and phenolic compounds such as flavonoids have been observed to provide antioxidant effects. Thus herbs known to possess high antioxidant properties were selected for use in this study.
A total of 25 flavonoid compounds consisting of 9 flavonols and 16 flavones were identified tentatively from dried leaves of mas cotek using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
After analyzing the measurements they did not detect differences in the emissions for the vast majority of compounds they measured.
#Strengthening community forest rights is critical tool to fight climate changestrengthening community forest rights is an essential strategy to reduce billions of tonnes of carbon emissions making it an effective way
The paper provides the most comprehensive analysis to date linking legal recognition and government protection of community forest rights with reductions in carbon pollution.
With at least 37 billion tonnes of carbon safely stored in community forests around the world strengthening community rights is good for the climate
and indigenous peoples across the world have recognized government rights to forests containing 37.7 billion tonnes of carbon--equivalent to 29 times the annual emissions from all passenger vehicles in the world.
and settlers from illegally destroying the forests and releasing carbon pollution into the atmosphere. In Brazil alone the report finds strong legal rights could contribute to preventing 27.2 million hectares of deforestation by 2050 translating to 12 billion tonnes of avoided carbon dioxide emissions--the same as about three years'worth of carbon dioxide
and carbon sequestration said Jennifer Morgan Director Climate and Energy Program WRI. When it comes to tackling climate change land rights must be on the list of tools we use.
Indonesia for example the world's second largest emitter of carbon pollution from deforestation and other land uses legally recognizes only one of approximately 42 million hectares of forests held by communities.
Soil respiration releases carbonthe planet's soil releases about 60 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year which is far more than that released by burning fossil fuels.
This enormous release of carbon is balanced by carbon coming into the soil system from falling leaves and other plant matter as well as by the underground activities of plant roots.
As a result scientists have worried that global warming would accelerate the decomposition of carbon in the soil
and decrease the amount of carbon stored there. If true this would release even more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere where it would accelerate global warming.
carbon stocks with changing temperature. Their work is published in Nature Climate Change. The team revealed that higher temperatures increased the amount of leaf litter falling onto the soil as well as other underground sources of carbon such as roots.
Surprisingly long-term warming had little effect on the overall storage of carbon in the tropical forest soil or the rate at
which that carbon is processed into carbon dioxide. If these findings hold true in other tropical regions then warmer temperatures may not necessarily cause tropical soils to release their carbon to the atmosphere at a faster rate remarked Asner.
On the other hand we cannot expect that the soil will soak up more carbon in places where vegetation is stimulated by warmer temperatures.
Unlike tropical trees the soil seems to be on the sidelines in the climate adaptation game.
This means the observed increase in the rate of soil respiration accompanying rising temperatures is released due to carbon dioxide by the an uptick in the amount of litter falling on the forest floor and an increase in carbon from underground sources.
It is not from a decrease in the overall amount of carbon stored in the soil Giardina noted
While we found that carbon stored in the mineral soil was insensitive to long-term warming the loss of unprotected carbon responded strongly to temperature.
This tells us that the sensitivity of each source of soil respiration needs to be quantified
and the aggregate response examined before an understanding of ecosystem carbon balance in a warmer world can be achieved.
In another experiment the researchers cultivated the forage plant Panicum maximum at a temperature 2â°C above normal at a carbon concentration of 600 parts per million (ppm) equivalent to twice the amount there is today an amount
By cultivating the plant in an environment with 200 ppm carbon above current levels in a FACE system set up at the Embrapa Environmental Division in Jaguariã na in inland SãO Paulo State the researchers observed an increase
Anthocyanins a group of antioxidant compounds are responsible for the color in blueberries she explains. Since most of the color is in the skin freezing the blueberries actually improves the availability of the antioxidants.
He teaches a course on phytochemicals--the naturally-occurring chemical compounds in fruits and vegetable many
and photoconductivitymolybdenum disulfide (Mos2) a class of transition metal dichalcogenide compound has attracted great attention as an emerging two-dimensional (2d) material due to wide recognition of its potential in and optoelectronics.
The groundcover systems and nutrients were analyzed for their respective effects on soil organic matter carbon and nitrogen concentration and soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration.
which the authors say was a result of accelerated formation of carbon-and nitrogen-rich soil organic matter.
But these greenhouse gases as well as clouds and tiny particles called aerosols in the atmosphere also play vital roles in Earth's complex climate system.
and dust particles. These global datasets provide clues that help scientists understand how Earth's climate has varied
Improving Climate Modelsin addition to greenhouse gases Aura measures several other constituents relevant to climate--smoke dust and clouds including the ice particles within the clouds--that are important
. But genetic comparisons and molecular dating have in the past several decades provided exact lengths in years for most of these branches indicating how long ago a species had a common ancestor.
Our focus is on exploring plant-derived natural food bioactive compounds as antimicrobials to control foodborne pathogens
They did this by studying closely related compounds. When used out in field tests the two components attracted adult and juvenile brown marmorated stink bugs.
Because these compounds didn't have to be pure the researchers could use relatively inexpensive mixtures to trap this stink bug.
and particles deposited to surfaces and dust in the home. Until now the risks of this exposure known as'third hand tobacco smoke'have been highly uncertain
and particles the so-called third hand smoke. This risk should not be overlooked and its impact should be included in future educational programs and tobacco-related public health policies.
as a result of laboratory studies we have demonstrated for the first time the presence of carcinogenic tobacco-specific compounds such as TSNAS in settled house dust found in a panel of smokers'and nonsmokers'homes.
The TSNAS concentrations found in smoke-free homes would suggest that TSNAS formed in smoking environments can persist for extended periods possibly due to partitioning to ambient particles
The use of certain compounds in agriculture notably difenoconazole propiconazole epoxiconazole bromuconazole and tebuconazol are particularly likely to lead to resistance yet are used freely in agriculture.
There is a very limited range of antifungal compounds to treat fungal diseases and some fungi are multi-resistant.
Lactic acid-producing bacteria ate away at her bones after death possibly liberating the phosphate ions used to make vivianite Fisher said.
Overall organic crops had 18 to 69 percent higher concentrations of antioxidant compounds. The team concludes that consumers who switch to organic fruit vegetables
and their previous germplasm re-sequencing data the team discovered a novel ion transporter gene Gmchx1
There is also a need for research to support land use decisions to reconcile economic development great ape conservation and the avoidance of carbon emissions.
Persimmons are an important source of antioxidant compounds due to their content of carotenoids and tannins.
and facilitates the extraction of bioactive compounds from cells such as carotenoids and tannins increasing its antioxidant potential explains Amparo Quiles researcher at the Group of Microstructure and Food Chemistry of the Universitat Politã cnica de Valã ncia.
Dust grains are composed of elements like carbon silicon oxygen iron and magnesium. But where does the cosmic dust come from?
which the star expels material containing hydrogen helium and carbon. This gas cloud resides as a shell around the star.
and form solid particles. We measured dust grains as large as around one micron (a thousandth of a millimeter)
and other crops said Osman Radwan a U of I molecular biologist. If we look at diseases of soybean we find that soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is at the top
We need to understand at the molecular level how these two pathogens interact when they are present in soybean fields.
Understanding the mechanisms of molecular interactions between SCN and M. phaseolina will help molecular biologists
and breeders to design an effective method to control both diseases and to breed soybean for resistance to both pathogens he said.
#Logging and burning cause the loss of 54 million tons of carbon a year in Amazoniaa study conducted by scientists in Brazil
In combination these factors could be removing nearly 54 million tons of carbon from the forest each year introduced into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases.
This total represents up to 40%of the carbon loss caused by deforestation in the region.
However our study has shown that this other type of degradation is having a severe impact on the forest with enormous quantities of previously stored carbon being lost into the atmosphere said Erika Berenguer researcher from the Lancaster Environment Centre at Lancaster University in the United kingdom
The combination of the two investigations resulted in the estimate of carbon stock available today.
what is known as carbon stock. It was the largest study conducted to date regarding carbon loss from tropical forests due to selective logging
and wildfires Ferreira said. According to her the research included four of the five functionally distinct carbon pools
whose study is recommended by the United nations (UN) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): aboveground biomass (live plants) dead organic matter leaf litter (layer that contains a combination of fragments of leaves branches
The only thing we didn't measure was the carbon stock in the roots she said.
or fire had from 18%to 57%less carbon than primary forests. One area of primary forest ended up having more than 300 tons of carbon per hectare
while areas of forest that had been burned or subjected to timber extraction had at most 200 tons per hectare and on average less than 100 tons of carbon per hectare.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Fundaã§Ã£o de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de SãO Paulo.
#Bonellis Eagle diet reconstruction by means of isotope analysis to improve population conservationcarbon nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes analysis is an effective technique to reconstruct nestling Bonelli's Eagle diet according to a paper published in the journal The Ibis. The article is signed by experts Jaime Resano Mayor Antoni Hernã¡
ndez Matã as Joan Real and Francesc Parã s from the Conservation Biology Group affiliated with the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Barcelona (UB) and the Biodiversity Research Institute of UB (IRBIO.
Besides this conventional technique the stable isotope analysis (SIA) has been used successfully in recent years to study animals'diet
Therefore carbon nitrogen and sulphur--common elements in the biosphere--act as biogeochemical markers in animal tissues
and stable isotope analysis. The study showed that the isotopic analysis of feathers allows inferring individual species'diet during the breeding period something that is not possible by using pellet.
Authors highlight that carbon and nitrogen analysis are essential in all cases but sulphur is particularly useful to estimate the consumption of Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis).
The study assesses the trophic niche width of Bonelli's Eagle populations in Catalonia Andalusia and France by means of the stable isotope analysis;
and crops that can deal with droughts and high temperatures like those now affecting the Southwestern United states. â#oefor each carbon dioxide molecule that is incorporated into plants through photosynthesis plants lose about 200 hundred molecules of water
Hoppe's unique microscope setup allows the researchers to use fluorescence to see what's happening at a molecular level in live cells.
#Payback time for soil carbon from pasture conversion to sugarcane productionthe reduction of soil carbon stock caused by the conversion of pasture areas into sugarcane plantations--a very common change in Brazil in recent
and Harvard university Colorado State university and the Shell Technology Center Houston in the United states. Findings from the project Soil carbon stocks on land-use change process to sugarcane production in South-central Brazil carried out with funding from FAPESP
The study indicates that the soil carbon balance of pasture areas converted for the cultivation of sugarcane designed for ethanol production is not as negative as originally estimated said Carlos Clemente Cerri project coordinator and researcher at CENA.
According to Cerri soil from pasture areas has a carbon stock whose volume varies only slightly over the years.
However the process of preparing this type of soil for conversion to sugarcane plantations causes part of the carbon stock to be emitted into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2.
or even add to the initial soil carbon stock when the organic matter and plant residue penetrate the ground.
Our identification of the genes and their variants responsible for this adaptation to boron toxicity means that we now have molecular markers that can be used in breeding programs to select lines for boron tolerance with 100%accuracy.
The researchers used stable isotope analysis a chemical assay of a tissue biopsy that provides an integrative view of what the animal ate in previous months.
and carbon they can also result in avoidable losses of biodiversity. They have less value in some ways Putz said and more value in others.
when our immune system produces antibodies to destroy enemy molecules like those from bacteria and viruses.
which is a technique that analyzes compounds according to their mass and electrical charge. The method offers a personalized way to identify the exact proteins that can cause food allergies to a patient which can help develop an effective treatment.
However there is some evidence that rodents may increase their body temperature to reduce the toxicity of compounds found in some plant leaves.
#Kudzu can release soil carbon, accelerate global warmingclemson University scientists are shedding new light on how invasion by exotic plant species affects the ability of soil to store greenhouse gases.
and graduate student Mioko Tamura show that invasive plants can accelerate the greenhouse effect by releasing carbon stored in soil into the atmosphere.
Since soil stores more carbon than both the atmosphere and terrestrial vegetation combined the repercussions for how we manage agricultural land
and ecosystems to facilitate the storage of carbon could be dramatic. In their study Tamura and Tharayil examined the impact of encroachment of Japanese knotweed and kudzu two of North america's most widespread invasive plants on the soil carbon storage in native ecosystems.
They found that kudzu invasion released carbon that was stored in native soils while the carbon amassed in soils invaded by knotweed is more prone to oxidation
and is lost subsequently to the atmosphere. The key seems to be how plant litter chemistry regulates the soil biological activity that facilitates the buildup composition and stability of carbon-trapping organic matter in soil.
Our findings highlight the capacity of invasive plants to effect climate change by destabilizing the carbon pool in soil
and shows that invasive plants can have profound influence on our understanding to manage land in a way that mitigates carbon emissions Tharayil said.
Tharayil estimates that kudzu invasion results in the release of 4. 8 metric tons of carbon annually equal to the amount of carbon stored in 11.8 million acres of U s. forest.
This is the same amount of carbon emitted annually by consuming 540 million gallons of gasoline or burning 5. 1 billion pounds of coal.
Climate change is causing massive range expansion of many exotic and invasive plant species. As the climate warms kudzu will continue to invade northern ecosystems
and its impact on carbon emissions will grow Tharayil said. The findings provide particular insight into agricultural land-management strategies
and suggest that it is the chemistry of plant biomass added to soil rather than the total amount of biomass that has the greatest influence on the ability of soil to harbor stable carbon.
Our study indicates that incorporating legumes such as beans peas soybeans peanuts and lentils that have a higher proportion of nitrogen in its biomass can accelerate the storage of carbon in soils Tharayil said.
Thrarayil's lab is following up this research to gain a deeper understanding of soil carbon storage and invasion.
Tharayil leads a laboratory and research team at Clemson that studies how the chemical and biological interactions that take place in the plant-soil interface shape plant communities.
and levels of resistance to different compounds varied as well. What does Scott recommend? Only use insecticides when they are needed he said.
The other two are an ultraviolet spectrometer called Alice and the Ion and Electron Sensor (IES.
which is built part of The swiss Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument. NASA's Deep space Network is supporting ESA's Ground Station Network for spacecraft tracking and navigation.
which play a major role in carbon storage. Our research suggests that as incomes rise in these countries it creates a new opportunity for domestic funding to play a larger role in supporting efforts to protect forests
Our findings provide a strong economic rationale for coupling international payments for carbon storage made to UMI tropical countries with biodiversity payments funded by those countries themselves.
The new findings on Arctic ocean salinity conditions in the Eocene were calculated in part by comparing ratios of oxygen isotopes locked in ancient shark teeth found in sediments on Banks Island in the Arctic circle
Oxygen isotopes in ancient bones and teeth reflect the water animals are living in or drinking said Kim a former postdoctoral researcher at the University of Wyoming.
Although we previously documented carbon emissions from land use conversion to oil palm we were stunned by how these oil palm plantations profoundly alter freshwater ecosystems for decades said study co-author
Home to the world's third-largest tropical forest the country is also one of the principal emitters of greenhouse gases due to the rapid conversion of carbon-rich forests and peatlands to other uses.
and eventually elevated platform mounds and compounds housing elite families. Yet birth rates were higher among people to the north and east in the San juan basin and northern San juan regions of northwest New Mexico and southwest Colorado.
#Carbon footprint of flowering treeswhy is it important to understand a tree's carbon footprint?
According to researchers Charles R. Hall and Dewayne Ingram authors of a study in the May 2014 issue of Hortscience a plant's carbon footprint is an impact indicator of primary interest to growers
The carbon footprint of plants and trees a measure of all greenhouse gases emitted in a product's life cycle is expressed in units of tons (or kilograms) of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2E.
Knowing the carbon footprint of production and distribution components of field-grown trees will help nursery managers understand the environmental costs associated with their respective systems
The Rice lab of materials scientist Pulickel Ajayan discovered that nanotubes that hit a target end first turn into mostly ragged clumps of atoms.
Until now we knew we could use mechanical forces to shorten and cut carbon nanotubes. This is the first time we have showed carbon nanotubes can be unzipped using mechanical forces.
The researchers fired pellets of randomly oriented multiwalled carbon nanotubes from a light gas gun built by the Rice lab of materials scientist Enrique Barrera with funding from NASA.
The pellets impacted an aluminum target in a vacuum chamber at about 15000 miles per hour. When they inspected the resulting carbon rubble they found nanotubes that smashed into the target end first
or at a sharp angle simply deformed into a crumpled nanotube. But tubes that hit lengthwise actually split into ribbons with ragged edges.
We were investigating possible applications for carbon nanotubes in space when we got this result.
The effect was confirmed through molecular simulations. They showed that when multiwalled tubes impact the target the outer tube flattens hitting the inside tubes
Ozden explained that the even distribution of stress along the belly-flopping nanotube which is many times longer than it is wide breaks carbon bonds in a line nearly simultaneously.
These compounds are decoded then by around 400 olfactory receptors in the nose. Scientists have presented these findings in chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie International.
In recent decades approximately 10000 volatile food compounds have been identified. Scientists from Technische Universitã¤t Mà nchen (TUM) and the German Research center for Food Chemistry (DFA have carried out a meta-analysis on the odorant patterns of 227 food samples.
So for example the smell of cultured butter is encoded by a combination of just 3 key molecules
the smell of this popular brandy is attributable to 36 key molecules. Brain blends individual notes to create a new odor identitythe chemical odor codes are translated into olfactory stimulus patterns
Thomas Hofmann from the TUM Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science. When people perceive external chemical odor patterns
Optimizing odors in food productionso far scientists have identified 42 receptors that respond to food odors--with the majority binding multiple odor molecules.
For example knowing more about the odor codes of crop plants and fruits at molecular level can be useful to breeders.
and biodiversityfossil fuel emissions release billions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year which is changing the climate
and Eric Davidson reviews new research conducted by Brazilian colleagues demonstrating the high carbon costs of converting intact Brazilian savanna compared to the carbon gains obtained from converting underutilized pastureland for biofuel
Macedo and Davidson note the new research shows that it would take 17 years of sugar cane production to make up for the carbon losses caused by clearing the Cerrado.
In contrast converting already cleared pastures to sugar cane production provides a nearly immediate carbon payback
and fuel with no further biodiversity loss minimal carbon costs and even a carbon gain
and becoming a competitive low-carbon economy? Taking action and taking a decision on the 2030 climate and energy framework in October will bring us just there
The disease-causing formation of AÎ oligomers--groups of molecules loosely attracted to each other-build up around synapses.
In addition to the clones for Arabidopsis and rice GTS Heazlewood and his collaborators at JBEI also created a set of highly efficient particle bombardment plasmids--pbullets
and brain building molecules for premature babies or a drink that slows digestion so people feel fuller for longer.
when the body starts the digestion process an enzyme called lipase breaks down the fat molecules to form a highly geometrically ordered structure.
whether certain subgroups are more vulnerable to exposures to these compounds than others the message is very clear:
Twenty-one chemical compounds were identified in the organophosphate class including chlorpyrifos acephate and diazinon. The second most commonly applied class of pesticides was pyrethroids one quarter
The process of converting silicon oxide (quartz) into pure silicon uses carbon as a reducing agent. Currently the reducing agents used are fossil fuels such as coal and coke.
and can carry away soil particles if it flows overland. Since water flows downhill that's where the soil goes once water erosion begins.
As species distribution and abundance shift due to climate change interspecific differences in leaf-out timing may affect ecosystem processes such as carbon water
The study provides fascinating insights into the molecular history of evolution and is published By nature today.
Rolf Zeller from the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Basel has investigated now the molecular changes
The development of limbs in both species is initially strikingly similar and molecular differences only become apparent during hand and foot plate development:
We think this early loss of molecular asymmetry triggered the evolutionary changes that ultimately resulted in development of cloven-hoofed distal limb skeleton in cattle
The identified genetic alterations affecting this regulatory switch offer unprecedented molecular insights into how the limbs of even-toed ungulates diverged from those of other mammals roughly 55 million years ago explains Rolf Zeller.
and seeds with enzymes that break down cell walls they could make it easier to extract phenolic compounds.
or being able to claim carbon credits. If everything went well you could expect introduction of the low methane trait to begin in three years
and validated a molecular assay that can detect and quantify major genes specific for E coli O157.
The newly developed test is a molecular assay or polymerase chain reaction that detects bacteria based on genetic sequences
and Nagaraja worked with two Kansas State university molecular biologists: Xiaorong Shi research assistant of diagnostic medicine and pathobiology and Bai.
Researchers from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health working with colleagues at several U s. and Chinese institutions used the broccoli sprout beverage to provide sulforaphane a plant compound already demonstrated to have cancer preventive properties
Broccoli sprouts are a source of glucoraphanin a compound that generates sulforaphane when the plant is chewed or the beverage swallowed.
Secondary analyses by the investigators indicated that the sulforaphane may be exerting its protective actions by activating a signaling molecule NRF2 that elevates the capacity of cells to adapt to
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