Those simultaneous trends would drive the need for more power generation which could simply add more carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the climate system.
and pressing for public policy solutions now due to the fact that greenhouse gases emitted today can last in the atmosphere for hundreds of years effectively baking in#a certain amount of warming.#
in addition to the warming caused by the heat trapped by accumulating greenhouse gases in the Earth s atmosphere.
The lava cools so quickly that gas bubbles are trapped inside creating a rock filled with spongelike holes.
#Methane Rising As Funding Cuts Threaten Monitoring Network Levels of methane a climate-changing greenhouse gas have been rising since 2007.
But U s. federal budget woes are shrinking the monitoring network that tracks greenhouse gases such as methane
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) monitors many potent greenhouse gases such as methane carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at observatories around the world.
Invisible blanket Methane gas lasts just nine years in Earth's atmosphere but is about 34 times more potent at trapping infrared radiation (the greenhouse effect) than carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Gases: The Biggest Emitters (Infographic) One mystery in the global methane record is why Asia's strong economic growth
Gases rise measurements decline NOAA complements its air-sample measurements with continuous measurements at six observatories in Hawaii Alaska Greenland Antarctica American samoa
and California and tall towers throughout the United states. The agency also tracks greenhouse gases by plane and other countries contribute to the network.
and track greenhouse gases. NOAA spends about $6 million each year on the program. As a result of funding cuts in 2012 the agency slashed some monitoring from aircraft and ground stations.
and gas industries can emit significant amounts of methane. But no one knows how much methane escapes nor its potential effect on regional or global temperatures.
The warming Arctic could add significant amounts of methane gas to the atmosphere as permafrost melts
and releases huge quantities of gas trapped in previously frozen ground. While some studies indicate methane may already be escaping from the Arctic ground atmospheric levels of methane in the Arctic have not increased yet Dlugokencky said.
Using satellites to measure atmospheric concentrations of climate change-fueling carbon dioxide originating from coal-fired power plants could help verify other countries claims about their emissions of greenhouse gases helping regulators in the U s
. and abroad to enforce current and future international greenhouse gas emissions regulations a new Los alamos National Laboratory study shows.
But there are discrepencies in China's greenhouse gas emissions data and satellite remote sensing could eventually provide accurate data that would help make it easier to enforce international emissions regulations.#
#Scientists have had technical challenges using satellites to measure greenhouse gases because of their limited coverage area
and assess future satellite monitoring strategies#he said adding that research in using satellites to monitor atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations will flourish
The Los alamos team clearly demonstrated the value of remote sensing for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions said David Crisp the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) science lead at NASA s Jet propulsion laboratory.
#Today sensors on the ground are more accurate at measuring greenhouse gases than satellites but the OCO-2 is expected to take the next technological leap in satellite-based greenhouse gas measurement technology he said.
For CO2 emissions to be monitored accurately from space it would take a coordinated network of satellites similar to existing weather satellites he said.
but some countries have greenhouse gas-detecting satellites being launched within the next five years. Beyond the demonstration of possible satellite-based greenhouse gas detection technology the Los alamos study had some surprising results about the two New mexico power plant s emissions.
The study found that 70 to 75 percent of the regional atmosphere within about 6 miles of the power plants is polluted with their emissions.
We still don't know how much excess energy trapped by the continued increase of greenhouse gases is being stored On earth somewhere perhaps in the oceans
No solution to climate change can be found without reducing deforestation which accounts for more than 11 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Nature Newsozone experts are exploring ways to curb powerful greenhouse gases of their own making under the Montreal Protocol,
but are also powerful greenhouse gases. Although in this respect many are less potent than their predecessors,
As greenhouse gases, they are covered under the Kyoto Protocol, but many believe that they could be eliminated much faster
explicitly citing the potential to further reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The US Environmental protection agency says that the resulting greenhouse-gas reductions could equate to around 2. 6 billion tonnes of CO2,
akin to taking more than 68 million vehicles off the road for 30 years, depending on which chemicals fill the void.
Although they represent less than 1%of the greenhouse-gas forcing, HFC emissions are rising by about 15%per year,
which is 11,700 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas (M. Wara Nature 445,595-596;
By contrast, the Lieberman-Warner climate legislation introduced in the US Senate last year proposed a stricter phase-down for HFCS than for other greenhouse gases,
by applying either the treaty itself or its framework to other powerful greenhouse gases such as perfluorocarbons (PFCS) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), both
Emissions of both gases are limited to relatively small and specialized industrial sectors which lend themselves to the kinds of rapid technical assessment
Chemicals in early refrigerants contributed to the hole in Earth's ozone layer-->Â See also Correspondence'Time running out to deal with banks of greenhouse gases
plants simply take up the gas dissolved in water from the soil, and pass it back out through their leaves.
Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and, if true, the finding would require a major rethink of the planet's carbon budget.
A search of plant genome databases found them to contain no genes comparable to those of certain bacteria known to make the gas.
this gas is a by-product of the breakdown of cell material. People hadn't realized that
if there's gas in the soil water it will be emitted taken up and by plants, says Euan Nisbet, an Earth scientist at Royal Holloway, University of London,
Many also hoped that OCO would pioneer an approach for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions under a future Kyoto-style global warming treaty.
and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), launched in January this year, will measure carbon dioxide as well as methane and water vapour.
roughly half of the CO2 now being emitted by humans stays in the atmosphere, where it acts as a greenhouse gas,
which nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas. Nitrates also leached into ground and surface water in both regions,
but their future role in sequestering the greenhouse gas is uncertain. If rainforests are hit by serious drought,
The regulation includes greenhouse-gas-emissions calculations for the life cycle of all fuels. To meet the requirement,
%or more, meaning that ethanol often results in higher greenhouse-gas emissions than gasoline. Matt Hartwig, a spokesman for the Renewable Fuels Association in WASHINGTON DC, questions the science behind indirect emissions and says California has overstated vastly the problem.
The US Environmental protection agency is reviewing its own ruling that will establish greenhouse-gas criteria under the national biofuels mandate.
US environment agency declares greenhouse gases a threat: Nature Newsthe US Environmental protection agency (EPA) today declared greenhouse gases a threat to public health and welfare, a move that gives the Obama administration broad powers to regulate greenhouse gases without going through Congress.
EPA administrator Lisa Jackson said the proposed endangerment finding confirms that greenhouse gases pose a serious problem for current and future generations,
who could face an increased frequency of droughts, air pollution and flooding, as well as a rise in sea level.
hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons all of the greenhouse gases covered under the United nations climate treaty. The document specifically cited greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles as a danger to public health.
while working with existing greenhouse-gas monitoring satellites such as Europe's Envisat and Japan's Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT, also known as IBUKI).
Nature Newsthe Australian government's proposed cap-and-trade scheme to regulate greenhouse gases, released in draft legislation last month,
Australia produces less than 2%of the world's greenhouse gases, but its per-capita emissions are among the highest in the world
or more tonnes of carbon dioxide per year or the equivalent in other greenhouse gases would be required to obtain permits to emit,
widely thought to state that the greenhouse gases are pollutants endangering the public's health.
and produce fewer greenhouse-gas emissions than vehicles powered by ethanol, researchers report today. Burning biomass to produce electricity is generally more efficient than converting it into ethanol.
the reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions using bioelectricity are more than double those calculated for the cellulosic ethanol.
Postberg says the vapour evaporating from the ocean will also contain other gases, and bubbles of those gases carry salty water droplets through vents in Enceladus's crust, to be frozen suddenly once they get there.
These grains travel out into space in the plumes along with salt-poor ice grains that are formed like snowflakes from pure water vapour.
and collide, the crust fractures and these clathrates release gases, which carry up ice particles with them to form the icy plumes.
Kieffer also says that the other gases present in the plume including methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen can only be accounted for with the clathrate model.
With this promise, Mexico is challenging the idea that developing nations are sitting on their hands as greenhouse-gas emissions skyrocket.
The gulf between developed and developing nations over greenhouse gases and who should take responsibility for what remains alarmingly wide.
Annex I countries would have had to stop emitting greenhouse gases entirely in 2007. Bolivia carries this approach one step further by framing the issue in terms of'climate debt'.
The Alliance of Small Island States, for instance, often pushes for aggressive action to reduce greenhouse gases because of its pressing concern over rising sea levels,
-and-trade system to regulate greenhouse gases. The researchers estimate that regardless of whether the Waxman-Markey bill were enacted,
although methane waste gas from coal mining was classified also as a renewable-energy source under the bill.
Worldwide, deforestation accounts for as much as 20%of greenhouse-gas emissions and up to 70%of Brazil's emissions.
Paddy fields account for around 20%of human-related emissions of methane a potent greenhouse gas. Farmers normally flood rice fields throughout the growing season,
however, is that the practice of mid-season drainage has increased the release of nitrous oxide, another potent greenhouse gas,
But overall, the annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is equivalent to 270 million tonnes of carbon dioxide,
Methane is an attractive greenhouse gas to target for emission reduction, but the lack of an accurate estimate of the baseline level challenges the use of paddy emissions in carbon trading,
The gas and dust in these disks make up the interstellar medium that forms the space between stars in galaxies,
And all the extra gas-phase carbon that the model releases might have helped life to form,
The US Environmental protection agency has announced its nationwide reporting system for greenhouse-gas emissions. Large facilities will have to disclose their emissions every year,
The European commission exceeded its authority in imposing tighter-than-requested caps for greenhouse-gas emissions on Poland and Estonia in the second period of the Emission Trading System, a court ruled last week.
The plant, not yet in operation, is thought to be big enough to hold around 3, 000 gas centrifuges,
because it produces fewer greenhouse-gas emissions and does not compete with food-supply needs.
Proprietary bacteria then ingest the gases and produce ethanol says chief marketing officer Wesley Bolsen.
Nature Newsthe Obama administration released new automobile standards on Tuesday, proposing regulations that would curb greenhouse-gas emissions and ratchet up fuel-efficiency standards beginning in 2012.
which effectively means that the greenhouse gas standards take over, says Jim Kliesch, a senior engineer in the Union of Concerned Scientists'clean vehicles programme in WASHINGTON DC.
On the same day, the US Environmental protection agency proposed a rule that would require major industrial facilities to use best available technologies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.
Belgium process them into intermediate products for antistatic coatings, for example, sensors for gas detection and electrode material for batteries and,
and use the best available control technologies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. The agency limited the rule to new facilities that produce more than 25
000 tonnes of greenhouse gases a year; existing facilities would be affected if they propose major modifications.
but it could also roll out its own regulatory programme to reduce greenhouse gases if lawmakers fail to act.
Nature Newsmany strategies for reining in greenhouse gases come with substantial health benefits, according to a new study.
But the actions with the most dramatic impact on greenhouse gases aren't necessarily the biggest winners for health.
Twelve days before the United nations climate summit kicks off in Copenhagen, an international task force has published five research papers exploring the impact that strategies for tackling greenhouse gas emissions would have on public health.
and Tropical Medicine, modelled a number of scenarios for reducing greenhouse gases. For each case study, the authors calculated the reductions of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS
Although the effects of cutting greenhouse gases are long term and global, she says, the health benefits are immediate and more localized,
however, because they do not represent new greenhouse-gas reductions. European union officials would like to eliminate them altogether in a new global-warming treaty,
scientists and politicians will release findings on the public-health effects of policies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. go. nature. com/4vfwwo 25-27 november Planetary scientists will discuss observations
scientists and government officials have been updating the nation's greenhouse-gas inventories and quantifying potential reductions.
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are dangerous to human health, the US Environmental protection agency declared on 7 december.
At the Very Large Telescope in Chile, Bean placed a gas cell filled with ammonia in the path of the starlight,
It is estimated that deforestation accounts for around 12%of the greenhouse-gas emissions that cause climate change1
LS9 says that the shift from sugars to biomass as a feedstock would reduce greenhouse gases even further.
And on Thursday, Lisa Murkowski (Republican, Alaska) introduced a resolution that would effectively block the Environmental protection agency (EPA) from implementing new greenhouse-gas regulations.
The language states that Congress disapproves of the EPA's December 2009 assessment that greenhouse gases pose a threat to public health.
By declaring greenhouse gases a public health threat, the EPA is now legally bound to regulate emissions.
Many large corporations see greenhouse gas regulations as inevitable and are now arguing for legislation on the grounds that they cannot make investments
or a scaled-back climate bill that focuses on power plants and possibly on other major industrial sources of greenhouse-gas emissions.
when it began regulating greenhouse gases, and it might not be a bad option for the United states,
particularly if coupled with separate greenhouse-gas regulations that the administration is developing for automobiles,
greenhouse-gas emissions by 20, %formally qualifying it as a'renewable fuel'for a federal mandate that requires the use of 136 billion litres of biofuels in 2022.
Or what if the very possibility of using geoengineering to mitigate climate change gives political leaders cover to say that greenhouse gases aren't a problem?
Nature Newscreating and strengthening protected areas and indigenous lands is one of the most effective ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation, according to a new paper.
The US Department of the interior has requested a scientific review of the possible ecological impact of drilling for oil and gas in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas in the Arctic.
and reductions in poverty. go. nature. com/jr2rlc Number crunch 4%The proportion of global anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions emitted by dairy cows,
US President Barack Obama announced plans on 31 march to expand offshore oil and gas drilling,
and announced that greenhouse-gas permits would be required for major industrial sources by January. Marine protection:
Greenhouse-gas numbers up in the air: Nature Newsthe state of California is about to become a giant playground for more than 200 atmospheric scientists.
measuring an array of greenhouse gases, aerosols and other atmospheric properties as they fly over cities, industrial facilities and agricultural areas.
and reduce nagging uncertainties in the state's two-year-old inventory of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Developed countries that are party to the United nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to report inventories of their yearly greenhouse-gas emissions.
and independent estimates suggest that the total reported emissions for some gases may be off by more than 50%.
scientists and governments need to develop a reliable system for verifying greenhouse-gas emissions around the globe.
computer models and satellites to assess the origin and amount of greenhouse-gas emissions. She sees the California programme as a model
calling for more detailed inventories from industrialized countries and an expansion and improvement of greenhouse-gas monitoring networks everywhere.
The NRC estimated that it would cost just US$11 million over five years to improve greenhouse-gas reporting systems among the 10 largest developing countries,
which account for more than half of the global greenhouse gases pumped into the atmosphere annually, and are the easiest to quantify.
and when greenhouse gases were emitted. CDIAC estimated global carbon dioxide emissions at 30.2 billion tonnes in 2006, not including changes in land use.
%And the picture gets fuzzier with other gases. The NRC report gave uncertainties ranging from below 25%to more than 100%for reported emissions of other greenhouse gases,
as well as carbon dioxide from agriculture and other land uses. In a quest to improve emissions estimates, scientists are pushing governments to expand their monitoring networks.
NOAA currently heads a network of some 150 greenhouse-gas monitoring stations around the world,
The state built its inventory for that gas using standard calculations recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Many see satellite measurements as a more reliable way to verify greenhouse-gas emissions. Everybody can look at the emissions of others in a very transparent way,
gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and various fluorine-containing compounds have a powerful warming effect and must be monitored as well.
The European commission and The netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency have teamed up to create an independent inventory for these lesser greenhouse gases.
Levin's work suggests that SF6 emissions by industrialized countries could be twice as high as those reported to the UNFCCC (see'Keeping tabs on a greenhouse gas'.
drive up greenhouse-gas emissions and wreak havoc on biodiversity. The study's results suggest that further agricultural intensification will play a critical part in addressing global warming.
the results show that increased greenhouse-gas emissions resulting from intensive farming are more than offset by the effects of land preservation,
After all, the fertilizers used in intensive farming increase emissions of greenhouse gases. All told, agriculture was responsible for 10-12%of global anthropogenic emissions in 2005.
and to calculate the resulting reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions. Between 1961 and 2005, the global population increased by 111%,from 3. 1 billion to 6. 5 billion,
but were still higher than actual impacts in the real-world analysis (see'Greenhouse-gas emissions').
At a climate conference in Oslo on 27 may, some 50 countries agreed to a loose framework for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions caused by deforestation.
higher concentrations of the gas reduce water loss during photosynthesis. A strong CO2 fertilization effect
the report aims to highlight the effects of stabilizing greenhouse gases at a chosen target level.
and sea level rise of different greenhouse-gas emissions scenarios. It also concludes that once the global average temperature warms beyond a certain point,
Not emitting greenhouse gases in the first place is the most effective way to reduce climate change.
Mystery RNA spawns gene-activating peptides: Nature Newssome so-called'non-coding'pieces of RNA may actually encode short proteins that regulate genes,
For perspective, the Union of Concerned Scientists, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, estimates the corresponding reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions at 1 gigatonne
Money will be raised by selling 300 million carbon credits from the European union's emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gases;
The moves are based on a belief that such sources will make up an increasing share of global gas production,
Ozone treaty could be used for greenhouse gases: Nature Newsinternational negotiators might be bogged down in the ongoing United nations climate talks,
but there could yet be hope for an agreement on reducing emissions of a class of powerful greenhouse gases  using the same treaty that is responsible for the phasing out of gases responsible for destroying the ozone layer.
however, including small-island nations that want rapid greenhouse-gas reductions as well as industrial giants such as the United states and Europe.
700 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas, and as such it fetches a high price on the carbon market.
Meanwhile, the executive board of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) the emissions-trading scheme to meet the greenhouse-gas reduction targets set by the Kyoto Protocol in August put a hold on issuing carbon credits
the chemical (dubbed HFO-1234yf) is 360 times less potent as a greenhouse gas than the current refrigerant, HFC-134a,
with no legally binding commitments for countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Following Copenhagen, the U s. Senate was unable to pass even a modest cap
that human-generated greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, are in large part to blame, or that the plausible worst-case scenario could be catastrophic.
-gas emissions 墉 largely approving commitments made in last year's Copenhagen Accord. See page 875 for more.
Hall (pictured) has made it clear that he will take a hard line against attempts to regulate greenhouse gases.
Working into the small hours of 11 Â December, negotiators agreed that both developed and developing countries will act to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions
The other major dispute in Canc  n was between the world's two largest greenhouse-gas emitters the United states and China.
the only international agreement with legally binding targets to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. No solution was forthcoming at the beginning of this week.
Policy Emissions control The US Environmental protection agency's first controls on greenhouse-gas emissions came into effect on 2 january.
Its authority to regulate greenhouse-gas pollution (under the Clean Air Act) is being challenged by opposition in Congress and by litigation.
protecting wetlands may not make a huge difference to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. Oceanographer Christoph Heinze at the University of Bergen, Norway, points out that the carbon sequestration abilities of wetland plants are
Gas bubbles in the 3, 330-metre-long core, the final section of which was extracted on 28 january,
and Ruddiman, of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, argues that it is no coincidence the clearing of land and expansion of irrigation released huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
trying to figure out exactly how much of any one particular decline is due to greenhouse gases is not necessarily helpful,
the harder it is to link single events to greenhouse-gas-driven global climate change.
To say whether the extreme dryness was caused by rising greenhouse gases requires looking at the region as a whole and asking
you will have a harder time making the greenhouse-gas link and you probably just shouldn't try.
And a quarter to a third of global greenhouse-gas emissions are the result of land-use change in forests,
Between 70%and 80%of agricultural greenhouse-gas emissions, such as nitrous oxide, come from the production and use of nitrogen fertilizers.
and that emissions of methane 墉 a precursor to ozone and itself a powerful greenhouse gas 墉 could be cut from agricultural waste
and oil and gas operations Ethanol subsidies The US Senate has voted to end costly federal subsidies for producing ethanol from maize (corn).
The judgment, on 20 june, rules out the use of such lawsuits at the federal level to limit greenhouse gases.
Deforestation causes some 15%of global greenhouse-gas emissions and 75%of Brazil's. Rousseff's predecessor, Luis In ¡
Montreal impasse Although 108 countries now support a movement to amend the Montreal Protocol to regulate hydrofluorocarbons (HFCS) as greenhouse gases,
As potent greenhouse gases, their regulation falls under the United nations climate framework, but many argue that they would be phased out faster
COMING UP4-8 december The triennial World Petroleum Congress the'Olympics of the oil and gas industry'meets in Qatar.
The Deepwater horizon disaster, shale-gas fracking and Arctic exploration are all on the agenda. www. 20wpc. com5-9 december Research on the magnitude 9. 0 earthquake that struck Japan
'Alberta s scheme, called the Specified Gas Emitters Regulation, was passed by the Alberta legislature in 2007.
It sets limits on the intensity levels of greenhouse gases emitted by Alberta facilities oil sands operations and coal-fired power plants,
Not all greenhouse-gas emissions are measured in the same way or with the same level of accuracy.
continuous emissions-monitoring systems can directly monitor flue gases for CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
These range from paying farmers to adopt low-till or no-till agricultural practices thereby turning fields into carbon sinks to the collection and combustion of landfill gas.
For example, Tokyo's greenhouse gas emitters can purchase credits from outside Tokyo, but are limited in how many they can apply against their emissions.
For the credit-creating projects to be effective at reducing overall greenhouse-gas emissions, the scheme operators are supposed to approve only projects that would otherwise not have gone ahead.
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