Given the present trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions agricultural models estimate that climate change will directly reduce food production from maize soybeans wheat and rice by as much as 43 percent by the end of the 21st century.
or even explosive gases may find their way into buildings according to researchers at Rice university. Those problems would likely occur in buildings with cracked foundations that happen to be in the vicinity of fuel spills.
and forcing the gas outward--and upward. That could overwhelm natural attenuation and should prompt new thinking about how to manage vapor-intrusion risks Alvarez said.
traces of the gas would be detected even when the source lay as much as 13 meters below a building.
which makes up 15 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Both food security and urbanization is on the program for next year's major international conference on sustainability hosted by the IARU partnership.
In 2010 coal oil and gas supplied more than 80%of the world's total primary energy supply
The EMF27 study shows that without policies to cut greenhouse gas emissions fossil fuels will remain the major energy source in 2100 with resulting increases in greenhouse gas emissions.
These papers touch on issues as diverse as climate policy land use and agriculture and non-CO2 greenhouse gases among others.
and gas supplies in the coming decades. However our study which compares long-term scenario results across a large suite of technologically-detailed models shows that fossil resource constraints are unlikely to limit greenhouse gas emissions in this century.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by International Institute for Applied Systems analysis. Note:
Such a scenario could involve including snow cover/albedo in existing greenhouse gas exchanges like the Kyoto protocol or a cap-and-trade program or ecosystem services market in
These are three more or less optimistic pathways 5 for change in greenhouse gas concentrations from now until the end of the 21st century.
'Scenario RCP8. 5 is an extreme scenario with a major increase in greenhouse gases. The most optimistic scenario (RCP2. 6) corresponds to virtuous behavior with very low greenhouse gas emissions.
RCP4. 5 is an intermediate scenario. 6 The international scientific community has taken action especially through the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) to design
although wood is currently uncompetitive with natural gas-powered boilers in certain states it could compete with other fuel sources such as oil propane and coal.
They found that one in every three European cities has no plans on the table to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
How cities respond to climate change is important as they are responsible for 31 to 80 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
and renewable energy generation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Overall 130 cities (65 percent) have at least a mitigation plan and less than a third (28 percent) also an adaptation plan.
and also set quantitative targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Most (88 percent) mitigation plans quantify targets for carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emission reduction.
Countries vary in their planning: 93 percent of UK cities studied have a mitigation plan
#Preindustrial rise in greenhouse gases had natural and anthropogenic causesfor years scientists have argued intensely over
Gas bubbles containing ancient air trapped within the ice can be analyzed and correlated with chronological data to determine methane levels on a multidecadal scale.
None of them alone proved sufficient for explaining the greenhouse gas increase. When he developed his own model combining characteristics of both the natural and anthropogenic hypotheses it agreed closely with the ice core data.
and analyzed their chemical compositions using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Finally the researchers presented the gland extracts to worker bees
#New method gives accurate picture of gas storage by microscopic cagesa computational method to quantify the adsorption of gas by porous zeolites should help labs know what to expect before they embark upon slow costly experiments according to researchers at Rice university.
The new method created by engineers in Rice's Multiscale Materials Modeling Lab accurately calculated the ability of two zeolites small cage-like molecules with enormous surface area to trap and store gas molecules.
The zeolites'enormous surface area inside and out gives gas molecules plenty of room to bind.
and synthesizing them we can help them rapidly screen the gas uptake for each particular ZIF at various temperatures and pressures.
Shahsavari said the researchers modeled the interactions between molecules of the three gases with each other and with the binding ligands in the zeolites at 77 and 300 kelvins(-321 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit respectively) and at various pressures.
For hydrogen they determined that both zeolites stored about three times as much gas at 77 K
They were also able to calculate both subtle and significant differences between the adsorptive qualities based on various input parameters of gas pressure temperature and type of zeolite.
First the team performed first-principle calculations to describe the very weak atomic interactions--the Van der waals-related London dispersion forces--among each of the three types of gas molecules and the two ZIFS.
Those were plugged into large-scale Monte carlo simulations to predict how much of each gas each porous zeolite could adsorb.
but calculating integrative forces between thousands of gas molecules and each ZIF was not. It took the combined power of Rice's DAVINCI
Shahsavari said the method should also be good for analyzing the potential for zeolites as membranes to separate gases.
but also gas mixtures he said. This provides a good computational framework so one can do rapid screening for the desired properties.
This later star-forming phase could have been caused by minor mergers with gas-rich neighbors which provide the fuel for new stars.
and greenhouse gases extending as far back as 1. 5 million years almost twice as old as the oldest ice core drilled to date.
By studying the past climate scientists can understand better how temperature responds to changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere.
A 3. 2-km-long ice core drilled almost a decade ago at Dome Concordia (Dome C) in Antarctica revealed 800000 years of climate history showing that greenhouse gases
Climate scientists suspect greenhouse gases played a role in forcing this transition but they need to drill into the ice to confirm their suspicions.
The information on greenhouse-gas concentrations at that time can only be gained from an Antarctic ice core covering the last 1. 5 million years.
Activities associated with agriculture are currently responsible for just under one third of greenhouse gas emissions;
Even under future scenarios in which atmospheric greenhouse gases rise dramatically the models project the dry season in the southern Amazon to be only a few to 10 days longer by the end of the century
Greenhouse gas balances depend on utilisation formsit can thus be said that straw can contribute to the future energy mix.
The degree to which it will contribute to greenhouse gas reduction however will depend on how the straw is used.
The different greenhouse gas balances cast a differentiated light on the EU's goal of covering ten percent of transportation sector's energy use by using biofuels.
Although a greenhouse gas and pollutant carbon dioxide also is a plant nutrient. Had Earth's terrestrial ecosystems remained a carbon source they would have generated
beera discovery at Rice university aims to make vehicles that run on compressed natural gas more practical. It might also prolong the shelf life of bottled beer and soda.
The Rice lab of chemist James Tour has enhanced a polymer material to make it far more impermeable to pressurized gas
and far lighter than the metal in tanks now used to contain the gas. The combination could be a boon for an auto industry under pressure to market consumer cars that use cheaper natural gas.
It could also find a market in food and beverage packaging. Tour and his colleagues at Rice
Because gas molecules cannot penetrate GNRS they are faced with a tortuous path to freedom he said.
The researchers acknowledged that a solid two-dimensional sheet of graphene might be the perfect barrier to gas
But the overlapping 200-to 300-nanometer-wide ribbons dispersed so well that they were nearly as effective as large-sheet graphene in containing gas molecules.
and make it impermeable to gas Tour said. This becomes increasingly important as automakers think about powering cars with natural gas.
Metal tanks that can handle natural gas under pressure are often much heavier than the automakers would like.
He said the material could help to solve longstanding problems in food packaging too. Remember when you were a kid you'd get a balloon
That's because gas molecules go through rubber or plastic Tour said. It took years for scientists to figure out how to make a plastic bottle for soda.
#Biochar in soils cuts greenhouse gas emissionsuniversity of TÃ bingen microbiologists show soil microbe communities can be influenced to decrease nitrous oxide emissions.
they also present a new possibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Biochar is produced by high-temperature thermochemical decomposition of organic material a process known as pyrolysis.
and can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because it stores carbon in the soil says Sebastian Behrens.
which the United nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed that concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 methane
which is an extremely potent greenhouse gas. Before fertilizers nitrogen was introduced into the soil through rainfall
-and water-holding properties of soil but its popularity in recent years also owes to its ability to reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon in soil in some cases for many centuries.
Hydrogen does not exist in the element's gas phase in space since the two atoms of the molecule cannot rid themselves of the formation reaction energy without a third body.
comparisons of the energy consumption greenhouse gas emissions and total cost of ownership for the medium-duty vehicles.
and emit about 40 percent less greenhouse gases than diesel trucks for about the same total cost taking into account both the purchase price
The research team took into account the sources of electricity used to charge the electric vehicles in evaluating greenhouse gas emissions.
In every state in the U s. electric trucks provided some reduction in greenhouse gas emissions with urban routes providing the most advantage.
or duty cycle application fleet operators could enjoy higher returns on investment while saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
(and less runoff) encourages predators of harmful animals minimizes greenhouse gas emissions improves job satisfaction for farm workers reduces injury
#Chinas synthetic gas plants would be powered greenhouse giantscoal synthetic natural gas plants being planned in China would produce seven times more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional natural gas plants
Using coal to make natural gas may be good for China's energy security but it's an environmental disaster in the making said Robert B. Jackson Nicholas Professor of Environmental sciences
At a minimum Chinese policymakers should delay implementing their synthetic natural gas plan to avoid a potentially costly
As part of the largest investment in coal-fueled synthetic natural gas plants in history the central Chinese government recently has approved construction of nine large-scale plants capable of producing more than 37 billion cubic meters
of synthetic natural gas annually. Private companies are planning to build more than 30 other plants capable of producing as much as 200 million cubic meters of natural gas each year--far exceeding China's current natural gas demand.
These plants are coming online at a rapid pace. If all nine plants planned by the Chinese government were built they would emit 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide over a typical 40-year lifetime seven times the greenhouse gas that would be emitted by traditional natural gas plants Jackson said.
If all 40 of the facilities are built their carbon dioxide emissions would be an astonishing 110 billion tons Jackson said.
if the gas produced by the new plants is used to generate electricity the total lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions would be 36 percent to 82 percent higher than pulverized coal-fired power.
If the synthetic natural gas made by the plants were used to fuel vehicles the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions would be twice as large as from gasoline-fueled vehicles.
The increased carbon dioxide emissions from the nine government-approved plants alone will more than cancel out all of the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from China's recent investments in wind
Producing synthetic natural gas requires 50 to 100 times the amount of water you need to produce shale gas Yang said.
It will lock in high greenhouse gas emissions water use and mercury pollution for decades. Perhaps there's still time to stop it.
but scientifically simplistic perception that biofuels such as ethanol are inherently carbon neutral meaning that the heat-trapping carbon dioxide gas emitted
But Decicco pointed out that a recent National Academy of Sciences report concluded that the Renewable Fuel Standard may not reduce greenhouse gas emissions at all once global impacts are counted.
Imagine a bubble of gas underwater--the surface between the gas bubble and the water corresponds to the heliopause.
The heliopause separates regions of different gases. In the case of the Voyager 1 crossing the heliopause separates material created by the sun from material that surrounds the stars throughout the galaxy.
At the heliopause the influence of the solar wind is no longer great enough to push back the gas
Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides--gases produced from the burning of fossil fuels--react with water molecules in the air.
and cotton grass can strongly influence climate warming effects on greenhouse gas emissions researchers from Lancaster University The University of Manchester
when heather was present warming increased the amount of CO2 taken up from the atmosphere making the ecosystem a greater sink for this greenhouse gas.
or climate change itself also had such a strong impact on greenhouse gas emissions and even changed the way that warming affected them.
By taking gas samples every month of the year we were able to show that the types of plants growing in these ecosystems can modify the effects of increase in temperature.
Kenya's leadership in adaptation planning is particularly important he added given that international negotiations to mitigate the effect of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions are basically at a stand still.
Only a few production paths contribute to greenhouse gas emissionsanother surprising observation was that out of tens of thousands of different production paths only a handful had very significant environmental impacts.
For example with respect to greenhouse gas emissions only 0. 3 per cent of the variables examined were relevant.
As this result surprised the researchers the method was tested by trying to predict Finland's greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 from year 2002 data only updating the 60 most important components of the 23000 model parameters.
which equates to roughly 185 tons of carbon dioxide or the exhaust of some 21285 gallons of gasoline.
grass used for livestock feed has enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Referred to as biological nitrification inhibition
but it also contributes about half of agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions Peters explained. BNI is a rare triple-win technology that's good for rural livelihoods as well as the global environment and climate.
Those coatings sealed off the fruit preventing the exchange of gases with the air essential for sustaining good quality.
Today's edible films however allow that exchange of gases and have other features that maintain freshness flavor aroma texture and nutritional value.
#Calculating the carbon footprint of Californias productsnow that California's greenhouse gas cap -and-trade policy is law attention is shifting to recognizing industry efficiency.
Leveraging technical expertise within industry and academia we aim to create a transparent fair way of benchmarking that provides incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and plays an important role for the water and carbon balance including greenhouse gases. Even though it was clear that major problems were occurring in Mongolia in the past 20 years researchers were uncertain
and Sweetcrisp) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. These five cultivars are significant in Florida and have been rated subjectively as having varied flavor characteristics noted lead author James Olmstead.
#Increased greenhouse gases and aerosols have similar effects on rainfallalthough greenhouse gases and aerosols have very distinct properties their effects on spatial patterns of rainfall change are surprisingly similar according to new research from the University of Hawaii at Manoa's International Pacific Research center (IPRC) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Humanmade climate change comes mostly from the radiative forcing of greenhouse gases and air pollutants or aerosols.
While greenhouse gases are mixed well in the atmosphere and tend to be distributed evenly around the globe aerosols vary greatly in local concentration
Even though aerosols and greenhouse gases are concentrated in vastly different regions of Earth all three models revealed similar regional effects on rainfall over the ocean.
The climate changes induced by greenhouse gases and by aerosols share a common set of ocean-atmospheric feedback structures explaining the spatial resemblance between the two types of response.
while reducing pollution and greenhouse gases will require more than luck. Odds are it will take a daring out of the box idea like this one.
#Beetles modify emissions of greenhouse gases from cow patscattle contribute to global warming by burping
and farting large amounts of greenhouse gases. Some of the same gases are emitted also from cow pats on pastures.
But now researchers from the University of Helsinki have found that beetles living in cow pats may reduce emissions of the key greenhouse gas--methane.
Agriculture is one of the biggest sources of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases responsible for global warming.
Among these cattle farming for meat and milk are major sources of methane a gas with a potent warming effect.
Much of this methane comes from the guts of ruminating cattle but some escapes from dung pats on pastures.
But if in the process the same carbon is converted from carbon dioxide to methane--a gas with a much higher impact on climate--it is then that we need to worry.
and private industry that supports research on technologies that significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gases while meeting the world's energy needs.
or high temperatures and in many kinds of samples including crystals powders gels liquids and gases.
and respiration take up the gas in spring and summer and release it in fall and winter.
and Geospace Sciences We can easily measure the greenhouse gas budget from a single smokestack but somewhat less well for a stand of trees.
whether we can explain and model greenhouse gas distribution. In the study the scientists compared the recent aircraft data with aircraft data gathered from 1958 to 1961 using U s. Air force weather reconnaissance flights.
If we want to stabilize the climate system we need to focus on greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide nitrous oxide and methane.
Methane the main component of natural gas is released from leaking pipelines coal mines oil wells cattle rice paddies and landfills.
The model also incorporates greenhouse gases and pollutants that can result from those activities. Earlier studies of short-lived climate pollutants did not use an integrated dynamic model such as GCAM.
And all wood-and biomass-burning stoves were replaced with cleaner modern stoves that use electricity or natural gas for energy.
While focusing on reducing all greenhouse gas emissions including methane the comprehensive climate policy scenario also reduced the amount of soot in the atmosphere.
however the focus needs to be on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Environmental protection agency funded this research.
Dr Vanessa Adams says that late dry season wildfires in Australia's tropical north generate about 3%of the country's annual greenhouse gas emissions so strategic burning could be an important abatement activity.
which are greenhouse gases from warming the atmosphere and also disrupting atmospheric circulation. had taken these effects hold they would have combined to shift rainfall patterns in ways beyond those that may already be happening due to rising carbon dioxide in the air.
and industrial greenhouse gases--have pushed together the jet stream in the southern hemisphere south over recent decades.
The projected stopping of the poleward jet migration is a result of the ozone hole closing canceling the effect of increasing greenhouse gases.
As a greenhouse gas CFCS can be thousands of times more potent than carbon dioxide. Dutch scientist Guus Velders estimated in a 2007 study that had the chemicals not been phased out by 2010 they would have generated the warming equivalent of more than 220 billion tons of carbon dioxide.
While HFCS are ozone-safe they too are powerful greenhouse gases that have become a concern as world leaders grapple with climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol was drafted to regulate global greenhouse gas emissions but its expiration at the end of 2012 has led some countries to seek climate protections from the Montreal Protocol.
It's a lesson surely for our current efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Story Source:
if greenhouse gases continue to rise at current accelerating rates. The researchers base their projections on what is known about the greenhouse world of 50 million years ago
when levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were much higher than those that have been present during human history.
and other gases known to create a greenhouse effect that traps heat in the atmosphere. For several days in May 2013 CO2 levels exceeded 400 parts per million for the first time in human history
For example the researchers note that with continued emissions of greenhouse gases at the high end of the scenarios annual temperatures over North america Europe
By the end of the century should the current emissions of greenhouse gases remain unchecked temperatures over the northern hemisphere will tip 5-6 degrees C warmer than today's averages.
because humans have emitted already greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and the atmosphere and oceans have already been heated.
If every new power plant or factory in the world produced zero emissions we'd still see impact from the existing infrastructure and from gases already released.
and preceding cooling trends to ocean circulation changes induced by global greenhouse gas emissions and aerosols predominantly generated in the Northern hemisphere from human activity.
whether this rapid warming was partly a response to greenhouse gases overcoming the cooling effect of aerosols that peaked globally in the 1980s due to the introduction of clean air legislation across United states and Europe.
To test this the researchers examined more than 40 state-of-the-art climate simulations that included historical changes to greenhouse gases and aerosols over the twentieth century.
Together with a greenhouse gas-induced southward shift the Indian subtropical ocean gyres towards the Antarctic these processes delay the Indian ocean warming in the models Dr Cai said.
For many years aerosols have masked the direct surface warming induced by greenhouse gases in many Northern hemisphere regions
however in the Southern subtropical Indian ocean both aerosols and greenhouse gases have conspired historically to produce a net oceanic cooling
or increasing greenhouse gases remains difficult but as human-generated air pollution is phased all together out this will undoubtedly reveal the full impact of greenhouse gases.
The research has been supported by the CSIRO Wealth from Oceans National Research Flagship The Australian Climate Change Science Program and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Climate System Science.
The release of this carbon from fires adds to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere potentially leading to additional climate warming he said.
And the Internet overall is reducing greenhouse gas emissions because it distributes goods digitally that once were delivered physically like books music publications and mail.
After IT equipment the second major way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with data centers is to improve the efficiency of the buildings that support them.
Of the potential 88 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions though IT device efficiency accounts for about 80 percent and facility energy management for only about 8 percent.
Agriculture and land use change contributed about 1/3 of total human greenhouse gas emissions in the past decade through crop cultivation animal production and deforestation.
which can lead to large emissions of nitrogen-containing gases that also contribute to global warming.
The study found that increasing livestock yields was more effective at reducing greenhouse gas emissions than increasing yields from crops that people eat.
and 25%for livestock would lead to a 12%savings in greenhouse gas emission per calorie produced.
and livestock greenhouse gas emissions and the trade-offs and co-benefits of different pathways of crop yield improvement.
and associated environmental impacts including greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change and reduced recreation for people.
Recasting the CAP as a Payment for Ecosystem Services mechanism would reward farmers for delivering a bundle of key of ecosystem services including climate change mitigation by the reduction of emission of greenhouse gases water regulation recreation and biodiversity conservation.
With the evidence at hand it is imperative that there is a U-turn in land use policies that allow to maximize the economic benefits of landscapes by reducing greenhouse gas emissions reducing water pollution enhanced recreation and urban greenspace and improvements
and gas development affect prairie chickens Sandercock said. With wind power development the researchers had unexpected the result of female survival rates increasing after wind turbines were installed potentially
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