately 1/30th the width of a strand of human hair.
With the advent of more and more sophisticated ways to measure genetic variation and relatedness using molecular markers such as allozyme polymorphisms
despite the initial skepticism about the importance of gene flow modern empirical and theoretical research using up-to-date molecular
and highly efficient molecular breeding model possible. This opens a new way to carry out agricultural breeding.
Wetter and more fertile soilssample analysis of carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions--a technique used in crop physiology
On one hand Carbon isotope composition enables to evaluate water availability for crops. It reached its maximum level 9000 years ago
On the other hand nitrogen isotope composition provides information about soil's organic matter and fertility. Juan Pedro Ferrio (Agrotecnio-Udl) affirms that
By exploiting new molecular and genetic insights the research done in collaboration with Pierre de Wit from Wageningen Agricultural University in The netherlands provides a better understanding of the defense system of crop plants against the damaging pathogens that grow in the spaces between plant cells.
The two receptor systems have different classes of plant receptor proteins to detect different types of pathogen molecules.
Before the pathogen has entered the plant its presence of specific pathogen molecules or patterns is recognised by the host plant's immune systems.
Some bacteria produce polysaccharides which can contain hundreds of sugar molecules such as glucose attached to one another.
They cover seven percent of land surface yet hold more than 30 percent of Earth's terrestrial carbon.
As abandoned agricultural land in the tropics is taken over by forests scientists expect these new forests to mop up industrial quantities of atmospheric carbon.
and may even cause tropical forests to lose carbon. In the first study to experimentally demonstrate that competition between plants can result in ecosystem-wide losses of forest carbon scientists working in Panama showed that lianas
or woody vines can reduce net forest biomass accumulation by nearly 20 percent Researchers called this estimate conservative in findings published this month in Ecology.
As lianas increase in tropical forests they will lower the capacity for tropical forests to accumulate carbon.
They account for up to 25 percent of the woody plants in a typical tropical forest but only a few percent of its carbon.
They do not compensate for displaced carbon due to relatively low wood volume low wood density and a high rate of turnover.
After collecting eight years of data comparing liana-free plots with naturally liana-filled plots in the same forest they quantified the extent to which lianas limited tree growth hence carbon uptake.
--and nearly all of the aboveground carbon is stored in trees said Schnitzer. Lianas have been shown to consistently hinder the recruitment of small trees and limit the growth fecundity and survival of established trees.
Scientists have assumed that the battle for carbon is a zero-sum game in which the loss of carbon from one plant is balanced by the gain of carbon by another.
This assumption however is now being challenged because lianas prevent trees from accumulating vast amounts of carbon
but lianas cannot compensate in terms of carbon accumulation said Schnitzer. If lianas continue to increase in tropical forests they will reduce the capacity for tropical forests to uptake carbon
which will accelerate the rate of increase of atmospheric carbon worldwide. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Journal Reference e
#Climate change and the future of sweet cherry in Australiapredicted variations in global climates have fruit producers trying to determine which crops are suited best to weathering future temperature changes.
Extreme high-temperature events are expected to become more frequent and predictive models suggest that the global mean surface air temperature will rise by as much as two degrees by the middle of the 21st century.
#Skin grafts from genetically modified pigs may offer alternative for burn treatmenta specially-bred strain of miniature swine lacking the molecule responsible for the rapid rejection of pig-to-primate organ transplants may provide a new source of skin grafts
A team of investigators from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) report that skin grafts from pigs lacking the Gal sugar molecule were as effective in covering burn-like injuries on the backs of baboons as skin taken from other
Since pig organs implanted into primates are rejected rapidly due to the presence of the Gal (alpha-13-galactose) molecule Sachs
which both copies of the gene encoding Galt (galactosyltransferase) the enzyme responsible for placing the Gal molecule on the cell surface were knocked out.
#Rules to cut carbon emissions also reduce air pollution harmful to people, environmentsetting strong standards for climate-changing carbon emissions from power plants would provide an added bonus--reductions in other air pollutants that can make people sick;
damage forests crops and lakes; and harm fish and wildlife. This according to a first-of-its-kind study released today by scientists at Syracuse University
and Harvard who mapped the potential environmental and human health benefits of power plant carbon standards.
The authors of the new study Co-benefits of Carbon Standards: Air pollution Changes under Different 111d Options for Existing Power plants use three policy options for the forthcoming EPA rule as a guide to model changes in power plant emissions of four other harmful
One of the policy options we analyzed cut emissions of these non-carbon pollutants by approximately 75000 tons per year by 2020 Driscoll said.
It features detailed maps illustrating the benefits of decreased emissions from roughly 2400 power plants for every 12x12km area of the continental United states. With a strong carbon standard improvements are widespread and every state receives some benefit.
Our analysis demonstrates that strong carbon standards could also have widespread benefits to air quality
The U s. EPA is expected to release its proposed rules for carbon pollution from existing power plants June 2.
and carbon content in diesels and oils from January 2015. Aston University (UK) scientists are involved in the Reship project
In addition a full understanding of the polysaccharides and other compounds made available during pretreatment may mean other valuable co-products like platform chemicals may be produced viably from the surplus straw.
The Rice researchers behind a new study that explains the creation of nanodiamonds in treated coal also show that some microscopic diamonds only last seconds before fading back into less-structured forms of carbon under the impact of an electron beam.
while working on ways to chemically reduce carbon from anthracite coal and make it soluble. First they noticed nanodiamonds forming amid the amorphous hydrogen-infused layers of graphite.
Unexpectedly the energy input congealed clusters of hydrogenated carbon atoms some of which took on the latticelike structure of nanodiamonds.
and his colleagues at the Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials in Moscow to explain what the chemists saw.
In this case the electron microscope's beam knocks hydrogen atoms loose from carbon layers. Then the dangling bonds compensate by connecting to an adjacent carbon layer
which is prompted to connect to the next layer. The reaction zips the atoms into a matrix characteristic of diamond until pressure forces the process to halt.
Natural macroscale diamonds require extreme pressures and temperatures to form but the phase diagram should be reconsidered for nanodiamonds the researchers said.
Billups noted subsequent electron-beam experiments with pristine anthracite formed no diamonds while tests with less-robust infusions of hydrogen led to regions with onion-like fringes of graphitic carbon but no fully formed diamonds.
since each organism competes with others in trading nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen the system as a whole may function more like a capitalistic market economy than a cooperative symbiotic relationship.
The competition among trees makes them export excessive amounts of carbon to the fungi which seize a lot of soil nutrients.
and the plants where each individual trades carbon for nutrients or vice versa to maximize profits not unlike a capitalistic market economy says Franklin
As more carbon becomes available to the trees the limitation of nitrogen generated by mycorrhizae becomes even more important possibly eliminating
and surface wildfires can result in an annual loss of 54 billion tonnes of carbon from the Brazilian Amazon increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
This is equivalent to 40%of the yearly carbon loss from deforestation --when entire forests are chopped down.
and belowground carbon loss from selective logging and ground level forest fires in the tropics based on data from 70000 sampled trees and thousands of soil litter and dead wood samples from 225 sites
The combination of selective logging and wildfires damages turns primary forests into a thick scrub full of smaller trees and vines which stores 40%less carbon than undisturbed forests.
So far climate change policies on the tropics have effectively been focusing on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation only not accounting for emissions coming from forest degradation.
Yet our results show how these disturbances can severely degrade the forest with huge amounts of carbon being transferred from plant matter straight into the atmosphere.
Bringing fire and illegal logging under control is key to reaching our national commitment to reducing carbon emissions.
The method could prove useful in controlling how particles move through microfluidic devices or in understanding the motion of material floating in magma.
Forests can either supply carbon to the atmosphere or remove it says UW-Madison geography Professor Jack Williams director of the Nelson Center for Climatic Research.
Some ecosystem models predict that forests will store more carbon over this century but others say they will release more.
because forests store such a vast amount of carbon and because carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas and therefore a major regulator of earth's temperature.
and climates including isotopes inside decaying plant material pollen and charcoal trapped in lake sediments historic land surveys and tree rings.
what happens on a molecular basis in insects that evolved resistance to genetically engineered cotton plants.
but this is the first analysis of the molecular genetic basis of severe pest resistance to a Bt crop in the field said Bruce Tabashnik one of the paper's authors and the head of the Department of Entomology in the UA College
Based on laboratory experiments aimed at determining the molecular mechanisms involved scientists knew that pink bollworm can evolve resistance against the Bt toxin
It's required in many basic molecules like DNA and amino acids. Nitrogen enters the environment either through a microbial process called biological nitrogen fixation or through human activity such as fertilization and fossil-fuel consumption.
An ice core from the center of the ice sheet demonstrated that exceptionally warm temperatures combined with black carbon sediments from Northern hemisphere forest fires reduced albedo below a critical threshold in the dry snow region
but the presence of a high concentration of ammonium concurrent with the black carbon indicates the ash's source was large boreal forest fires during the summer in Siberia and North america in June and July 2012.
along with saturated fats--has led to a omega-6 to omega-3 ratio as high as 20 to 1. It is known that molecules produced by omega-6 metabolism can promote inflammation
The researchers measured dust particles or wind erosion using a portable wind tunnel. This tunnel was 24 ft long 4 ft tall and 3 ft wide.
Microorganisms native to raw milk whose metabolic potentials differ from those of commercial strains may enable the more intense and complex development of aromatic compounds.
New research from scientists at the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUTDOOR Droplets) experiment at CERN including Carnegie mellon University's Neil Donahue sheds light on new-particle formation--the very
Cloud droplets form when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses onto tiny particles. These particles are emitted directly from natural sources
or human activity or they form from precursors emitted originally as gaseous pollutants. The transformation of gas molecules into clusters and then into particles a process called nucleation produces more than half of the particles that seed cloud formation around the world today.
But the mechanisms underlying nucleation remain unclear. Although scientists have observed that the nucleation process nearly always involves sulfuric acid sulfuric acid concentrations aren't high enough to explain the rate of new particle formation that occurs in the atmosphere.
This new study uncovers an indispensable ingredient to the long sought-after cloud formation recipe--highly oxidized organic compounds.
and in detail with the very first steps of new particle formation and growth said Donahue professor of chemistry chemical engineering engineering and public policy and director of CMU's Steinbrenner Institute for Environmental Education and Research.
or solid particles that come from hundreds of sources including trees volcanoes cars trucks and wood fires.
In research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 Donahue and colleagues showed conclusively that organic molecules given off by pine trees called alpha-pinene are transformed chemically multiple times in the highly oxidizing environment of the atmosphere.
Additionally other research including from Donahue's lab has suggested that such oxidized organics might take part in nucleation--both in new particle formation and in their subsequent growth.
which new particles are created with extreme precision. In the current work the team filled the chamber with sulfur dioxide
Using very high-resolution mass spectrometry the scientists were able to observe particles growing from single gaseous molecules to clusters of up to 10 molecules stuck together as they grew molecule by molecule.
and growth of particles under atmospheric conditions the scientists incorporated their findings into a global particle formation model.
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