The present study draws on data obtained from experimental hybridisations cytological investigations modern molecular analyses
Scientists from the German Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) investigated the effect of antimicrobial peptides in cooperation with the Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) and the Institute for Reproduction of Farm animals
These molecules are naturally occurring amino acid compounds are toxic for bacteria and can be found in nearly all organisms as a first defence against germs.
Now the research is published in the latest edition of the journal Molecular Nutrition & Food Research and Dr Olajide will start to disseminate his findings at academic conferences.
Lipocalins possess molecular pockets which are able to accommodate iron complexes. Iron is bound to the protein by so-called siderophores.
Knowledge of the molecular structure of allergens has contributed very significantly to our conclusion about milk allergy.
It's a really nice example of how a species evolved at a molecular level to adopt a very complex phenotype said Stephen Liberles HMS associate professor of cell biology.
This dramatic change in the evolution of a new behavior is a really powerful example of how you can explain evolution on a molecular level.
or particles that could block incoming sunlight but they could not explain the massive amount of heat missing for more than a decade.
which could help the world deal with its agricultural and plastic waste problems appear in the ACS journal Macromolecules.
New signal pathwaythe scientists also mapped the mechanism that gives the CES molecules the signal to gather.
The molecules have a binding site for SUMO protein. As soon as this attaches CES moves to nuclear bodies.
#Plants may use newly discovered molecular language to communicatea Virginia Tech scientist has discovered a potentially new form of plant communication one that allows them to share an extraordinary amount of genetic information with one another.
The finding by Jim Westwood a professor of plant pathology physiology and weed science in the College of Agriculture and Life sciences throws open the door to a new arena of science that explores how plants communicate with each other on a molecular level.
But Westwood found that during this parasitic relationship thousands upon thousands of mrna molecules were being exchanged between both plants creating this open dialogue between the species that allows them to freely communicate.
The environment surrounding the atom-thick carbon material can influence its electronic performance according to researchers at Rice
and identify out of place-place molecules on its surface through terahertz spectroscopy. They expect the finding to be important to manufacturers considering the use of graphene in electronic devices.
It was made possible by the Rice-based Nanojapan program through which American undergraduates conduct summer research internships in Japanese labs. Even a single molecule of a foreign substance can contaminate graphene enough to affect its electrical and optical properties
Imperfections as small as a stray oxygen molecule on the graphene were picked up by a spectrometer.
The change in the terahertz signal due to adsorption of molecules is said remarkable Kono. Not just the intensity but also the waveform of emitted terahertz radiation totally and dynamically changes in response to molecular adsorption and desorption.
The next step is to explore the ultimate sensitivity of this unique technique for gas sensing.
The technique can measure both the locations of contaminating molecules and changes over time. The laser gradually removes oxygen molecules from the graphene changing its density
and we can see that Kono said. The experiment involved growing pristine graphene via chemical vapor deposition
Laser pulses generated coherent bursts of terahertz radiation through a built-in surface electric field of the indium phosphide substrate that changed due to charge transfer between the graphene and the contaminating molecules.
Although they do not confer the long-lasting immunity of a vaccine antibodies attach to virus particles
For the first time Vierstra and his team have revealed the structure of the plant phytochrome a critical molecule that detects the light that tells plants
It's the molecule that tells plants when to flower says Vierstra. Plants use the molecule to sense where they are in the canopy;
they use the phytochromes for color vision--to sense whether they are above next to or under other plants.
In addition to growers the research also has implications for other scientists as the technology could be used to create new fluorescent molecules for detecting minuscule events inside cells and in the field of optogenetics
Resistant starch is fermented readily by gut microbes to produce beneficial molecules called short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate she added.
After eating 300 g of lean red meat per day for four weeks study participants had a 30 percent increase in the levels of certain genetic molecules called mir-17-92
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell biology and Genetics show that supplying D-lactate
Teymuras Kurzchalia and Tony Hyman both have labs at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell biology
but the next step will be to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this process say Hyman and Kurzchalia.
In addition to further molecular investigation they also have more concrete plans for the future: As Kurzchalia says we can develop a yoghurt enriched with D-lactate:
The fusion peptides are the most important part of the molecule said Rice postdoctoral researcher and co-author Jeffrey Noel.
Its molecular structure consists of layers of arsenic and barium atoms that are sandwiched between checkerboard planes of iron atoms.
The nickel atoms are substituted then partially for iron to tune the material's physical properties. The atoms in the crystals form an ordered pattern that looks identical in both the right-left (x-axis) and forward-back (y-axis) directions but not in the up-down (z-axis).
) At room temperature the material acts as one might expect conducting electricity equally well along both its x-axis and y-axis.
However as the material is cooled to near the critical temperature for magnetism it passes through a phase where electrical resistance is higher in one direction than the other.
Neutron-scattering measurements can reveal the molecular structure of materials in great detail and inelastic neutron-scattering tests allow physicists to see among others the vibrational properties of materials.
and the particles generated by such fires--the tiny bits of soot called black carbon and motes of associated substances known as brown carbon.
Black and brown carbon particles increase atmospheric warming in three ways. First they enter the minuscule water droplets that form clouds.
or brown carbon particles Jacobson said the carbon absorbs the light energy creating heat and accelerating evaporation of the droplet.
Carbon particles floating around in the spaces between the droplets also absorb scattered sunlight converting it to heat.
Finally Jacobson said carbon particles released from burning biomass settle on snow and ice contributing to further warming.
Jacobson noted that some carbon particles--specifically white and gray carbon the variants associated with some types of ashcan exert a cooling effect
That must be weighed against the warming qualities of the black and brown carbon particles and CO2 emissions generated by biomass combustion to derive a net effect.
But light-colored particles--white and gray particles primarily--reflect sunlight and enhance cloudiness causing more light to reflect.
The cooling effect of these light-colored particles amounts to slightly more than 1 C Jacobson said so you end up with a total net warming gain of 0. 9 C or so.
Exposure to biomass burning particles is associated strongly with cardiovascular disease respiratory illness lung cancer asthma and low birth weights.
They also combined 33 new transcriptomes a set of RNA molecules with 13 genomes both
The UC Davis labs carried out work on the transcriptome of S. pennellii--the RNA molecules that are transcribed from DNA
But these greenhouse gases as well as clouds and tiny particles called aerosols in the atmosphere also play vital roles in Earth's complex climate system.
and dust particles. These global datasets provide clues that help scientists understand how Earth's climate has varied
Improving Climate Modelsin addition to greenhouse gases Aura measures several other constituents relevant to climate--smoke dust and clouds including the ice particles within the clouds--that are important
. But genetic comparisons and molecular dating have in the past several decades provided exact lengths in years for most of these branches indicating how long ago a species had a common ancestor.
and particles deposited to surfaces and dust in the home. Until now the risks of this exposure known as'third hand tobacco smoke'have been highly uncertain
and particles the so-called third hand smoke. This risk should not be overlooked and its impact should be included in future educational programs and tobacco-related public health policies.
The TSNAS concentrations found in smoke-free homes would suggest that TSNAS formed in smoking environments can persist for extended periods possibly due to partitioning to ambient particles
and form solid particles. We measured dust grains as large as around one micron (a thousandth of a millimeter)
and other crops said Osman Radwan a U of I molecular biologist. If we look at diseases of soybean we find that soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is at the top
We need to understand at the molecular level how these two pathogens interact when they are present in soybean fields.
Understanding the mechanisms of molecular interactions between SCN and M. phaseolina will help molecular biologists
and breeders to design an effective method to control both diseases and to breed soybean for resistance to both pathogens he said.
and crops that can deal with droughts and high temperatures like those now affecting the Southwestern United states. â#oefor each carbon dioxide molecule that is incorporated into plants through photosynthesis plants lose about 200 hundred molecules of water
Hoppe's unique microscope setup allows the researchers to use fluorescence to see what's happening at a molecular level in live cells.
Our identification of the genes and their variants responsible for this adaptation to boron toxicity means that we now have molecular markers that can be used in breeding programs to select lines for boron tolerance with 100%accuracy.
when our immune system produces antibodies to destroy enemy molecules like those from bacteria and viruses.
The Rice lab of materials scientist Pulickel Ajayan discovered that nanotubes that hit a target end first turn into mostly ragged clumps of atoms.
The effect was confirmed through molecular simulations. They showed that when multiwalled tubes impact the target the outer tube flattens hitting the inside tubes
So for example the smell of cultured butter is encoded by a combination of just 3 key molecules
the smell of this popular brandy is attributable to 36 key molecules. Brain blends individual notes to create a new odor identitythe chemical odor codes are translated into olfactory stimulus patterns
Thomas Hofmann from the TUM Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science. When people perceive external chemical odor patterns
Optimizing odors in food productionso far scientists have identified 42 receptors that respond to food odors--with the majority binding multiple odor molecules.
For example knowing more about the odor codes of crop plants and fruits at molecular level can be useful to breeders.
The disease-causing formation of AÎ oligomers--groups of molecules loosely attracted to each other-build up around synapses.
In addition to the clones for Arabidopsis and rice GTS Heazlewood and his collaborators at JBEI also created a set of highly efficient particle bombardment plasmids--pbullets
and brain building molecules for premature babies or a drink that slows digestion so people feel fuller for longer.
when the body starts the digestion process an enzyme called lipase breaks down the fat molecules to form a highly geometrically ordered structure.
and can carry away soil particles if it flows overland. Since water flows downhill that's where the soil goes once water erosion begins.
The study provides fascinating insights into the molecular history of evolution and is published By nature today.
Rolf Zeller from the Department of Biomedicine at the University of Basel has investigated now the molecular changes
The development of limbs in both species is initially strikingly similar and molecular differences only become apparent during hand and foot plate development:
We think this early loss of molecular asymmetry triggered the evolutionary changes that ultimately resulted in development of cloven-hoofed distal limb skeleton in cattle
The identified genetic alterations affecting this regulatory switch offer unprecedented molecular insights into how the limbs of even-toed ungulates diverged from those of other mammals roughly 55 million years ago explains Rolf Zeller.
and validated a molecular assay that can detect and quantify major genes specific for E coli O157.
The newly developed test is a molecular assay or polymerase chain reaction that detects bacteria based on genetic sequences
and Nagaraja worked with two Kansas State university molecular biologists: Xiaorong Shi research assistant of diagnostic medicine and pathobiology and Bai.
Secondary analyses by the investigators indicated that the sulforaphane may be exerting its protective actions by activating a signaling molecule NRF2 that elevates the capacity of cells to adapt to
or molecular analysis. It has also been reported that polymerase chain reaction PCR positive samples were reported negative on histology.
A major challenge for achieving a sustainable energy future is our understanding of the molecular basis of superior growth
Now for the first time Ralph Bock's group at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology could show that new species can be generated in an asexual manner As well as in previous studies Bock's group at the Max Planck Institute
of Molecular Plant Physiology used a method called grafting. It is known generally from nature that plants are able to grow together at their contact zones.
The key molecule to initiate flavor development is acetate says Wittmann noting that The intensity of the aroma from a fermented bean is amazing.
This is the first study to suggest that it might be possible to personalize recommended diets for breast cancer survivors based on the molecular characteristics of their primary tumor.
This function is determined by the response of blood vessels in the forearm to a naturally occurring molecule called acetylcholine.
and that taurine plays an important role in bone formation Dr Vidya Velagapudi Head of the Metabolomics Unit at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland.
In addition older patients with Vitamin b12 deficiency from a study by the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland displayed a statistically positive correlation suggesting that Vitamin b12 plays a key role in regulating taurine synthesis and bone formation in humans of all ages.
The Tour lab with assistance from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) produced the patented material that pulls only carbon dioxide molecules from flowing natural gas
and carbon dioxide molecules he said. Hwang also considered metal oxide frameworks that trap carbon dioxide molecules
but they had the unfortunate side effect of capturing the desired methane as well and they are far too expensive to make for this application.
or nitrogen atoms) to start the polymerization reaction. This would never work on simple activated carbon; the key is that the polymer forms
Methane ethane and propane molecules that make up natural gas may try to stick to the carbon but the growing polymer chains simply push them off he said.
or nitrogen atoms evenly distributed through the resulting porous material. The sulfur-infused powder performed best absorbing 82 percent of its weight in carbon dioxide.
and respirable particulate matter with a mean particle diameter of less than 2. 5 microns (PM2. 5). A micron is approximately 1/30th the width of a strand of human hair.
With the advent of more and more sophisticated ways to measure genetic variation and relatedness using molecular markers such as allozyme polymorphisms
despite the initial skepticism about the importance of gene flow modern empirical and theoretical research using up-to-date molecular
and highly efficient molecular breeding model possible. This opens a new way to carry out agricultural breeding.
By exploiting new molecular and genetic insights the research done in collaboration with Pierre de Wit from Wageningen Agricultural University in The netherlands provides a better understanding of the defense system of crop plants against the damaging pathogens that grow in the spaces between plant cells.
The two receptor systems have different classes of plant receptor proteins to detect different types of pathogen molecules.
Before the pathogen has entered the plant its presence of specific pathogen molecules or patterns is recognised by the host plant's immune systems.
Some bacteria produce polysaccharides which can contain hundreds of sugar molecules such as glucose attached to one another.
#Skin grafts from genetically modified pigs may offer alternative for burn treatmenta specially-bred strain of miniature swine lacking the molecule responsible for the rapid rejection of pig-to-primate organ transplants may provide a new source of skin grafts
A team of investigators from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) report that skin grafts from pigs lacking the Gal sugar molecule were as effective in covering burn-like injuries on the backs of baboons as skin taken from other
Since pig organs implanted into primates are rejected rapidly due to the presence of the Gal (alpha-13-galactose) molecule Sachs
which both copies of the gene encoding Galt (galactosyltransferase) the enzyme responsible for placing the Gal molecule on the cell surface were knocked out.
The reaction zips the atoms into a matrix characteristic of diamond until pressure forces the process to halt.
The method could prove useful in controlling how particles move through microfluidic devices or in understanding the motion of material floating in magma.
what happens on a molecular basis in insects that evolved resistance to genetically engineered cotton plants.
but this is the first analysis of the molecular genetic basis of severe pest resistance to a Bt crop in the field said Bruce Tabashnik one of the paper's authors and the head of the Department of Entomology in the UA College
Based on laboratory experiments aimed at determining the molecular mechanisms involved scientists knew that pink bollworm can evolve resistance against the Bt toxin
It's required in many basic molecules like DNA and amino acids. Nitrogen enters the environment either through a microbial process called biological nitrogen fixation or through human activity such as fertilization and fossil-fuel consumption.
along with saturated fats--has led to a omega-6 to omega-3 ratio as high as 20 to 1. It is known that molecules produced by omega-6 metabolism can promote inflammation
The researchers measured dust particles or wind erosion using a portable wind tunnel. This tunnel was 24 ft long 4 ft tall and 3 ft wide.
New research from scientists at the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUTDOOR Droplets) experiment at CERN including Carnegie mellon University's Neil Donahue sheds light on new-particle formation--the very
Cloud droplets form when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses onto tiny particles. These particles are emitted directly from natural sources
or human activity or they form from precursors emitted originally as gaseous pollutants. The transformation of gas molecules into clusters and then into particles a process called nucleation produces more than half of the particles that seed cloud formation around the world today.
But the mechanisms underlying nucleation remain unclear. Although scientists have observed that the nucleation process nearly always involves sulfuric acid sulfuric acid concentrations aren't high enough to explain the rate of new particle formation that occurs in the atmosphere.
This new study uncovers an indispensable ingredient to the long sought-after cloud formation recipe--highly oxidized organic compounds.
and in detail with the very first steps of new particle formation and growth said Donahue professor of chemistry chemical engineering engineering and public policy and director of CMU's Steinbrenner Institute for Environmental Education and Research.
or solid particles that come from hundreds of sources including trees volcanoes cars trucks and wood fires.
In research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2012 Donahue and colleagues showed conclusively that organic molecules given off by pine trees called alpha-pinene are transformed chemically multiple times in the highly oxidizing environment of the atmosphere.
Additionally other research including from Donahue's lab has suggested that such oxidized organics might take part in nucleation--both in new particle formation and in their subsequent growth.
which new particles are created with extreme precision. In the current work the team filled the chamber with sulfur dioxide
Using very high-resolution mass spectrometry the scientists were able to observe particles growing from single gaseous molecules to clusters of up to 10 molecules stuck together as they grew molecule by molecule.
and growth of particles under atmospheric conditions the scientists incorporated their findings into a global particle formation model.
Watson and his colleagues at Rice's Bioscience Research Collaborative solved the problem by adding chemical cross-linkers to the gel's molecules.
and the underlying molecular mechanismsthe National institutes of health the Keck Center Nanobiology Training program of the Gulf Coast Consortia and the Baylor College of Medicine Medical scientist Training program supported the research.
Scientists debate the cause of this global dimming with many scientists attributing it to pollution particles injected into the atmosphere by human activity that deflect incoming sunlight.
Major volcanic events such as the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines also have spewed tons of light-scattering sulfur dioxide particles into the atmosphere decreasing the amount of sunlight reaching the surface.
Stine said the findings could have implications for geoengineering proposals that would pump more aerosol particles into the atmosphere as a way to block sunlight
This specialized approach is used by Charles W. Luetje chairman of the department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology in the UM Miller School of medicine
-symbiont interface is published in the journal of Molecular Ecology. That study found that the presence of amino acid transporters is expanded significantly in some sap-feeding insects relative to non sap-feeding insects.
The research which appears online this week in Molecular Systems Biology was conducted at the Texas Medical center in Houston by researchers from Rice the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Baylor College of Medicine.
Because these markers typically have high rates of molecular evolution the number of repeats present in the genome often differs between individuals.
The author of the work studied the role played by this molecule in the development of various pathologies associated with infection So after analysing the MR expression in 124 tissue samples from 31 animals we saw that there was a greater expression of the mannose receptor in the more affected organs.
These results were confirmed likewise by means of molecular techniques after the DNA had been extracted. Sexual reproduction produces new racesthe Phytophthora infestans fungus can also reproduce asexually without being crossed.
Molecule-for-molecule the effect of methane on global warming is more than 20 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100 year timeframe.
#Critical end-stage liver disease discovery madea team of researchers in the University of Arizona's College of Pharmacy has discovered a molecular pathway that could be key to creating new therapeutics that would slow or even reverse
which refers to damage inflicted to biological tissues by reactive oxygen molecules. Such molecules also called free radicals occur naturally as a byproduct of metabolic processes in the body
and are associated with many chronic diseases including cancer diabetes neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Cells keep oxidative stress under control through various mechanisms said Donna Zhang a professor in the UA Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology explaining that most of these mechanisms involve Nrf2 a protein present in virtually every cell that acts as a molecular switch.
Nrf2 activates various biochemical mechanisms inside the cell that capture reactive oxygen molecules or dispose of damaged cellular components before they can cause more trouble.
and vegetables exert their healthful benefits by capturing reactive oxygen molecules. Under normal healthy conditions when no oxidative stress response is needed an enzyme called Keap1 constantly chews up Nrf2 keeping its level low.
Then under stress from reactive oxygen molecules or when you eat antioxidants from certain plants like broccoli sprouts it prevents Keap1 from eating up Nrf2 allowing it to accumulate in the cell explained Zhang who is also a member of the UA BIO5 Institute.
The tag consists of tiny magnetic DNA particles encapsulated in a silica casing and mixed with the oil.
If counterfeiting were suspected the particles added at the place of origin could be extracted from the oil and analyzed enabling a definitive identification of the producer.
To ensure that the particles can be fished out of the oil as quickly and simply as possible Grass and his team employed another trick:
The magnetic iron oxide meanwhile made it easy to extract the particles from the oil.
Unbelievably small quantities of particles down to a millionth of a gram per litre and a tiny volume of a thousandth of a litre were enough to carry out the authenticity tests for the oil products write the researchers.
Silica particles are present in ketchup and orange juice among other products and iron oxide is permitted as a food additive E172.
So I prefer to know which particles have been added intentionally. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by ETH ZÃ rich.
and scientists have discovered the mat's molecular mix. The study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reveals new targets during the battle between microbe
and oft-studied plant Arabidopsis puts out a molecular signal that invites an attack from a pathogen.
The findings come from a collaboration of scientists led by Scott Peck of the University of Missouri that includes researchers from Missouri the Biological sciences Division at PNNL and EMSL DOE's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory.
and employs its molecular machinery to pierce it injecting its contents into the plant's cells--a crucial step in infecting an organism.
The bacteria employ a molecular system known as the Type 3 Secretion System or T3ss to infect plants.
or molecules that the plant uses to recognize the bacteria as a strategy for evading detection said Peck associate professor of biochemistry at the University of Missouri
The same molecular machinery employed by Pseudomonas syringae is used also by a host of microbes to cause diseases that afflict people including salmonella the plague respiratory disease and chlamydia.
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