With a longtime specialization in the molecular basis for unexpected gene activity in plants Hollick had zeroed in on an enzyme called RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV.
and Pol IV is an enigmatic RNA polymerase that is known in plants to produce small RNA molecules.
Molecular analysis showed that that was in fact the case Hollick said. The researchers selected dark kernels and light kernels from multiple generations of plants
Soy contains isoflavones estrogen-like substances that are known also to affect molecular pathways involved in tumor development and growth.
The atom-thin graphene sheets bound to the crystals take up very little bulk. In the best samples made at Rice fully 84 percent of the cathode's weight was the lithium-slurping VO2
The process involved suspending graphene oxide nanosheets with powdered vanadium pentoxide (layered vanadium oxide with two atoms of vanadium and five of oxygen) in water and heating it in an autoclave for hours.
They compared 141 peach gene families to those of six other fully sequenced diverse plant species to unravel unique metabolic pathways for instance those that lead to lignin biosynthesis--the molecular glue that holds the plant cells together
The simulations are the largest particle-in-cell (PIC) code simulations by number of cores ever performed.
PIC simulations are used extensively in plasma physics to model the motion of the charged particles and the electromagnetic interactions between them that make up ionized matter.
High performance computers such as Sequoia enable these codes to follow the simultaneous evolution of tens of billions to trillions of individual particles in highly complex systems.
Each simulation evolves the dynamics of more than 100 billion particles for more than 100000 computational time steps.
which positively impacts cholesterol said the study's corresponding author Srinavasa T. Reddy a UCLA professor of medicine and of molecular and medical pharmacology.
He publishes his discovery that baleen is a highly mobile material that tangles in flowing water to form the perfect net for trapping food particles at natural whale swimming speeds in The Journal of Experimental Biology.
and reducing the number of snagged particles: single baleen plates are less effective filters at higher swimming speeds.
and more matted as the flow increased trapping the most particles at speeds ranging from 70 to 80 cm/s
Co-authors of the study with Tushingham at UC Davis include Jelmer W. Eerkens a professor of anthropology whose research centers on hunter-gatherers and Oliver Fiehn professor in the department of molecular and cellular biology and the genome center.
Molecular data have revealed recently that both cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) . and melon (Cucumis melo L.)are indigenous to India
Updating and summarising the available information on Indian Cucurbitaceae and linking it to molecular data
In collaboration with scientists at the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies he has been working at the interface of molecular evolution
and molecular dynamics looking back to when proteins first appeared approximately 3. 8 billion years ago to determine changes in folding speed over time.
however that this research makes an important contribution to understanding how molecules work. The complexities of the biological functions of molecules are understood still poorly he said.
If we mix the world of molecular dynamics with the world of molecular evolution we can then determine what aspects of sequences are important for molecular dynamics
and therefore we can apply them to genetic engineering synthetic biology and so on. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Illinois College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental sciences.
and functions in a similar fashion to that of phytase included in the diet said Dr. Cecil Forsberg Professor Emeritus Department of Molecular
and maintain cells DNA is copied into ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules also called transcripts. Transcripts are often like a recipe for making proteins
The AFM has a tiny needle with a tip measuring just a few atoms across. The needle is suspended from a tiny arm that bobs up and down over a surface.
we used those measurements to see what state the molecule was said in Kiang. In this way we were able to study the dynamics of the molecule to see how it changed over a period of time.
Moake a senior research scientist in bioengineering at Rice and professor of medicine at BCM said the work is vitally important
Lignin is a big molecule. Heating it up in the absence of oxygen--pyrolysis--breaks it down into smaller fragments that can be read by a molecular beam mass spectrometer.
The ratios of lignin to carbohydrate components together with the intensity of the lignin peaks can tell a scientist how easily a plant will give up its sugars.
HTAP integrates a molecular beam mass spectrometer with the pyrolysis unit to quickly determine chemical signatures (phenotypes) on small amounts of biomass samples that can be used for among other things identifying the genes controlling the chemical makeup.
and fabricate the molecular beam mass spectrometer and Frontier Laboratories which provided the pyrolysis instrument. NREL scientists integrated the autosampler pyrolyzer
and molecular beam mass spectrometer to make HTAP. Other partners using NREL's rapid analytical tool for fuel research besides Arborgen are the University of Florida the University of Georgia Greenwood Resources the Bioenergy Science Center
Silica forms minute particles inside many plants called phytoliths that among other things help some plants stand upright
and exposed to high heat until the powder particles are bound together into a solid but slightly porous material.
When this field is applied it creates subtle changes in the material's grain boundaries--where atoms from different crystals meet in the material.
These defects consist of vacancies (missing atoms) which can carry charges. The defects are negatively charged and draw current from the electric field to the area
They suggest that this increased stress may be the reason organic tomatoes had higher levels sugars Vitamin c and pigment molecules like lycopene an antioxidant compound--all of
According to Tang molecules derived from wood products are particularly worthwhile targets. They're a rich source of the cycloaliphatic
They have the rigid molecular structures and hydrophobicity that materials scientists know work well. They also have an advantage at the end of their life cycle.
The technology is also known as plant molecular farming. Just one farm growing 16000 acres of safflower could meet the world's total demand for insulin.
A new study'Small RNA profiling reveals phosphorus deficiency as a contributing factor in symptom expression for citrus Huanglongbing disease'published online February 19 in the journal Molecular Plant profiled small
and found that some of these tiny molecules could potentially be developed into early diagnosis markers for HLB.
They found a positive correlation between OHCAS and exposure to both fine particulate matter (airborne particles smaller than 2. 5 micrograms) and ozone.
Their findings suggest that IKBKE is a key molecule related to tobacco-induced lung cancer. Since IKBKE kinase is induced by tobacco small molecular inhibitors of IKBKE could have a therapeutic drug potential for lung cancer explained lead author Jin Q. Cheng Ph d. M d. senior member
of the Molecular Oncology Department at Moffitt. Current treatments for non-small cell lung cancer include surgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
However patients eventually develop resistance to treatment. There is a great need to better understand the molecular mechanism of resistance
and develop new gene-targeted therapies that can circumvent resistance said the authors. In this study the researchers also reported for the first time that IKBKE is a target of STAT3 a transcription factor that plays a key role in many cellular processes such as cell growth
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons and their ratios are signatures of where
Until now the beneficial effects of zinc in combating infection have not been understood fully at the molecular level.
When a pathogen is recognized a series of molecules wake up from dormancy to create a process that activates the innate immune response.
The fact that these potentially dangerous particles are being taken up by such a common crop suggests a need to review what materials are used in agriculture around the world.
which may provide a route for these potentially dangerous particles to get into our bodies if the content of the water is not more tightly managed.
Particles emanating from this boundary produce a striking narrow ribbon which had yet to be explained despite more than a dozen possible theories.
In a new retention model researchers from the University of New hampshire and Southwest Research Institute suggest that charged particles trapped in this region create the ribbon as they escape as neutral atoms.
The Sun continually sends out a solar wind of charged particles or ions traveling in all directions at supersonic speeds.
IBEX cameras measure energetic neutral atoms (ENAS) that form when charged particles become neutralized. As solar wind ENAS leave the solar system the majority move out in various directions never to re-enter.
However some ENAS leave the solar system and impact other neutral atoms becoming charges particles again.
From those regions some of those particles return to the solar system as secondary ENAS--ENAS that leave the solar system
#Scientists use Amazon Cloud to view molecular machinery in remarkable detailin this week's Nature Methods Salk researchers share a how-to secret for biologists:
The method promises to speed research into the underlying causes of disease by making single-molecule microscopy of practical use for more laboratories.
The latest frontier in basic biomedical research is to better understand the molecular machines called proteins and enzymes.
In the case of human cells some of the parts of the assembly line can be as small as single molecules.
Unfortunately in the past conventional light microscopes could not clearly show objects as small as single molecules. The available alternatives such as electron microscopy could not be used effectively with living cells.
The challenge for biologists is that the molecules they want to see are often only a few tens of nanometers in size.
You have no idea how many single molecules are distributed within that blurry spot so essential features
which represent single molecules. The downside to these approaches is that it can take several hours to several days to crunch all the numbers required just to produce one usable image.
which are molecular machines that appear to encourage cancer cells to spread. In one instance they dropped the time needed to process an image from a whole day to 72 minutes.
and can also affect international travelers said Leonard Both M. Sc. a researcher involved in the work from the Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit at St george's University of London in the United kingdom. An untreated rabies infection is nearly 100 percent fatal
The research combines sediment core studies of the waxy molecules from plant leaves with pollen analysis yielding data of unprecedented scope and detail on what types of vegetation dominated the landscape surrounding the African
It is the combination of evidence both molecular and pollen evidence that allows us to say just how long we've seen Serengeti-type open grasslands said Sarah J. Feakins assistant professor of Earth sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters Arts
Boron atoms have a strong preference to clump into three-dimensional shapes rather than assemble into pristine single-atom sheets like carbon does
Through first-principle calculations of the interaction of boron atoms with various substrates the team came up with several possible paths experimentalists may take toward 2-D boron.
But boron could have vacancies--missing atoms--without affecting its properties. That's the theory.
because the atoms have to spill onto the surface and stick but not too strongly.
Then like graphene these atom-thick boron sheets could be applied to other surfaces for testing and ultimately for use in applications.
The study also calculated methods for creating sheets via saturation of boron atoms on the surface of boride substrates and the evaporation of metal atoms from metal borides that leaves just the target atoms in a sheet.
Instead of differences in protein quality we showed that maple trees have lower quantities of protein than oak partly explaining why they are less nutritious than oak leaves said Barbehenn an associate research scientist in the Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental
##Zoomable map of poplar proteins offers new view of bioenergy cropresearchers seeking to improve production of ethanol from woody crops have a new resource in the form of an extensive molecular map
The study is featured on the cover of January's Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. The ability to comprehensively measure genes and proteins helps us understand the range of molecular machinery that a plant uses to do its life functions said ORNL's Robert Hettich.
This can provide the information necessary to modify a metabolic process to do something specific such as altering the lignin content of a tree to make it better suited for biofuel production.
Single-atom-thick patterns combine conductor and insulatorrice University scientists have taken an important step toward the creation of two-dimensional electronics with a process to make patterns in atom-thick layers that combine a conductor and an insulator.
Even at one atom thick the hexagonal array of carbon atoms has proven its potential as a fascinating electronic material.
and found that Abscisic acid was the key signaling molecule. We are familiar with how animals use a fight or flight strategy to face external challenges.
The effect creates an excess of strengthening sugar molecules in the willows'stems which attempt to straighten the plant upwards.
However creating the one-atom thick sheets of carbon known as graphene in a way that could be integrated easily into mass production methods has proven difficult.
and understand the nucleus of the atom at CERN. Frode à degaard has embarked already upon follow-up research.
The new study describes researchers'use of molecular biological methods to design and assemble the viral genome completely in a test tube in a form that can be introduced easily
A collaborative effort by the Rice lab of chemist James Tour and the Moscow lab of chemist Stepan Kalmykov determined that microscopic atom-thick flakes of graphene oxide bind quickly to natural and human-made radionuclides
You really want something that penetrates into your teeth and breaks down the stain molecules.
Molecular biological analyses of tissue samples always confront scientists with the same problem: how to retrieve the genome of a specific pathogen from a mixture of DNAS in a patient and its microbial cohabitants?
and molecular sciences who has researched these vegetable compounds for the past 25 years. We are far from being able to declare a victory over autism
Unfortunately its root causes remain elusive though progress has been made Talalay says in describing some of the biochemical and molecular abnormalities that tend to accompany ASD.
& Communication Technology were first in the world to demonstrate single-atom spin qubits in silicon reported in Nature in 2012 and 2013.
Now the team led by Dzurak has discovered a way to create an artificial atom qubit with a device remarkably similar to the silicon transistors used in consumer electronics known as MOSFETS.
Postdoctoral researcher Menno Veldhorst lead author on the paper reporting the artificial atom qubit says It is really amazing that we can make such an accurate qubit using pretty much the same devices as we have in our laptops and phones.
Meanwhile Morello's team has been pushing the natural phosphorus atom qubit to the extremes of performance.
Dr Juha Muhonen a postdoctoral researcher and lead author on the natural atom qubit paper notes:
The phosphorus atom contains in fact two qubits: the electron and the nucleus. With the nucleus in particular we have achieved accuracy close to 99.99%.
The high-accuracy operations for both natural and artificial atom qubits is achieved by placing each inside a thin layer of specially purified silicon containing only the silicon-28 isotope.
or millions of qubits and may integrate both natural and artificial atoms. Morello's research team also established a world-record coherence time for a single quantum bit held in solid state.
In order to efficiently protect crops we must better understand molecular mechanisms like these that occur in the very earliest stages of infection.
Increasingly local adaptation to climate is being studied at the molecular level by identifying which genes control climate adaptation
Specifically to control the molecular orientation and packing at electrode surfaces the team combined knowledge about graphene and organic crystals.
Charge transport anisotropy is a phenomenon where electrons flow faster along a particular crystallographic direction due to close molecule-molecule interactions.
Briseno says The biggest challenge in producing this architecture was finding the appropriate substrate that would enable the molecules to stack vertically.
and fixing nitrogen by manipulating the molecular mechanisms that regulate these functions. If this can be done with legumes such as soybeans perhaps this trait can be transferred to other crops that don't fix nitrogen he added.
When the genome of the black Perigord truffle was mapped in 2010 we thought that the fungus had sufficient genes to create its flavour on its own junior professor Richard Splivallo from the Institute for Molecular Life sciences at the Goethe University explained.
Now researchers at A*STAR have used a process known as friction stir processing (see image) to produce an evenly distributed mix of nanosized aluminum oxide (Al2o3) particles in aluminum1.
It also reduced the amount of airborne particles produced during powder placement and friction stir processing explains Guo.
smaller aluminum matrix grains can flow past each other more smoothly than larger particles enhancing the strength of the material.
and the original plant compound was simply the stereochemical configuration of one atom. The crucial change however is the fact that the insect metabolite is no longer reactive to the plant enzyme
The importance of the three-dimensional structure of molecules and the stereospecificity of chemical reactions is overlooked often.
even though the atoms are connected in the same way. The term chirality is derived from the Greek word for hand
That two mirror molecules can have a completely different mode of action became widely known in the aftermath of the tragic effects the sedative drug Contergan had on unborn children in the early 1960s.
In a first-of-its kind study that combined molecular and environmental data professor Meng-Hua Li et al. performed a search for genes under environmental selection from domesticated sheep breeds.
The research stems from a look at the function of a large family of lipid-derived molecular signals that regulate differential processes in humans animals and plants according to Kolomiets
The molecular signals are understood less in plants than in animals and humans he noted. â#oepeople take certain drugs such as aspirin to suppress the activity of these signals
because overproduction of these molecules may lead to headaches and pain and all sorts of disordersâ#Kolomiets said. â#oeitâ##s the same group of metabolites that are produced by the plants
The best characterized molecule of the fatty acid-derived signals is called jasmonic acid because it was isolated first as a volatile produced by jasmine Kolomiets said.
Jasmonic acid one of perhaps 600 oxylipin molecules identified in plants is known to have diverse functions.
Then this molecule since it is a volatile attracts parasitic wasps. They come to the plant that is being chewed up by insect herbivores
The imperfections have unique electronic properties that the researchers were able to exploit to increase sensitivity to absorbed gas molecules by 300 times.
Their first discovery was that gas molecules are attracted to the grain boundary and accumulate there rather than on the graphene crystal making it the ideal spot for sensing gas molecules.
A grain boundary's electrical properties attract molecules to its surface. A theoretical chemistry group at UIC led by Petr Kral was able to explain this attraction and additional electronic properties of the grain boundary.
The irregular nature of the grain boundary produces hundreds of electron-transport gaps with different sensitivities.
Gas molecules accumulate on the grain boundary; there is a charge transfer; and because these channels are paralleled all together all the channels abruptly open or close.
With the grain boundary's strong attraction for gas molecules and the extraordinarily sharp response to any charge transfer such an electronic nose might be able to detect even a single gas molecule Salehi-Khojin believes
He is working with molecular biologist Jai Rohila of the biology and microbiology department through a two-year project sponsored by the National Institute of Crop science in Suwaon South korea.
#For legume plants, a new route from shoot to roota new study shows that legume plants regulate their symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria by using cytokinins--signaling molecules--that are transmitted through the plant structure from leaves
and CLE-RS2 but the identity of the molecule doing the signaling downward has remained veiled in mystery.
In this research published in Nature Communications the group demonstrates using the model legume Lotus japonicus that the downward signaling is performed actually by a cytokinin--though the exact molecule remains to be identified
This study together with previous research results clearly shows that cytokinins are key signaling molecules in organ-to-organ communication allowing balanced plant growth
The material is made of graphene nanoribbons atom-thick strips of carbon created by splitting nanotubes a process also invented by the Tour lab
Our ability to use molecular techniques like 16s RIBOSOMAL RNA gene sequencing to characterize nearly all of the bacteria on a leaf is going to make it possible to see how very different members of forest communities interact said Wright.
Just four days after infection the researchers found increased expression of certain pathogen receptors (TLR-2 and NOD2) and signalling molecules involved in inflammatory reactions (TNF-Î) in the intestine of the infected animals.
The result is a kind of molecular matchmaking Marbã¡n said. Through magnetic resonance imaging we were able to see the iron-tagged cells traveling to the site of injury where the healing could begin.
Integral for medicine and biotechnologythe Phd student Stephan Mauracher worked at the University of Vienna taking an essential part in this project as part of the University Initiative termed Functional Molecules.
In a paper in the American Chemical Society journal Nano Letters the Rice team analyzed the properties of elemental bonds between semiconducting phosphorus atoms in 2-D sheets.
In pristine dichalcogenides atoms of the two elements alternate in lockstep. But wherever two atoms of the same element bond they create a point defect.
Think of it as a temporary disturbance in the force that could slow electrons down Yakobson said.
or grain boundaries--where sheets of a 2-D material merge at angles forcing like atoms to bond--the materials become far less useful.
But at an angle phosphorus reveals its true form as alternate atoms jut out of the matrix.
The researchers also show it may be possible to tune the electronic properties of 2-D phosphorus by altering (aka doping) it with foreign atoms.
which control the atmospheric distribution of many short-lived climate pollutants such as tropospheric ozone methane and aerosol particles.
which makes them unsuitable for molecular analysis . However they suggest attempting to secure new samples for further study which may provide further insight into their relationship to other organisms.
We're inspired by molecules that are biologically active and have the potential to become medicines one day he said.
The new discovery belongs to a class of antibiotics known as tetracyclines for their distinctive molecular structure.
To find new weapons especially against superbugs that resist nearly all antibiotics synthetic chemists pursue the complex process of mimicking the structures of effective natural molecules as they build drug candidates atom by atom.
and the chemotherapy agent calicheamicin said the complicated new molecule offered a challenge he couldn't resist.
The structure (the discoverers) assigned to this molecule was suspicious to us. We didn't actually believe that it was correct he said.
Two was to synthesize the molecule itself and confirm its structure. Three was to use the technology we've developed to make analogs of it in the hope that we could find something simpler and yet better in terms of its biological and pharmacological properties.
and did indeed revise the structure of the molecule. The lab turned synthetic samples over to biologist Shamoo and his group for testing against a number of bacterial strains and comparison with natural viridicatumtoxin B. This was very exciting for us said Nicolaou who moved his lab from the Scripps Research Institute
The results also suggested the possibility of making variants by modifying certain domains of the molecule to improve its overall pharmacological properties.
But until now the molecular machinery that plants use to send this signal --and monitor water availability in general--remained unknown.
Pebble-size particles may jumpstart planet formationrocky planets like Earth start out as microscopic bits of dust tinier than a grain of sand
Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have discovered that filaments of star-forming gas near the Orion Nebula may be brimming with pebble-size particles--planetary building blocks 100
If confirmed these dense ribbons of rocky material may well represent a new mid-size class of interstellar particles that could help jumpstart planet formation.
The new GBT observations extend across the northern portion of the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex a star-forming region that includes the famed Orion Nebula.
In particular since the particles are more efficient than expected at emitting at millimeter wavelengths the grains are very likely to be at least a millimeter and possibly as large as a centimeter across or roughly the size of a small Lego-style building block.
Due to the unique environment in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex the researchers propose two intriguing theories for their origin.
These regions compared to molecular clouds in general have lower temperatures higher densities and lower velocities--all of
The second scenario is that the rocky particles originally grew inside a previous generation of cores or perhaps even protoplanetary disks.
The material could then have escaped back into the surrounding molecular cloud rather than becoming part of the original newly forming star system.
and planets but if we can confirm these results it would add a new population of rocky particles to interstellar space.
These data were compared with earlier studies as well as temperature estimates obtain from observations of ammonia molecules in the clouds.
and there could be other explanations for the bright signature we detected in the emission from the Orion Molecular Cloud concluded Brian Mason an astronomer at the NRAO
Since it contains one of the highest concentrations of protostars of any nearby molecular cloud it will continue to excite the curiosity of astronomers.
MUSTANG-1. 5 the even more-sensitive successor to MUSTANG and ARGUS a camera designed for mapping the distribution of organic molecules in space.
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