The bacteria produce a myriad of active antimicrobial compounds. These lactic acid bacteria have now been tested on severe human wound pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) among others.
and flavonoid compounds which contribute to qualities such as coffee aroma and the bitterness of beans.
but it does reinforce the idea that the compound is a valuable asset. It also provides the opportunity to better understand the evolution of coffee's genome structure.
which makes them unsuitable for molecular analysis . However they suggest attempting to secure new samples for further study which may provide further insight into their relationship to other organisms.
This will come at a high price warn the authors as the deforestation will increase carbon emissions as well as biodiversity loss
Documenting carbon sequestration in Borneoit's that time of year again--the dry season in southeastern Asia when the Haze Wave begins.
Deforestation from an ill-fated plan to convert nearly 2. 5 million acres of Kalimantan peat swamp forest into rice paddies has contributed to Indonesia becoming the third-largest emitter of carbon according to professor Mark Cochrane a senior scientist at the Geospatial
and modeling to help the Indonesian Forest Research and development Agency assess the progress being made to reduce carbon emissions from Borneo's ancient peat swamp forest.
He collaborates with carbon emissions expert Robert Yokelson a chemistry professor from the University of Montana.
The grant is part of NASA's global carbon monitoring program which is part of an international focus on reducing emissions due to deforestation.
and releases carbon. Once the logging companies completed their work the indigenous people and a host of new settlers were left to figure out how to survive in this altered environment.
Cochrane estimates that the peat contains 20 times as much carbon as the forest trees themselves did.
and degradation or REDD offers monetary rewards to countries that reduce their carbon emissions according to Cochrane.
However progress in carbon sequestration must be documented by a third party he explains. That's the challenge:
which will allow a third party to reliably estimate how much carbon is being lost and subsequently how that number has decreased over time he explains.
We're inspired by molecules that are biologically active and have the potential to become medicines one day he said.
The new discovery belongs to a class of antibiotics known as tetracyclines for their distinctive molecular structure.
To find new weapons especially against superbugs that resist nearly all antibiotics synthetic chemists pursue the complex process of mimicking the structures of effective natural molecules as they build drug candidates atom by atom.
and the chemotherapy agent calicheamicin said the complicated new molecule offered a challenge he couldn't resist.
The structure (the discoverers) assigned to this molecule was suspicious to us. We didn't actually believe that it was correct he said.
Given this we initiated a research program to synthesize this compound for three purposes he said.
Two was to synthesize the molecule itself and confirm its structure. Three was to use the technology we've developed to make analogs of it in the hope that we could find something simpler and yet better in terms of its biological and pharmacological properties.
and did indeed revise the structure of the molecule. The lab turned synthetic samples over to biologist Shamoo and his group for testing against a number of bacterial strains and comparison with natural viridicatumtoxin B. This was very exciting for us said Nicolaou who moved his lab from the Scripps Research Institute
In order to investigate the biological properties of our synthesized compounds we turned to the Shamoo laboratory for its expertise in the area of antibiotics and drug-resistant bacteria.
The results also suggested the possibility of making variants by modifying certain domains of the molecule to improve its overall pharmacological properties.
It's said that for a drug to be discovered a chemist has to make 10000 compounds on average he said.
Areas with carbon-rich ecosystems with key wilderness habitats such as tropical forests were identified as those where new roads would cause the most environmental damage with the lease human benefit particularly areas where few roads currently exist.
But until now the molecular machinery that plants use to send this signal --and monitor water availability in general--remained unknown.
Instead the scientists used samples of cheetah hair to determine the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen.
whose photosynthesis contains intermediate products with three carbon atoms (C3). In contrast grasses exhibit a C4 photosynthesis. These food webs can be differentiated with the help of the involved carbon isotopes.
Herbivores typically only belong to one food web and the isotope ratio hence deposits in their body tissue.
Small antelopes such as springbok or steenbok specialise on shrubs and herbs whereas the oryx antelope feeds on grass--just like the cattle.
One step up in the food chain the isotope ratio of the prey transfers to its predator.
An organic residue analysis using mass spectrometry revealed that all of the relatively uniform jars contained chemical compounds indicative of wine.
Currently the most reliable authentication technique analyzes the stable isotope composition of nitrogen but it is not foolproof.
Pebble-size particles may jumpstart planet formationrocky planets like Earth start out as microscopic bits of dust tinier than a grain of sand
Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have discovered that filaments of star-forming gas near the Orion Nebula may be brimming with pebble-size particles--planetary building blocks 100
If confirmed these dense ribbons of rocky material may well represent a new mid-size class of interstellar particles that could help jumpstart planet formation.
The new GBT observations extend across the northern portion of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex a star-forming region that includes the famed Orion Nebula.
In particular since the particles are more efficient than expected at emitting at millimeter wavelengths the grains are very likely to be at least a millimeter and possibly as large as a centimeter across or roughly the size of a small Lego-style building block.
Due to the unique environment in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex the researchers propose two intriguing theories for their origin.
These regions compared to molecular clouds in general have lower temperatures higher densities and lower velocities--all of
The second scenario is that the rocky particles originally grew inside a previous generation of cores or perhaps even protoplanetary disks.
The material could then have escaped back into the surrounding molecular cloud rather than becoming part of the original newly forming star system.
and planets but if we can confirm these results it would add a new population of rocky particles to interstellar space.
These data were compared with earlier studies as well as temperature estimates obtain from observations of ammonia molecules in the clouds.
and there could be other explanations for the bright signature we detected in the emission from the Orion Molecular Cloud concluded Brian Mason an astronomer at the NRAO
Since it contains one of the highest concentrations of protostars of any nearby molecular cloud it will continue to excite the curiosity of astronomers.
MUSTANG-1. 5 the even more-sensitive successor to MUSTANG and ARGUS a camera designed for mapping the distribution of organic molecules in space.
The present study draws on data obtained from experimental hybridisations cytological investigations modern molecular analyses
and modeling suggest that about 54 gigatons of carbon is converted into terrestrial plant biomass each year the researchers report.
Given the importance of poplar trees not just for their role in the ecosystem for instance in capturing carbon
Scientists from the German Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) investigated the effect of antimicrobial peptides in cooperation with the Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) and the Institute for Reproduction of Farm animals
These molecules are naturally occurring amino acid compounds are toxic for bacteria and can be found in nearly all organisms as a first defence against germs.
and some of its symptoms curbed by a natural compound that is found in pomegranate. Also the painful inflammation that accompanies illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis
The key breakthrough by Dr Olajide and his co-researchers is to demonstrate that punicalagin which is a polyphenol--a form of chemical compound--found in pomegranate fruit can inhibit inflammation in specialised brain cells known as micrologia.
Now the research is published in the latest edition of the journal Molecular Nutrition & Food Research and Dr Olajide will start to disseminate his findings at academic conferences.
and regular consumption of pomegranate has a lot of health benefits--including prevention of neuro-inflammation related to dementia he says recommending juice products that are 100 per cent pomegranate meaning that approximately 3. 4 per cent will be punicalagin the compound
Dr Olajide states that most of the antioxidant compounds are found in the outer skin of the pomegranate not in the soft part of the fruit.
Lipocalins possess molecular pockets which are able to accommodate iron complexes. Iron is bound to the protein by so-called siderophores.
Knowledge of the molecular structure of allergens has contributed very significantly to our conclusion about milk allergy.
It's a really nice example of how a species evolved at a molecular level to adopt a very complex phenotype said Stephen Liberles HMS associate professor of cell biology.
This dramatic change in the evolution of a new behavior is a really powerful example of how you can explain evolution on a molecular level.
or particles that could block incoming sunlight but they could not explain the massive amount of heat missing for more than a decade.
which could help the world deal with its agricultural and plastic waste problems appear in the ACS journal Macromolecules.
New signal pathwaythe scientists also mapped the mechanism that gives the CES molecules the signal to gather.
The molecules have a binding site for SUMO protein. As soon as this attaches CES moves to nuclear bodies.
and other non-food crops and in agricultural waste can be used to make advanced biofuels that could substantially reduce the use of the fossil fuels responsible for the release of nearly 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere each year.
Researchers at JBEI have been cost-effectively deconstructing biomass into fuel sugars by pre-treating the biomass with ionic liquids--salts that are composed entirely of paired ions
#Plants may use newly discovered molecular language to communicatea Virginia Tech scientist has discovered a potentially new form of plant communication one that allows them to share an extraordinary amount of genetic information with one another.
The finding by Jim Westwood a professor of plant pathology physiology and weed science in the College of Agriculture and Life sciences throws open the door to a new arena of science that explores how plants communicate with each other on a molecular level.
But Westwood found that during this parasitic relationship thousands upon thousands of mrna molecules were being exchanged between both plants creating this open dialogue between the species that allows them to freely communicate.
The scientists examined the issue by measuring the isotopic composition of carbon in the wood along the intense rainfall gradient in their study zone.
If hydraulic limitation alone were to set maximum tree height the carbon isotope composition should not vary
But if both factors limit tree height the heavier carbon isotopes should accumulate in moister areas where faster photosynthesis (enhanced by wide-open stomata) can balance the costs of building more wood in taller trees.
The environment surrounding the atom-thick carbon material can influence its electronic performance according to researchers at Rice
and identify out of place-place molecules on its surface through terahertz spectroscopy. They expect the finding to be important to manufacturers considering the use of graphene in electronic devices.
It was made possible by the Rice-based Nanojapan program through which American undergraduates conduct summer research internships in Japanese labs. Even a single molecule of a foreign substance can contaminate graphene enough to affect its electrical and optical properties
Imperfections as small as a stray oxygen molecule on the graphene were picked up by a spectrometer.
The change in the terahertz signal due to adsorption of molecules is said remarkable Kono. Not just the intensity but also the waveform of emitted terahertz radiation totally and dynamically changes in response to molecular adsorption and desorption.
The next step is to explore the ultimate sensitivity of this unique technique for gas sensing.
The technique can measure both the locations of contaminating molecules and changes over time. The laser gradually removes oxygen molecules from the graphene changing its density
and we can see that Kono said. The experiment involved growing pristine graphene via chemical vapor deposition
Laser pulses generated coherent bursts of terahertz radiation through a built-in surface electric field of the indium phosphide substrate that changed due to charge transfer between the graphene and the contaminating molecules.
and significantly alter the cycling of carbon and nutrients in woodland ecosystems according to a new study.
The difference between the absorption of carbon dioxide via photosynthesis by trees and the release of carbon by microbes determines the overall carbon balance of the forest.
Saprotrophic fungi control the cycling of carbon and nutrients from wood in forests and their responses to changes in microclimate driven by fragmentation
whether forests are a carbon source or sink. The southern UK has a temperate climate with moderate temperatures and rainfall.
because healthy kelp forests can grow rapidly and store large amounts of carbon. Dr. Martone's analyses of the effects of sea otters on kelp forest ecosystems can help shape predictions of how climate change
Dr. Riehl and her team measured the grains'content of two stable carbon isotopes. When barley grass gets insufficient water
while growing the proportion of heavier carbon isotopes deposited in its cells will be higher than normal.
The two isotopes 12c und 13c remain stable for thousands of years and can be measured precisely--giving Simone Riehl
when using chromatography that separates out the real coffee compounds says Nixdorf. The added unwanted grain fillers generate different levels of sugars than the natural ingredients
Their excellent preservation will allow for DNA testing as well as Carbon 14 dating. Many of the seeds excavated in 2012 and 2013 have been analyzed by Chiara Comegna in the laboratory of Gaetano di Pasquale at the University of Naples Federico II using a morphometric program originally devised for tomato seeds.
This action can explain the toxicity of these compounds for honeybees. Scientists are urgently trying to determine the causes of colony collapse disorder and the alarming population declines of honeybees.
Although they do not confer the long-lasting immunity of a vaccine antibodies attach to virus particles
During the decade of the 90s it had been reported that the soursop contained anticancer compounds; however most studies are focused mainly on the leaves roots seeds
and stored frozen for a year the first results show that the unprocessed and frozen pulp maintains the presence of compounds called acetogenins.
With these data researchers propose to contribute knowledge about the types of these compounds found
whether or not the processing of foods derived from soursop affect anticancer compounds. The research also seeks to add value to the fruit so the least of it is wasted.
We focus on acetogenins compounds because in Mexico cancer is a disease that is increasing among the population
and scientific research shows that the compounds found in this fruit can encapsulate tumors but this depends on the how much is consumed.
For the first time Vierstra and his team have revealed the structure of the plant phytochrome a critical molecule that detects the light that tells plants
It's the molecule that tells plants when to flower says Vierstra. Plants use the molecule to sense where they are in the canopy;
they use the phytochromes for color vision--to sense whether they are above next to or under other plants.
In addition to growers the research also has implications for other scientists as the technology could be used to create new fluorescent molecules for detecting minuscule events inside cells and in the field of optogenetics
Resistant starch is fermented readily by gut microbes to produce beneficial molecules called short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate she added.
After eating 300 g of lean red meat per day for four weeks study participants had a 30 percent increase in the levels of certain genetic molecules called mir-17-92
The carbon loss from increasing tree mortality and disturbance could however reduce this uptake and reverse the positive effects of forest management aimed at reducing climate change.
In this respect adapted management strategies such as increased biodiversity and optimized thinning interventions in Europe's forests can buffer these carbon losses and support the climate change mitigation function of forests.
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell biology and Genetics show that supplying D-lactate
Teymuras Kurzchalia and Tony Hyman both have labs at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell biology
but the next step will be to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this process say Hyman and Kurzchalia.
In addition to further molecular investigation they also have more concrete plans for the future: As Kurzchalia says we can develop a yoghurt enriched with D-lactate:
Uniform tools to measure, manage greenhouse gas emissionsthe U s. Department of agriculture today released a report that for the first time provides uniform scientific methods for quantifying the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon storage from various land
and forest landowners participate in emerging carbon markets. This report provides science-based methods for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions
and carbon storage on local farms ranches and forests allowing managers of these entities to calculate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions
while building carbon storage and improving production efficiency on their lands said Stephen Ogle associate professor in CSU's Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and senior scientist at the Natural resource Ecology Laboratory (NREL).
The fusion peptides are the most important part of the molecule said Rice postdoctoral researcher and co-author Jeffrey Noel.
Most high-temperature superconductors and many closely related compounds exhibit a number of exotic electronic phases particularly as they approach the critical temperature where superconductivity arises said Pengcheng Dai professor of physics and astronomy at Rice and the study
Its molecular structure consists of layers of arsenic and barium atoms that are sandwiched between checkerboard planes of iron atoms.
The nickel atoms are substituted then partially for iron to tune the material's physical properties. The atoms in the crystals form an ordered pattern that looks identical in both the right-left (x-axis) and forward-back (y-axis) directions but not in the up-down (z-axis).
) At room temperature the material acts as one might expect conducting electricity equally well along both its x-axis and y-axis.
However as the material is cooled to near the critical temperature for magnetism it passes through a phase where electrical resistance is higher in one direction than the other.
Neutron-scattering measurements can reveal the molecular structure of materials in great detail and inelastic neutron-scattering tests allow physicists to see among others the vibrational properties of materials.
Carbon of course is associated with global warming. Most carbon emissions linked to human activity are in the form of carbon dioxide gas (CO2)
but other forms of carbon include the methane gas (CH4) and the particles generated by such fires--the tiny bits of soot called black carbon and motes of associated substances known as brown carbon.
Jacobson explains that total anthropogenic or human-created carbon dioxide emissions excluding biomass burning now stand at more than 39 billion tons annually.
That incorporates everything associated with non-biomass-burning human activity from coal-fired power plants to automobile emissions from concrete factories to cattle feedlots.
Black carbon and brown carbon maximize the thermal impacts of such fires. They essentially allow biomass burning to cause much more global warming per unit weight than other human-associated carbon sources.
Black and brown carbon particles increase atmospheric warming in three ways. First they enter the minuscule water droplets that form clouds.
At night that's not an issue. But during the day sunlight scatters around within clouds bathing them in luminescence.
or brown carbon particles Jacobson said the carbon absorbs the light energy creating heat and accelerating evaporation of the droplet.
Carbon particles floating around in the spaces between the droplets also absorb scattered sunlight converting it to heat.
Finally Jacobson said carbon particles released from burning biomass settle on snow and ice contributing to further warming.
But because carbon is dark it absorbs sunlight causing snow and ice to melt at accelerated rates.
Jacobson noted that some carbon particles--specifically white and gray carbon the variants associated with some types of ashcan exert a cooling effect
That must be weighed against the warming qualities of the black and brown carbon particles and CO2 emissions generated by biomass combustion to derive a net effect.
and some others--plus the warming caused by black and brown carbon will yield a planetary warming effect of 2 degrees Celsius over the 20-year period simulated by the computer.
But light-colored particles--white and gray particles primarily--reflect sunlight and enhance cloudiness causing more light to reflect.
The cooling effect of these light-colored particles amounts to slightly more than 1 C Jacobson said so you end up with a total net warming gain of 0. 9 C or so.
Exposure to biomass burning particles is associated strongly with cardiovascular disease respiratory illness lung cancer asthma and low birth weights.
They also combined 33 new transcriptomes a set of RNA molecules with 13 genomes both
Organophosphates pose tremendous danger to people and wildlife and sadly it's not unusual for humans to come into contact with these compounds
#Perus carbon quantified: Economic and conservation boontoday scientists unveiled the first high-resolution map of the carbon stocks stored on land throughout the entire country of Perã.
The new and improved methodology used to make the map marks a sea change for future market-based carbon economies.
The new carbon map also reveals Perã's extremely high ecological diversity and it provides the critical input to studies of deforestation and forest degradation for conservation land use and enforcement purposes.
The technique includes the determination of uncertainty of carbon stores throughout the country which is essential for decision makers.
The mapping project is a joint effort among the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) led by Carnegie's Greg Asner the Ministry of Environment of Perã and Wake Forest University.
Historically two obstacles have slowed accurate carbon inventories at national scales. The first is the inadequate resolution of satellite mapping data
and markets that depend on timely knowledge of where carbon is stored on land. With its huge range of environments from cold Andean deserts to hot Amazonian rainforests Perã is an ideal country for advancing high-tech carbon inventories.
Asner remarked: The international community wants to use a combination of carbon sequestration and emissions reductions to combat climate change.
Some 15%of global carbon emissions result from deforestation and forest degradation which releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as trees are destroyed.
Our cost-effective approach allows us to accurately map the carbon in this incredibly diverse country for the first time.
It opens Perã's door to carbon sequestration agreements and is an enormous boon to conservation and monitoring efforts over vast areas for the long term.
The critical resolution for carbon monitoring is the hectare (2. 5 acres. It is the world's most common unit of land tenure
and policy enforcement yet very few countries have advanced their carbon monitoring efforts at such high resolution.
The team integrated airborne laser mapping technology using the Carnegie Airborne Observatory with field data
and coupled them with publicly available satellite imagery to scale carbon inventories up to the national level.
The new map reveals that the total aboveground carbon stock of the country is currently 6. 9 billion metric tons.
But the carbon stocks vary by region and land ownership. The average carbon density for Peruvian rainforests is 99 metric tons of carbon per hectare with the maximum density of 168 metric tons of carbon per hectare.
The largest stocks are in the northern Peruvian Amazon and along the Brazil-Perã border.
Regions of deforestation such as Puerto Maldonado where gold mining has ravaged the area had low to no carbon storage.
The team also assessed 174 protected areas finding that for every hectare of forest put into protection an average 95 metric tons of carbon are stored on land with even more carbon sequestered below the soil surface.
Now every person in private enterprise and decision makers in regional local and national government has an estimate of carbon content for every place in Perã.
If you choose carbon as your currency parks in Amazonian Perã are the banks and the bigger the area the closer it gets to being Fort knox. Full Report link ftp://dge. stanford. edu/pub/asner/carbonreport/Carnegieperucarbonreport-English pdfstory Source:
The UC Davis labs carried out work on the transcriptome of S. pennellii--the RNA molecules that are transcribed from DNA
They also found genes that contribute to volatile compounds related to fruit scent and flavor. The UC Davis portion of the work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
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