A new landmark study in the journal Science found that the U s. Environmental protection agency's (EPA) inventory of greenhouse gases is undercounting total U s. methane emissions by roughly 50 percent.
In the years immediately after it's released methane is a potent greenhouse gas. It causes 86 times as much global warming over a 20-year period as carbon dioxide the single largest contributor to climate change.
At the same time that the scientific community is finding evidence that methane is being undercounted the newly released draft version of the U s. EPA's national greenhouse-gas emission inventory presents data showing that methane emissions from natural gas
The new draft inventory also revised downward estimates for past years because of new information about reduced emission well completions (the process that gets natural gas to start flowing) and other voluntary mitigation steps received from companies.
This treatment of methane emissions from natural gas is difficult to reconcile with the new Science study by Adam Brandt of Stanford university
The EPA greenhouse gas inventory uses data from bottom up studies to develop emission factors for different components of the entire natural gas system from production (extraction from the ground) to processing transmission and distribution.
These emission factors are part of an attempt to calculate representative quantities of pollution released with each of the activities that make up the natural gas system.
The emission factor is multiplied by the number of well completions of each type to estimate their contribution to total emissions from the natural gas system.
A limitation of the bottom-up studies upon which the EPA inventory relies is a requirement that researchers obtain access to natural-gas operations.
The current oil and gas boom has been unleashed by a wave of technological innovation allowing for cost-effective directional drilling hydraulic fracturing and other emerging techniques like acidizing.
According to data from 2004 livestock contributed more to the greenhouse effect than oil and gas operations.
Natural gas? Cows Toot Out Most Methane Magnetic field is weakening: Data from Swarm an ESA satellite array indicates Earth's magnetic field is weakening.
Mixed Gas Diving; and the Antarctica Scientific Diving Manual which includes this advice: drilling a safety hole allows continued surface access in cases where a Weddell seal appropriates the primary dive hole.#
When it takes over ecosystems this invader causes soils to surrender their carbon and release it as greenhouse gas.
Its invasion may also be contributing to the rise in global greenhouse gases by altering soil composition.
Over time carbon is released as greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane when the matter is degraded by soil microbes.
A Carnegie mellon University study found that eating plant-based meals even just one day a week reduces more greenhouse gases than eating exclusively local foods every day (a practice some people admirably
Oil and gas jobs are even more scarce. Although there are four oil refineries in the state only 761 Montanans worked in the industry last year.
and the pyroclastic flows of hot ash and gas that buried the city and its residents according to Rosaly Lopes a volcanologist at NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory in Pasadena Calif. Lopes was not a consultant on the film.)
The findings confirm that natural Amazon forests help reduce global warming by lowering the planet's greenhouse gas levels the researchers said.
When scientists account for the world's carbon dioxide their totals suggest some of the greenhouse gas disappears into land-based carbon traps.
and fart methane an odorless gas that is about 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide in its ability to trap radiant heat in the atmosphere.
In contrast the same number of calories from beef is much more taxing on the environment requiring 160 times more land eight times more irrigation water 11 times more greenhouse-gas emissions and 19 times more fertilizer
The researchers also discovered that the trees with thin layers of bark have lots of lenticular channels small airways that allow gas exchange between the bark and the outside air.
At the same time carbon dioxide (CO2) a greenhouse gas was depleted from earlier levels. This may have contributed to the cooling climate and the extinction event at the end of the Devonian.
Perhaps surprising passing gas from morning through the night is normal and healthy the natural byproduct of your gut bacteria digesting your food.
But as with poop consistently foul gas could be a sign of something serious. Misconception No. 3:
or other extreme event can be attributed to climate change steadily increasing average temperatures caused by the rise of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere only serve to exacerbate the impacts of droughts.
The findings confirm that natural Amazon forests help reduce global warming by lowering the planet's greenhouse gas levels the researchers said.</
</p><p>When scientists account for the world's carbon dioxide their totals suggest some of the greenhouse gas disappears into land-based carbon traps.
Those simultaneous trends would drive the need for more power generation which could simply add more carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the climate system.
and pressing for public policy solutions now due to the fact that greenhouse gases emitted today can last in the atmosphere for hundreds of years effectively baking in#a certain amount of warming.#
in addition to the warming caused by the heat trapped by accumulating greenhouse gases in the Earth s atmosphere.
All of the genetic material collected from endangered breeds at SVF is stored using liquid nitrogen and should remain viable indefinitely for future use.
The lava cools so quickly that gas bubbles are trapped inside creating a rock filled with spongelike holes.
#Methane Rising As Funding Cuts Threaten Monitoring Network Levels of methane a climate-changing greenhouse gas have been rising since 2007.
But U s. federal budget woes are shrinking the monitoring network that tracks greenhouse gases such as methane
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) monitors many potent greenhouse gases such as methane carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at observatories around the world.
Invisible blanket Methane gas lasts just nine years in Earth's atmosphere but is about 34 times more potent at trapping infrared radiation (the greenhouse effect) than carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Gases: The Biggest Emitters (Infographic) One mystery in the global methane record is why Asia's strong economic growth
Gases rise measurements decline NOAA complements its air-sample measurements with continuous measurements at six observatories in Hawaii Alaska Greenland Antarctica American samoa
and California and tall towers throughout the United states. The agency also tracks greenhouse gases by plane and other countries contribute to the network.
and track greenhouse gases. NOAA spends about $6 million each year on the program. As a result of funding cuts in 2012 the agency slashed some monitoring from aircraft and ground stations.
and gas industries can emit significant amounts of methane. But no one knows how much methane escapes nor its potential effect on regional or global temperatures.
The warming Arctic could add significant amounts of methane gas to the atmosphere as permafrost melts
and releases huge quantities of gas trapped in previously frozen ground. While some studies indicate methane may already be escaping from the Arctic ground atmospheric levels of methane in the Arctic have not increased yet Dlugokencky said.
Using satellites to measure atmospheric concentrations of climate change-fueling carbon dioxide originating from coal-fired power plants could help verify other countries claims about their emissions of greenhouse gases helping regulators in the U s
. and abroad to enforce current and future international greenhouse gas emissions regulations a new Los alamos National Laboratory study shows.
But there are discrepencies in China's greenhouse gas emissions data and satellite remote sensing could eventually provide accurate data that would help make it easier to enforce international emissions regulations.#
#Scientists have had technical challenges using satellites to measure greenhouse gases because of their limited coverage area
and assess future satellite monitoring strategies#he said adding that research in using satellites to monitor atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations will flourish
The Los alamos team clearly demonstrated the value of remote sensing for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions said David Crisp the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) science lead at NASA s Jet propulsion laboratory.
#Today sensors on the ground are more accurate at measuring greenhouse gases than satellites but the OCO-2 is expected to take the next technological leap in satellite-based greenhouse gas measurement technology he said.
For CO2 emissions to be monitored accurately from space it would take a coordinated network of satellites similar to existing weather satellites he said.
but some countries have greenhouse gas-detecting satellites being launched within the next five years. Beyond the demonstration of possible satellite-based greenhouse gas detection technology the Los alamos study had some surprising results about the two New mexico power plant s emissions.
The study found that 70 to 75 percent of the regional atmosphere within about 6 miles of the power plants is polluted with their emissions.
We still don't know how much excess energy trapped by the continued increase of greenhouse gases is being stored On earth somewhere perhaps in the oceans
No solution to climate change can be found without reducing deforestation which accounts for more than 11 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Nature Newsozone experts are exploring ways to curb powerful greenhouse gases of their own making under the Montreal Protocol,
but are also powerful greenhouse gases. Although in this respect many are less potent than their predecessors,
As greenhouse gases, they are covered under the Kyoto Protocol, but many believe that they could be eliminated much faster
explicitly citing the potential to further reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The US Environmental protection agency says that the resulting greenhouse-gas reductions could equate to around 2. 6 billion tonnes of CO2,
akin to taking more than 68 million vehicles off the road for 30 years, depending on which chemicals fill the void.
Although they represent less than 1%of the greenhouse-gas forcing, HFC emissions are rising by about 15%per year,
which is 11,700 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (M. Wara Nature 445,595-596;
By contrast, the Lieberman-Warner climate legislation introduced in the US Senate last year proposed a stricter phase-down for HFCS than for other greenhouse gases,
by applying either the treaty itself or its framework to other powerful greenhouse gases such as perfluorocarbons (PFCS) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), both
Emissions of both gases are limited to relatively small and specialized industrial sectors which lend themselves to the kinds of rapid technical assessment
Chemicals in early refrigerants contributed to the hole in Earth's ozone layer-->Â See also Correspondence'Time running out to deal with banks of greenhouse gases
plants simply take up the gas dissolved in water from the soil, and pass it back out through their leaves.
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and, if true, the finding would require a major rethink of the planet's carbon budget.
A search of plant genome databases found them to contain no genes comparable to those of certain bacteria known to make the gas.
this gas is a by-product of the breakdown of cell material. People hadn't realized that
if there's gas in the soil water it will be emitted taken up and by plants, says Euan Nisbet, an Earth scientist at Royal Holloway, University of London,
and natural gas and significantly reduce the billions of dollars we send abroad each year.</</br>Institute for 21st-Century Energy report, 2008 Chu:
Many also hoped that OCO would pioneer an approach for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions under a future Kyoto-style global warming treaty.
and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), launched in January this year, will measure carbon dioxide as well as methane and water vapour.
roughly half of the CO2 now being emitted by humans stays in the atmosphere, where it acts as a greenhouse gas,
which nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas. Nitrates also leached into ground and surface water in both regions,
but their future role in sequestering the greenhouse gas is uncertain. If rainforests are hit by serious drought,
The regulation includes greenhouse-gas-emissions calculations for the life cycle of all fuels. To meet the requirement,
%or more, meaning that ethanol often results in higher greenhouse-gas emissions than gasoline. Matt Hartwig, a spokesman for the Renewable Fuels Association in WASHINGTON DC, questions the science behind indirect emissions and says California has overstated vastly the problem.
The US Environmental protection agency is reviewing its own ruling that will establish greenhouse-gas criteria under the national biofuels mandate.
while providing a boost to vehicles powered by natural gas and electricity.
Research for development: Nature Newschris Whitty became head of research at the UK Department for International Development last month.
US environment agency declares greenhouse gases a threat: Nature Newsthe US Environmental protection agency (EPA) today declared greenhouse gases a threat to public health and welfare, a move that gives the Obama administration broad powers to regulate greenhouse gases without going through Congress.
EPA administrator Lisa Jackson said the proposed endangerment finding confirms that greenhouse gases pose a serious problem for current and future generations,
who could face an increased frequency of droughts, air pollution and flooding, as well as a rise in sea level.
hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons all of the greenhouse gases covered under the United nations climate treaty. The document specifically cited greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles as a danger to public health.
while working with existing greenhouse-gas monitoring satellites such as Europe's Envisat and Japan's Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, also known as IBUKI).
Nature Newsthe Australian government's proposed cap-and-trade scheme to regulate greenhouse gases, released in draft legislation last month,
Australia produces less than 2%of the world's greenhouse gases, but its per-capita emissions are among the highest in the world
or more tonnes of carbon dioxide per year or the equivalent in other greenhouse gases would be required to obtain permits to emit,
widely thought to state that the greenhouse gases are pollutants endangering the public's health.
and produce fewer greenhouse-gas emissions than vehicles powered by ethanol, researchers report today. Burning biomass to produce electricity is generally more efficient than converting it into ethanol.
the reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions using bioelectricity are more than double those calculated for the cellulosic ethanol.
Postberg says the vapour evaporating from the ocean will also contain other gases, and bubbles of those gases carry salty water droplets through vents in Enceladus's crust, to be frozen suddenly once they get there.
These grains travel out into space in the plumes along with salt-poor ice grains that are formed like snowflakes from pure water vapour.
and collide, the crust fractures and these clathrates release gases, which carry up ice particles with them to form the icy plumes.
Kieffer also says that the other gases present in the plume including methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen can only be accounted for with the clathrate model.
With this promise, Mexico is challenging the idea that developing nations are sitting on their hands as greenhouse-gas emissions skyrocket.
The gulf between developed and developing nations over greenhouse gases and who should take responsibility for what remains alarmingly wide.
Annex I countries would have had to stop emitting greenhouse gases entirely in 2007. Bolivia carries this approach one step further by framing the issue in terms of'climate debt'.
The Alliance of Small Island States, for instance, often pushes for aggressive action to reduce greenhouse gases because of its pressing concern over rising sea levels,
-and-trade system to regulate greenhouse gases. The researchers estimate that regardless of whether the Waxman-Markey bill were enacted,
although methane waste gas from coal mining was classified also as a renewable-energy source under the bill.
Worldwide, deforestation accounts for as much as 20%of greenhouse-gas emissions and up to 70%of Brazil's emissions.
Paddy fields account for around 20%of human-related emissions of methane a potent greenhouse gas. Farmers normally flood rice fields throughout the growing season,
however, is that the practice of mid-season drainage has increased the release of nitrous oxide, another potent greenhouse gas,
But overall, the annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is equivalent to 270 million tonnes of carbon dioxide,
Methane is an attractive greenhouse gas to target for emission reduction, but the lack of an accurate estimate of the baseline level challenges the use of paddy emissions in carbon trading,
The gas and dust in these disks make up the interstellar medium that forms the space between stars in galaxies,
And all the extra gas-phase carbon that the model releases might have helped life to form,
The US Environmental protection agency has announced its nationwide reporting system for greenhouse-gas emissions. Large facilities will have to disclose their emissions every year,
The European commission exceeded its authority in imposing tighter-than-requested caps for greenhouse-gas emissions on Poland and Estonia in the second period of the Emission Trading System, a court ruled last week.
The plant, not yet in operation, is thought to be big enough to hold around 3, 000 gas centrifuges,
because it produces fewer greenhouse-gas emissions and does not compete with food-supply needs.
Proprietary bacteria then ingest the gases and produce ethanol says chief marketing officer Wesley Bolsen.
Nature Newsthe Obama administration released new automobile standards on Tuesday, proposing regulations that would curb greenhouse-gas emissions and ratchet up fuel-efficiency standards beginning in 2012.
which effectively means that the greenhouse gas standards take over, says Jim Kliesch, a senior engineer in the Union of Concerned Scientists'clean vehicles programme in WASHINGTON DC.
On the same day, the US Environmental protection agency proposed a rule that would require major industrial facilities to use best available technologies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.
Belgium process them into intermediate products for antistatic coatings, for example, sensors for gas detection and electrode material for batteries and,
including incentives for natural gas and nuclear power, but leaves many of the biggest issues including how to structure the initial allocation of emissions permits,
and to a lesser extent the natural-gas industry, see opportunities in the push toward low-carbon energy. Similarly, major companies such as The Dow chemical Company and General electric are pushing for legislation as part of the US Climate Action Partnership.
and use the best available control technologies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The agency limited the rule to new facilities that produce more than 25
000 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year; existing facilities would be affected if they propose major modifications.
but it could also roll out its own regulatory programme to reduce greenhouse gases if lawmakers fail to act.
Nature Newsmany strategies for reining in greenhouse gases come with substantial health benefits, according to a new study.
But the actions with the most dramatic impact on greenhouse gases aren't necessarily the biggest winners for health.
Twelve days before the United nations climate summit kicks off in Copenhagen, an international task force has published five research papers exploring the impact that strategies for tackling greenhouse gas emissions would have on public health.
and Tropical Medicine, modelled a number of scenarios for reducing greenhouse gases. For each case study, the authors calculated the reductions of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS
Although the effects of cutting greenhouse gases are long term and global, she says, the health benefits are immediate and more localized,
however, because they do not represent new greenhouse-gas reductions. European union officials would like to eliminate them altogether in a new global-warming treaty,
scientists and politicians will release findings on the public-health effects of policies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. go. nature. com/4vfwwo 25-27 november Planetary scientists will discuss observations
scientists and government officials have been updating the nation's greenhouse-gas inventories and quantifying potential reductions.
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are dangerous to human health, the US Environmental protection agency declared on 7 december.
At the Very Large Telescope in Chile, Bean placed a gas cell filled with ammonia in the path of the starlight,
It is estimated that deforestation accounts for around 12%of the greenhouse-gas emissions that cause climate change1
LS9 says that the shift from sugars to biomass as a feedstock would reduce greenhouse gases even further.
And on Thursday, Lisa Murkowski (Republican, Alaska) introduced a resolution that would effectively block the Environmental protection agency (EPA) from implementing new greenhouse-gas regulations.
The language states that Congress disapproves of the EPA's December 2009 assessment that greenhouse gases pose a threat to public health.
By declaring greenhouse gases a public health threat, the EPA is now legally bound to regulate emissions.
Many large corporations see greenhouse gas regulations as inevitable and are now arguing for legislation on the grounds that they cannot make investments
or a scaled-back climate bill that focuses on power plants and possibly on other major industrial sources of greenhouse-gas emissions.
when it began regulating greenhouse gases, and it might not be a bad option for the United states,
particularly if coupled with separate greenhouse-gas regulations that the administration is developing for automobiles,
greenhouse-gas emissions by 20, %formally qualifying it as a'renewable fuel'for a federal mandate that requires the use of 136 billion litres of biofuels in 2022.
Or what if the very possibility of using geoengineering to mitigate climate change gives political leaders cover to say that greenhouse gases aren't a problem?
Nature Newscreating and strengthening protected areas and indigenous lands is one of the most effective ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation, according to a new paper.
The US Department of the interior has requested a scientific review of the possible ecological impact of drilling for oil and gas in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas in the Arctic.
and reductions in poverty. go. nature. com/jr2rlc Number crunch 4%The proportion of global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions emitted by dairy cows,
US President Barack Obama announced plans on 31 march to expand offshore oil and gas drilling,
and announced that greenhouse-gas permits would be required for major industrial sources by January. Marine protection:
Greenhouse-gas numbers up in the air: Nature Newsthe state of California is about to become a giant playground for more than 200 atmospheric scientists.
measuring an array of greenhouse gases, aerosols and other atmospheric properties as they fly over cities, industrial facilities and agricultural areas.
and reduce nagging uncertainties in the state's two-year-old inventory of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Developed countries that are party to the United nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to report inventories of their yearly greenhouse-gas emissions.
and independent estimates suggest that the total reported emissions for some gases may be off by more than 50%.
scientists and governments need to develop a reliable system for verifying greenhouse-gas emissions around the globe.
computer models and satellites to assess the origin and amount of greenhouse-gas emissions. She sees the California programme as a model
calling for more detailed inventories from industrialized countries and an expansion and improvement of greenhouse-gas monitoring networks everywhere.
The NRC estimated that it would cost just US$11 million over five years to improve greenhouse-gas reporting systems among the 10 largest developing countries,
which account for more than half of the global greenhouse gases pumped into the atmosphere annually, and are the easiest to quantify.
and when greenhouse gases were emitted. CDIAC estimated global carbon dioxide emissions at 30.2 billion tonnes in 2006, not including changes in land use.
%And the picture gets fuzzier with other gases. The NRC report gave uncertainties ranging from below 25%to more than 100%for reported emissions of other greenhouse gases,
as well as carbon dioxide from agriculture and other land uses. In a quest to improve emissions estimates, scientists are pushing governments to expand their monitoring networks.
NOAA currently heads a network of some 150 greenhouse-gas monitoring stations around the world,
The state built its inventory for that gas using standard calculations recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Many see satellite measurements as a more reliable way to verify greenhouse-gas emissions. Everybody can look at the emissions of others in a very transparent way,
gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and various fluorine-containing compounds have a powerful warming effect and must be monitored as well.
The European commission and The netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency have teamed up to create an independent inventory for these lesser greenhouse gases.
Levin's work suggests that SF6 emissions by industrialized countries could be twice as high as those reported to the UNFCCC (see'Keeping tabs on a greenhouse gas'.
drive up greenhouse-gas emissions and wreak havoc on biodiversity. The study's results suggest that further agricultural intensification will play a critical part in addressing global warming.
the results show that increased greenhouse-gas emissions resulting from intensive farming are more than offset by the effects of land preservation,
After all, the fertilizers used in intensive farming increase emissions of greenhouse gases. All told, agriculture was responsible for 10-12%of global anthropogenic emissions in 2005.
and to calculate the resulting reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions. Between 1961 and 2005, the global population increased by 111%,from 3. 1 billion to 6. 5 billion,
but were still higher than actual impacts in the real-world analysis (see'Greenhouse-gas emissions').
At a climate conference in Oslo on 27 may, some 50 countries agreed to a loose framework for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions caused by deforestation.
higher concentrations of the gas reduce water loss during photosynthesis. A strong CO2 fertilization effect
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