and after chlorine treatment the researchers realized that atom-scale grain boundaries were implicated in the enhanced performance.
and chemical composition after treatment the researchers found that chlorine atoms replaced tellurium atoms within the grain boundaries.
and if population genetics and the cataloguing of genome wide mutations could shed any light on possible molecular causes of the outbreak.
On the flip side hydrogen sulfide is also a biologically important signaling molecule in processes that include pain and inflammation.
When pumped out of a production well the particles can be analyzed with a spectrometer to determine the level of contamination This paper is a big step
'Modifying the particles with common polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was the key to making the nanoreporters stable in temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit.
The team showed that purified flagella were able to directly interact with lipid molecules found in the membranes of plant cells.
Changes in immune cells influenced by microgravity are found to occur rapidly at the molecular level With this discovery microgravity provides an excellent platform to investigate functional changes to immunity that normally take place over a period of time.
Swine specialists and molecular diagnosticians at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory have developed tests to detect which virus is infecting the pigs.
In the course of the research which has been echoed by the journal Molecular Breeding tobacco plants of the Virginia Gold
Within a day or two most of the NOX changes into nitrate a water-soluble molecule essential to life that gets deposited in soil and snow.
or a particle and nitrate with lighter isotopes tends to exist as a gas. But he found that the total fraction of nitrate present as gas
or particle varies with the acidity of the atmosphere and the acidic air causes more of the light isotopes to exist as a gas.
and oxygen or for the water molecules used to calculate temperature variations through time. But acidity in air could influence deposition
and other heavy metals as well as new molecules such as perfluorinated compounds that are also accumulating in the Antarctic.
and the health care system in general says Christopher Adams M d. Ph d. UI associate professor of internal medicine and molecular physiology and biophysics.
More muscle less fatin a new study published online April 9 in the Journal of Biological Chemistry Adams searched for a small molecule compound that might be used to treat muscle atrophy.
The isolates are being identified using techniques such as molecular typing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization using time of flight or MALDI-TOF.
and hitches a ride to the ocean floor on passing particles. The study by scientists from Rice university the University of California Irvine and the University of South carolina offers the first detailed analysis of how black carbon gets into deep ocean sediments as well as an accounting of the types
Sediment traps like this one being deployed from the research vessel New Horizon were used to sample black carbon in particles that sank to the bottom of the Northeast Pacific.
and contained in oceangoing particles tiny specs of matter that gradually sink to the seafloor.
We found that black carbon is taken up by particles that are produced in the water column said Coppola.
and only occasionally gets snagged by a passing marine particle. I'm surprised that given how much black carbon is produced most of it remains in the ocean for thousands of years Coppola said.
#Scalable CVD process for making 2-D molybdenum diselenidenanoengineering researchers at Rice university and Nanyang Technological University in Singapore have unveiled a potentially scalable method for making one-atom-thick layers of molybdenum
because they are only one atom thick. Graphene has extraordinary electronic properties. For example its electron mobility is tens of thousands of times greater than that of TMDCS.
ubiquitin molecules that tag misfolded proteins for degradation and proteasomes that latch onto the tagged proteins and break them down into harmless peptides.
The overall goal is to develop a technology to screen for molecules that would enhance
The lab's immediate goal is to create assays for the rapid detection of small molecules
To trace the sugars the scientists first had to add a radioactive tag to these molecules.
This finding supports the idea that sugar--not auxin--is the key signaling molecule for this immediate response to clipping.
Like all other molecules carbon dioxide molecules absorb only certain colors of light producing a unique pattern of dark features in the spectrum.
The intensity of the dark features increases as the number of carbon dioxide molecules increases in the air that the spectrometer is looking through.
Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are measured in parts per million the number of molecules of carbon dioxide there are in every million molecules of air.
or two carbon dioxide molecules out of the 400--an unprecedented level of precision and one that scientists think will be adequate to detect changes in natural sources
The sequences provide researchers access to 96 percent of all peanut genes in their genomic context providing the molecular map needed to more quickly breed drought-and disease-resistant lower-input and higher-yielding
According to the researchers particles in fine clay-like soil seem to have a larger surface area to bind nutrients and water.
In contrast sandy soils have larger particles with less surface area retaining fewer nutrients and less organic matter.
New therapies possibleresearchers at Mcmaster University have discovered a key molecule that could lead to new therapies for people with celiac disease an often painful and currently untreatable autoimmune disorder.
Researchers in the Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute at Mcmaster University have discovered that a molecule elafin
In studies with mice the researchers found that the administration of the elafin molecule protects the intestinal lining of the upper gut that is damaged by gluten.
The study confirms that even with coarse resolution the satellite method could estimate the photosynthetic activity occurring inside plants at the molecular level for areas with relatively homogenous vegetation like the Corn belt.
Rice scientists mixed very low concentrations of diamond particles (about 6 nanometers in diameter) with mineral oil to test the nanofluid's thermal conductivity
They use sub-100 nanometer particles in low-enough concentrations that they don't limit flow
and diamond molecules collide when heated. Brownian motion and nanoparticle/fluid interactions play an important role Taha-Tijerina said.
In the air ammonia mixes with other emissions to form microscopic airborne particles or particulates. The particulates that pose the greatest health risk are those that measure no more than 2. 5 micrometers across or about 1/30 the width of a human hair
As such the particles are on the list of six common air pollutants regulated by EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
and compounds in different types of cancer as well as in diabetes studies in vitro and in vivo to understand the molecular mechanisms involved.
which molecules could be delivered. To do this they used pig breast tissue. Surprisingly they found that even large molecules such as proteins can be transported through these openings making a wide range of medications deliverable.
Validating the modelfeedback from a proposal submitted to the National institute of health confirmed that the researchers needed to use human breast tissue to prove the feasibility of the pig model.
Austria-wide the Institute for Milk Hygiene Milk Technology and Food Science at the University of Veterinary medicine Vienna offers effective Listeria monitoring and a range of molecular and microbiological examination methods for the food industry.
Julio Betancourt a USGS paleoecologist and co-author on the study thinks that in the future molecular caving the application of molecular genetics to cave sediments will become more than an afterthought to answer such questions in aridland paleoecology and conservation.
The study published online in the journal Molecular Ecology has important implications for future climate changes.
At its peak the fungus destroyed the entire malting barley crop in the Red river and Ohio river Valleys according to molecular biologist Yang Yen an Agricultural Experiment Station researcher and professor at South dakota State university.
Using advanced genetic and molecular technologies Yen has begun tracing the biochemical pathways that make wheat susceptible or resistant to head blight.
Gene expression Yen has undertaken a molecular study of the disease investigating how the fungal infection impacts wheat gene expression.
By looking at how genes were expressed the molecular biologist narrowed the possibilities from thousands of genes to 608 then to 47 and eventually to three.
and the large polyphenolic polymers are metabolized to smaller molecules which are absorbed more easily These smaller polymers exhibit anti-inflammatory activity he said.
That changes the particle's chemical composition and shape so the tag color now would be different.
#Big data tackles tiny molecular machinesopen feed cut. Such is the humdrum life of a motor molecule the subject of new research at Rice university that eats
and excretes damaged proteins and turns them into harmless peptides for disposal. The why is obvious:
The paper describes the Onuchic group's first successful attempt to feed data through their computational technique to describe the complex activity of a large molecular machine formed by proteins.
but functional proteins big protein complexes and molecular machines have multiple conformations. Computational models are also useful
They can combine into larger molecular machines that grab other molecules walk cargoes within a cell
One such biomachine is Ftsh a membrane-bound molecule in E coli made of six protein copies that form two connected hexagonal rings.
The molecule attracts and degrades misfolded proteins and other cellular detritus pulling them in through one ring which closes like the shutter of a camera and traps the proteins.
Through molecular simulations using structure-based models and the discovery via DCA of likely couplings in the genetic source of the proteins the Rice team found evidence to support the hypothesis of a paddling mechanism in the molecule that Morcos described as a collapse of the two rings once trash found its way inside.
First the ring pore closes to grab the protein; then the molecule flattens he said.
Then when the motor is flat the rings open to release the peptides and the molecule expands again to restart the cycle.
Key to the success of DCA is the realization that amino acid mutations represent contacts that co-evolve for specific purposes.
and management strategies but also a means to conduct very detailed molecular studies focusing on ecotoxicology reproduction
and the Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP) is studying the tolerance of trees using molecular and biotechnological tools.
When an object is exposed to light its molecules absorb certain wavelengths and the appearance of color results from the unabsorbed light
This drug reduces activity of the body's Ige molecules the antibodies involved in allergic responses
and heat tolerance for molecular studies and deployment of these genes in other crops she said.
and cloned will significantly advance understanding of the molecular basis underlying plant tolerances to these stresses Zhang said.
and activity of the reproduction center in the female for mating by a single molecule Takeuchi says.
Before experimenting with contaminated water the group used water mixed with red ink particles ranging from 70 to 500 nanometers in size.
This experiment showed that sapwood is naturally able to filter out particles bigger than about 70 nanometers.
However in another experiment the team found that sapwood was unable to separate out 20-nanometer particles from water suggesting that there is a limit to the size of particles coniferous sapwood can filter.
In general flowering trees have smaller pores than coniferous trees suggesting that they may be able to filter out even smaller particles.
New gas-phase compounds form organic particle ingredientsscientists have made an important step in order to better understand the relationships between vegetation and climate.
In this case gases are converted into particles that reflect solar radiation or act as nuclei for cloud droplets.
Large uncertainties do primarily exist regarding the growth of newly formed particles towards cloud nuclei on
The particle growth in the diameter range between about three and one hundred nanometers requires low-volatile organic vapors as has been speculated.
As soon as these molecules collide with a surfaces they remain adsorbed and cannot be detected in the gas phase by analytical instruments.
and subsequently transported as an electrically charged ELVOC-molecule into the sensor (mass spectrometer) where the detection takes place.
We managed to present the first molecular evidence of a direct and ubiquitous source of ELVOCS arising from the oxidation of monoterpenes and other volatile organic compounds in the gas phase.
This produces vapors with relatively large molecules containing many hydrogen atoms as well as approximately the same number of oxygen as carbon atoms.
in order to determine the portion of heavy oxygen atoms (18o) in the formed ELVOCS. These experiments allowed us a first insight into the formation mechanism of these compounds
and one oxygen atom is one of the most common free radicals in the air and is referred therefore often as the detergent of the atmosphere.
The new findings help to explain a significant part of the organic mass of aerosol particles in the air which had remained mysterious to the scientists so far.
#Pine forest particles appear seemingly out of thin air, influence climatepine forests are especially magical places for atmospheric chemists.
Coniferous trees give off pine-scented vapors that form particles very quickly and seemingly out of nowhere.
New research by German Finnish and U s. scientists elucidates the process by which gas wafting from coniferous trees creates particles that can reflect sunlight
and observe particles apparently form from thin air. They're not emitted from anything they just appear said Joel Thornton a University of Washington associate professor of atmospheric sciences and second author on the paper.
The study shows the chemistry behind these particles'formation and estimates they may be the dominant source of aerosols over boreal forests.
Scientists have known for decades that gases from pine trees can form particles that grow from just 1 nanometer in size to 100 nanometers in about a day.
These airborne solid or liquid particles can reflect sunlight and at 100 nanometers they are large enough to condense water vapor and prompt cloud formation.
and then simulated the same particle formation in an air chamber at Germany's JÃ lich Research Centre.
A new type of chemical mass spectrometry let researchers pick out 1 in a trillion molecules and follow their evolution.
Results showed that when a pine-scented molecule combines with ozone in the surrounding air some of the resulting free radicals grab oxygen with unprecedented speed.
The radical is so desperate to become a regular molecule again that it reacts with itself.
Current chemistry would predict that 3 to 5 oxygen molecules could be added per day during oxidation Thornton said.
But researchers observed the free radical adding 10 to 12 oxygen molecules in a single step.
This new bigger molecule wants to be in a solid or liquid state rather than gas
and condenses onto small particles of just 3 nanometers. Researchers found so many of these molecules are produced that they can clump together
and grow to a size big enough to influence climate. I think unravelling that chemistry is going to have some profound impacts on how we describe atmospheric chemistry generally Thornton said.
and some fraction of them will be converted to particles which can potentially shade the Earth's surface Thornton said.
Timothy Durrett assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics was part of the collaboration that used various plant
So we wanted to elucidate the molecular basis of that resistance in the population and design a field applicable diagnostic assay for its monitoring.'
X-ray crystallography of the protein coded by the gene illustrated exactly how the mutation conferred resistance by opening up the'active site'where DDT molecules bind to the protein so more can be broken down.
'For the first time we have been able to identify a molecular marker for metabolic resistance (the type of resistance most likely to lead to control failure) in a mosquito population
Like crystals these states greatly suppress variations in the density of particles--as in the individual granules of a substance--across large spatial distances
whose group studies the geometry and dynamics of densely packed objects such as particles. Torquato then worked with the paper's first author Yang Jiao who received his Ph d. in mechanical
We still know nothing about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this beautiful and highly organized arrangement in birds.
The scientists paired silicate particles with chlorosulfonic acid and this made the acid molecules attach themselves to the silicate compounds.
The result was an entirely new molecule--the acid RHSO3H --which can replace the enzymes in the work of breaking down cellulose to sugar explains Per Morgen.
or virus particle on the flowers that they visit and these may then infect wild bees.
The most surprising find was insight into the molecular basis for genes involved in maturation--a forever-young lifestyle said senior author Joachim Messing director of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University.
Frommer had developed previously technology to spy on transport protein activity by using fluorescent tags in a cell's DNA to monitor the structural rearrangements that a transporter undergoes as it moves its target molecule.
The next steps in realizing the potential of this research are to determine just how these antibodies recognize their target antigen molecules and bind to them.
A nanotube is an atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons and rolled into a tube.
A perfect conducting metallic nanotube would have arranged the atoms in armchairs so-called because cutting the nanotube in half would make the top look like a series of wells with atoms for armrests.
Turn the hexagons 30 degrees though will make a semiconducting zigzag nanotube. Nanotubes can be one
Warning against abrupt stop to geoengineering method (if started) As a range of climate change mitigation scenarios are discussed University of Washington researchers have found that the injection of sulfate particles into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight
And since each pomegranate cluster has just one-tenth the surface area of the individual particles inside it a much smaller area is exposed to the electrolyte thereby reducing the amount of gunk that forms to a manageable level.
or manipulating the valence electrons in an atom's outermost orbital shell to strike the perfect conductive balance.
Most high-temperature superconductors contain atoms with only one orbital impacting performance--but what about mixing those elements with more complex configurations?
Now researchers at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have combined atoms with multiple orbitals
Flowing electricity can have a similar effect on the atomic lattices of superconductors repelling the negatively charged valence electrons in the surrounding atoms.
For example each barium atom alone has 56 electrons but we're only concerned with the two in the outermost layer.
After an electron beam strikes the sample it bounces off the charged particles to reveal the configuration of the atomic lattice
The CBED data revealed that the arsenic atoms--placed above and below the iron in a sandwich-like shape (see image)--exhibited little shift or polarization of valence electrons.
and particles at the edge of our solar system that appears to be a directional roadmap in the sky of the local interstellar magnetic field.
Establishing a consistent local interstellar magnetic field direction using IBEX low-energy neutral atoms and galactic cosmic rays at ten orders of magnitude higher energy levels has wide-ranging implications for the structure of our heliosphere
Follow-up molecular work will provide us with more information but additional survey work will have to be undertaken to determine the actual population size within the sanctuary.
This indicates the important role of external cues in shaping the molecular processes that regulate behavior.
Before now breeding for resistance to Yellow (Tan) Spot and Septoria Nodorum Blotch was very time-consuming--no molecular markers were in use.
Professor Oliver said this research had never been done before as direct mapping for disease resistance had led not to useful molecular markers.
& Environmental Studies (F&es) calculated that concentrations of tropospheric ozone aerosol particles and methane during the mid-Pliocene epoch were twice the levels observed in the preindustrial era--largely
The new study argues otherwise saying that the particles lingered about the same length of time--one to two weeks--in the Pliocene atmosphere compared to the preindustrial.
and aerosol particles right back she said. Reducing and preventing the accumulation of fossil-fuel CO2 is the only way to ensure a safe climate future now.
Award in Molecular Toxicology (T32es015457. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of California Los angeles (UCLA) Health Sciences.
The study published today in the journal Science is the first to show how pathogens switch from targeting one species to another through changes at the molecular level.
'For the first time we have found a direct molecular mechanism underpinning the change in host specialisation'said Dr van der Hoorn.'
We've looked at this process on a single-particle level said lead author Hoggard.
Instead of looking at a device that has many junctions we've looked at one particle at a time.
We had to measure a lot of particles to get good statistics. Dark-field scattering and photoluminescence spectroscopy of more than 200 nanoparticles helped them determine that it takes about 160 femtoseconds (quadrillionths of a second) for an electron to transfer from the particle to highly conducting graphene the single-atom-thick form of carbon.
Plasmons are the collective excitation of free electrons in metals that when stimulated by an energy source like sunlight
The homogeneous line width obtained via single-particle spectroscopy is a measure of the range of wavelengths that resonantly excite a surface plasmon.
The position and the width of the peak can give us information about the particle itself
#Scientists unveil molecular mechanism that controls plant growth, developmenta joint study published in Cell by the teams headed by Miquel Coll at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)
At the molecular level the hormone serves to unblock a transcription factor a DNA BINDING-PROTEIN protein which in turn activates
and the bioinformatics analysis. The outstanding work lays an important foundation for molecular breeding of water buffalo and sheds new light on the understanding of its origin and domestication process.
which transfers thermal energy through the vibrations of neighboring atoms and molecules. Most people assume that fur
They will now continue to work on understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of the lingonberries.
We now need to identify the odor molecules that allow people to detect and differentiate differentiate levels of fat.
Fat molecules typically are not airborne meaning that they are unlikely to be sensed by sniffing food samples said lead author Sanne Boesveldt Phd a sensory neuroscientist.
and tested them in the lab. In spring they measured levels of chlorophyll the molecule that helps leaves photosynthesize--turn light into energy
When light at a specific wavelength is absorbed by the gas of interest localized heating of the molecules leads to a temperature
According to this the usage of hypoallergenic molecules (with lower ability of binding antibodies) but with the ability to stimulate the immune system would be a useful tool for immunotherapy.
The results show that these two molecules (Pru p 3. 02 and Pru p 3. 03) could be good candidates for the usage of specific immunotherapy for allergy to peach.
although it would be required further trials of these two molecules with animal to verify its effectiveness in the treatment for allergy to peach.
#Researchers detune a molecule: Scientists control the bonds between atoms in a buckyballrice University scientists have found they can control the bonds between atoms in a molecule.
The molecule in question is carbon-60 also known as the buckminsterfullerene and the buckyball discovered at Rice in 1985.
The scientists led by Rice physicists Yajing Li and Douglas Natelson found that it's possible to soften the bonds between atoms by applying a voltage and running an electric current through a single buckyball.
The researchers detailed their discovery this week in the online Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
But in general if we can manipulate the charge distribution on molecules we can affect their vibrations.
Natelson's group built the nano antenna a few years ago to trap small numbers of molecules in a nanoscale gap between gold electrodes.
Once the molecules are in place the researchers can chill them heat them blast them with energy from a laser or electric current and measure the effect through spectroscopy
With continuing refinement the researchers found they could analyze molecular vibrations and the bonds between the atoms in the molecule.
The nano antenna is able to detect the tone of detuned vibrations between atoms through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) a technique that improves the readings from molecules
Think of these molecules as balls and springs Natelson said. The atoms are the balls and the bonds that hold them together are the springs.
If I have a collection of balls and springs and I smack it it would show certain vibrational modes.
When we push current through the molecule we see these vibrations turn on and start to shake Natelson said.
The Stark effect is seen when molecules'spectral responses shift under the influence of an electric field.
The Molecular Foundry a Department of energy User Facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory collaborated on the calculations component.
Natelson's group had spied similar effects on oligophenylene vinylene molecules used in previous experiments also prompting the buckyball experiments.
and they're very chemically stable Natelson said of the soccer-ball-shaped molecules. We know how to put them on surfaces
He noted other researchers are looking at similar effects through the molecular manipulation of graphene the single-atomic-layer form of carbon.
I don't want to make some grand claim that we've got a general method for tuning the molecular bonding in everything Natelson said.
and Molecular Foundry director Jeffrey Neaton a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley and a member of the Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley.
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