#Emission trading schemes limit green consumerismschemes that aim to regulate greenhouse gas emissions can limit consumers'attempts to reduce their carbon footprints according to an economist at the University of East Anglia (UEA.
but it does not reduce greenhouse gas emissions said Dr Perino an environmental economist in the School of economics and member of the Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE) at UEA.
while this scheme reduces greenhouse gas emissions it only does so because the cap is lower than the amount regulated sectors would emit in its absence adding:
The two regional cap and trade schemes in North america the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Western Climate Initiative follow the same basic design
and exposed material was etched away with argon gas. A focused ion beam system was used later to create even finer patterns down to 100-nanometer resolution without masks.
and used gas and liquid chromatography to analyze juice compounds. They found that orange juice from the fruit with HLB symptoms was often higher in limonin
if we continue increasing our emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activity.
A simple way to measure climate sensitivity is to calculate how much the mean air temperature will rise
If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at our current rate we risk doubling that atmospheric CO2 level in roughly 2050.
We used a method that enables us to view the entire earth as one giant'laboratory'where humankind has been conducting a collective experiment through our emissions of greenhouse gases and particulates deforestation and other activities that affect climate.
Ozone was observed to be a more efficient greenhouse gas over hot regions like the tropics or relatively cloud-free regions like the Middle east.
The researchers found that the top 15 regional contributors to global ozone greenhouse gas levels were located predominantly in China
Bowman and Henze found considerable variability in how different types of emissions contribute to ozone's greenhouse gas effect.
and natural--industrial and transportation sources make up a quarter of the total greenhouse gas effect
They also found that nitrogen dioxide contributes about two-thirds of the ozone greenhouse gas effect compared to carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons.
One question that's getting a lot of interest in policy initiatives such as the United nations'Environment Programme Climate and Clean Air Coalition is controlling short-lived greenhouse gases like methane
The trends are consistent with the projected effects of increased concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels.
life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel requirements--the researchers identified PV electricity for battery electric vehicles as the superior sun-to-wheels conversion method.
We estimate that using marginal lands for growing cellulosic biomass crops could provide up to 215 gallons of ethanol per acre with substantial greenhouse gas mitigation.
However this is the first study to provide an estimate for the greenhouse gas benefits as well as an assessment of the total potential for these lands to produce significant amounts of biomass he added.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas and nitrate can contaminate drinking water supplies and leads to coastal ocean problems.
and gas recovery and help reboot American mining of rare earth metals he said. Graphene oxide's large surface area defines its capacity to adsorb toxins Kalmykov said.
The researchers focused on removing radioactive isotopes of the actinides and lanthanides--the 30 rare earth elements in the periodic table--from liquids rather than solids or gases.
Many stars are known to be surrounded by disks of gas and dust and one of the closest beta-Pictoris (Î-Pic) was reported to have comets in 1987.
and Montgomery attributed to large clouds of gas emanating from the nuclei of comets as they neared their central stars.
#Global natural gas boom alone wont slow climate changea new analysis of global energy use economics
and the climate shows that without new climate policies expanding the current bounty of inexpensive natural gas alone would not slow the growth of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide over the long term according to a study appearing today in Nature.
Because natural gas emits half the carbon dioxide of coal many people hoped the recent natural gas boom could help slow climate change
--and according to government analyses natural gas did contribute partially to a decline in U s. carbon dioxide emissions between 2007 and 2012.
But in the long run according to this study a global abundance of inexpensive natural gas would compete with all energy sources--not just higher-emitting coal
Inexpensive natural gas would also accelerate economic growth and expand overall energy use. The effect is that abundant natural gas alone will do little to slow climate change said lead author Haewon Mcjeon an economist at the Department of energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Global deployment of advanced natural gas production technology could double or triple the global natural gas production by 2050
but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.
Thinking Globallyrecent advances in gas production technology based on horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing--also known as fracking--have led to bountiful low-cost natural gas.
Because gas emits far less carbon dioxide than coal some researchers have linked the natural gas boom to recent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United states
. But could these advanced technologies also have an impact on emissions beyond North america and decades into the future?
and policy experts led by PNNL's Joint Global Change Research Institute gathered at a workshop in Cambridge Maryland in April 2013 to consider the long-term impact of an expansion of the current natural gas boom on the rest of the world.
and projected what the world would be like in 2050 with and without a global natural gas boom.
but we were surprised how little difference abundant gas made to total greenhouse gas emissions even though it was dramatically changing the global energy system said James Jae Edmonds PNNL's chief scientist at JGCRI.
Swapping out coal for natural gas in a simple model would cut greenhouse gas emissions a result many people expected to see.
â#¢Natural gas replacing coal would reduce carbon emissions. But due to its lower cost natural gas would also replace some low-carbon energy such as renewable or nuclear energy.
Overall changes result in a smaller reduction than expected due to natural gas replacing these other low-carbon sources.
In a sense natural gas would become a larger slice of the energy pie. â#¢Abundant less expensive natural gas would lower energy prices across the board leading people to use more energy overall.
In addition inexpensive energy stimulates the economy which also increases overall energy use. Consequently the entire energy pie gets bigger. â#¢The main component of natural gas methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
During production and distribution some methane inevitably escapes into the atmosphere. The researchers considered both high and low estimates for this so-called fugitive methane.
The combined effect of the three the scientists found is that the global energy system could experience unprecedented changes in the growth of natural gas production
Abundant gas may have a lot of benefits--economic growth local air pollution energy security and so on. There's been some hope that slowing climate change could also be one of its benefits
Soil-stored carbon can slow the build up of carbon-based gases in the atmosphere a phenomenon believed to be a cause of global climate change.
Soils serve as a natural container to hold carbon that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases that accelerate global climate change.
#Causes of California drought linked to climate changethe extreme atmospheric conditions associated with California's crippling drought are far more likely to occur under today's global warming conditions than in the climate that existed before humans emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases.
and statistical techniques to show that a persistent region of high atmospheric pressure hovering over the Pacific ocean that diverted storms away from California was much more likely to form in the presence of modern greenhouse gas concentrations.
Our research finds that extreme atmospheric high pressure in this region--which is linked strongly to unusually low precipitation in California--is much more likely to occur today than prior to the human emission of greenhouse gases that began during the Industrial revolution in the 1800s said Diffenbaugh an associate professor of environmental Earth
which the atmosphere is growing increasingly warm due to human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
In the other set of experiments greenhouse gases were kept at a level similar to those that existed just prior to the Industrial revolution.
We've demonstrated with high statistical confidence that the large-scale atmospheric conditions similar to those associated with the Triple R are far more likely to occur now than in the climate before we emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases Rajaratnam said.
and reduced greenhouse gas emissions said lead author Rebecca Barnes an assistant professor of environmental science at Colorado College who began the research while serving as a postdoctoral research associate at Rice.
and can be influenced dramatically by high winds the team expects to see a substantial increase In front Range fire activity in the low and mid-elevations in the coming years as temperatures continue to warm a result of rising greenhouses gases in Earth's atmosphere.
In his trunk a luggage-sized air-sampling instrument sniffs the outside air through a small tube to measure the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
and his team build confidence in greenhouse gas measurements taken from aircraft and satellites which can cover large areas more effectively.
A NASA aircraft soon appears overhead carrying a prototype satellite instrument that records high-resolution images of methane that scientists can use to identify gas plumes.
The pilot buzzes the landfill several times to capture images of the invisible gas then the plane departs
Cities and their power plants are the largest sources of human-produced greenhouse gas emissions and are the largest human contributors to climate change.
When fully established in late 2014 the LA network will consist of 15 monitoring stations around the LA basin Most will use commercially available high-precision greenhouse gas analyzers to continuously sample local air.
The LA megacity sprawls across five counties 150 municipalities many freeways landfills oil wells gas pipelines America's largest seaport mountains and even dairies all within an area
The Megacities project combines direct surface measurements of urban greenhouse gases from instruments located in air sampling stations atop radio towers
Other instruments track winds and vertical motion of the atmosphere--both of which are key to interpreting the greenhouse gas measurements.
Doing so requires more frequent and dense measurements and the ability to sense multiple species of greenhouse gases from Earth's surface and from space.
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from cities is a significant challenge said James Whetstone special assistant to the director for greenhouse gas measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST
and demonstrate the performance of advanced greenhouse gas measurement methods that can be applied to cities and metropolitan areas.
but that are needed to independently quantify progress toward greenhouse gas emission targets Whetstone added. The pilot effort in LA and companion efforts in Paris build upon existing research infrastructure and collaborations with smaller cities.
In addition to hosting the gas analyzers these super-sites also use natural sunlight to track carbon dioxide methane carbon monoxide and other gases in columns of the atmosphere over LA.
Satellites such as NASA's OCO-2 and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Satellite (GOSAT) periodically sample the air over Los angeles and a subset of other cities around the world.
It may someday serve as part of an international constellation of carbon monitoring satellites providing frequent comprehensive mapping of greenhouse gases across entire cities and broader regions.
and atmospheric moisture future satellites will also use'chemical cameras'to map the distributions of greenhouse gases
and small changes in soil carbon storage can have a big effect on atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
And while climate warming will continue with the addition of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activities (fossil fuel combustion land-use clearing) previous assumptions about a positive soil carbon cycling feedback to future warming
The imperfections have unique electronic properties that the researchers were able to exploit to increase sensitivity to absorbed gas molecules by 300 times.
But Salehi-Khojin and his colleagues showed that these imperfections are important to the working of graphene-based gas sensors.
They created a micron-sized individual graphene grain boundary in order to probe its electronic properties and study its role in gas sensing.
Their first discovery was that gas molecules are attracted to the grain boundary and accumulate there rather than on the graphene crystal making it the ideal spot for sensing gas molecules.
A grain boundary's electrical properties attract molecules to its surface. A theoretical chemistry group at UIC led by Petr Kral was able to explain this attraction and additional electronic properties of the grain boundary.
Gas molecules accumulate on the grain boundary; there is a charge transfer; and because these channels are paralleled all together all the channels abruptly open or close.
With the grain boundary's strong attraction for gas molecules and the extraordinarily sharp response to any charge transfer such an electronic nose might be able to detect even a single gas molecule Salehi-Khojin believes
The concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere have been rising steadily over the last century.
Advances in hydraulic fracturing put trillions of dollars'worth of previously unreachable oil and natural gas within humanity's grasp.
Society is certain to extract more gas and oil due to fracking said Stanford environmental scientist Robert Jackson who led the new study.
but extracting natural gas with hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling compares well with conventional energy sources the study finds.
Fracking requires more water than conventional gas drilling; but when natural gas is used in place of coal
or nuclear fuel to generate electricity it saves water. From mining to generation coal power consumes more than twice the water per megawatt-hour generated than unconventional gas does.
Unconventional drilling's water demand can be better or worse than alternative energy sources the study finds.
but cheap abundant natural gas may limit their deployment as new sources of electricity. On the other hand fracked gas requires less than a hundredth the water of corn ethanol per unit of energy.
and gas drilling with potential health threats arising from increases in volatile organic compounds and air toxics.
But when natural gas replaces coal as a fuel for generating electricity the benefits to air quality include lower carbon dioxide emissions than coal and almost none of the mercury sulfur dioxide or ash.
While the increased gas supply reduces air pollution in U s. cities downwind from coal-fired power plants we still don't know
Gas and chemicals from humanmade fractures thousands of meters underground very rarely seep upward to drinking-water aquifers the study says.
and gas--shows the importance of state policies. Wastewater disposal is one of the biggest issues associated with fracking said co-author Avner Vengosh a professor of geochemistry at Duke university.
#15 years of carbon dioxide emissions On earth mappedworld leaders face multiple barriers in their efforts to reach agreement on greenhouse gas emission policies.
These maps provide a scientific independent assessment of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions--something policy-makers can use
With this system we are taking a big step toward creating a global monitoring system for greenhouse gases something that is needed as the world considers how best to meet greenhouse gas reductions said Kevin Robert Gurney lead investigator and associate professor
and show that independent scientific monitoring of greenhouse gases is possible. The research team combined information from space-based nighttime lights a new population database national statistics on fuel use
whether strategies to reduce greenhouse gases are said effective Jennifer Morgan Director of the Climate and Energy Program at World Resources Institute.
Record greenhouse gas levels impact atmosphere and oceans, WMO report findsthe amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record high in 2013 propelled by a surge in levels
This is according to the World meteorological organization's annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin which injected even greater urgency into the need for concerted international action against accelerating and potentially devastating climate change.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin showed that between 1990 and 2013 there was a 34%increase in radiative forcing--the warming effect on our climate--because of long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) methane and nitrous oxide.
The WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin reports on atmospheric concentrations--and not emissions--of greenhouse gases.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin shows that far from falling the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere actually increased last year at the fastest rate for nearly 30 years.
and other greenhouse gases across the board he said. We are running out of time.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin provides a scientific base for decision-making. We have the knowledge and we have the tools for action to try keep temperature increases within 2â°C to give our planet a chance
The inclusion of a section on ocean acidification in this issue of WMO's Greenhouse Gas Bulletin is needed appropriate
Atmospheric Concentrationscarbon dioxide accounted for 80%of the 34%increase in radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases from 1990 to 2013 according to the U s National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index.
Methane is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas. Approximately 40%of methane is emitted into the atmosphere by natural sources (e g. wetlands
The WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (www. wmo. int/gaw) coordinates systematic observations and analysis of greenhouse gases and other trace species. Fifty countries
contributed data for the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Measurement data are reported by participating countries and archived and distributed by the World Data centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) at the Japan Meteorological Agency.
http://ds. data. jma. go. jp/gmd/wdcgg) The summary on ocean acidification was produced jointly by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
and raising greenhouse gas emissions said Thomas Hertel a distinguished professor of agricultural economics. Increasing productivity in Africa--a carbon-rich region with low agricultural yields--could have negative effects on the environment especially
Some researchers suggest that increasing the profitability of farming will amplify its negative environmental effects raising greenhouse gas emissions and accelerating tropical deforestation.
However reductions in the potent greenhouse gases methane and ozone--which contribute to global warming--have helped deliver a net cooling effect.
#Dietary recommendations may be tied to increased greenhouse gas emissionsif Americans altered their menus to conform to federal dietary recommendations emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases tied to agricultural production could increase significantly according to a new study
Martin Heller and Gregory Keoleian of U-M's Center for Sustainable Systems looked at the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of about 100 foods as well as the potential effects of shifting Americans to a diet
while keeping caloric intake constant diet-related greenhouse gas emissions would increase 12 percent. If Americans reduced their daily caloric intake to the recommended level of about 2000 calories
while shifting to a healthier diet greenhouse gas emissions would decrease by only 1 percent according to Heller and Keoleian.
A paper by Heller and Keoleian titled Greenhouse gas emission estimates of U s. dietary choices and food loss is scheduled for online publication Sept. 5 in the Journal of Industrial Ecology.
While a drop in meat consumption would help cut diet-related greenhouse gas emissions increased use of dairy products
In the United states in 2010 food production was responsible for about 8 percent of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions.
In general animal-based foods are responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions per pound than plant-based foods.
The production of both beef cattle and dairy cows is tied to especially high levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
and their manure also releases this potent greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with producing the U s. diet are dominated by the meats category according to Heller and Keoleian.
While beef accounts for only 4 percent by weight of the food available it contributes 36 percent of the associated greenhouse gases they conclude.
The U-M researchers found that a switch to diets that don't contain animal products would lead to the biggest reductions in this country's diet-related greenhouse emissions.
and how it contributes to U s. greenhouse gas emissions. They concluded that annual emissions tied to uneaten food are equivalent to adding 33 million passenger vehicles to the nation's roads.
Catching greenhouse gases with advanced membranesresearchers in Japan have engineered a membrane with advanced features capable of removing harmful greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
Their findings published in The british journal Nature Communications may one day contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions and cleaner skies.
Greenhouse gases originating from industrial processes and the burning of fossil fuels blanket Earth and are the culprits behind current global warming woes.
which up 84%of the United State's greenhouse gases in 2012 and can linger in Earth's atmosphere for up to thousands of years.
Therefore new low-cost technologies are needed sorely to incentivize greenhouse gas capture by industry. Easan Sivaniah--an associate professor at Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material sciences (icems)--led an international team of researchers from icems
and the University of Cambridge to create an advanced membrane capable of rapidly separating gases.
and cavities less than 2 nm in diameter that can trap gases of interest once they enter said Qilei Song who was involved in the study.
PIM-1 can also be used for other applications such as capturing carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels enriching the oxygen content in air for efficient combustion engines hydrogen gas production
--if current trends continue--food production alone will reach if not exceed the global targets for total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050.
%This will put emissions from food production alone roughly equal to the target greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 for the entire global economy.
if achieved might mitigate some of the greenhouse gases causing climate change. There are basic laws of biophysics that we cannot evade said lead researcher Bojana Bajzelj from the University of Cambridge's Department of Engineering who authored the study with colleagues from Cambridge's departments of Geography and Plant sciences as well as the University of Aberdeen's Institute of Biological
and releasing more greenhouse gases. Agricultural practices are not necessarily at fault here --but our choice of food is said Bajzelj.
Yield gap closure alone still showed a greenhouse gas increase of just over 40%by 2050.
and halving food waste still showed a small increase of 2%in greenhouse gas emissions. When healthy diets were added the model suggests that all three measures combined result in agricultural GHG levels almost halving from their 2009 level--dropping 48%.
Up to 200 different gases may be escaping through these fires but no method currently exists to accurately determine the composition of peat fire emissions.
#Greenhouse gases: New group of soil microorganisms can contribute to their eliminationinra research scientists in Dijon have shown that the ability of soils to eliminate N2o can mainly be explained by the diversity
Nitrous oxide (N2o) is one of the principal greenhouse gases alongside carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4;
This elimination can be achieved by microorganisms living in the soil that are able to reduce N2o into nitrogen (N2) the gas that makes up around four-fifths of the air we breathe and
Unlike other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane (CH4) the ability of soils to eliminate N2o
and thus act as a sink for this greenhouse gas has been studied very little hitherto. Their work has shown that this variability is linked to a new group of N2o-consuming microorganisms.
Astronomers using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Green Bank Telescope (GBT) have discovered that filaments of star-forming gas near the Orion Nebula may be brimming with pebble-size particles--planetary building blocks 100
Subsurface warming in the ocean explains why global average air temperatures have flatlined since 1999 despite greenhouse gases trapping more solar heat at Earth's surface.
Wildland fires involve complex interactions that include fuel distribution terrain topography chemical reactions energy transfer and the associated fluid dynamics that transport moisture gas-phase hydrocarbons air
D. R. Weise The role of moisture on combustion of pyrolysis gases in wildland fires Combustion Science and Technology 185: 435-453 2013;
which are made from nonrenewable sources such as petroleum or natural gas. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids effectively and efficiently dissolve biomass and represent a remarkable platform for biomass pretreatment
because they can open the stomata on their leaves that exchange gases with the atmosphere.
Almost all existing fertilizers such as phosphorus and nitrate-based products are produced using energy-intensive methods involving the use of oil and gas.
and reduce costs to farmers as production of digestate-ash fertilizer would not be linked to the global price of oil and gas.
The next step is to explore the ultimate sensitivity of this unique technique for gas sensing.
In approving new biofuel products Quinn said that the EPA doesn't formally consider invasiveness at all--just greenhouse gas emissions related to their production.
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