has no specific provisions for addressing agricultural greenhouse-gas emissions. The scientists recommend that parties to the UNFCCC establish a programme to develop a global sustainable agriculture strategy,
from where they will start to map lunar gravity in March 2012. go. nature. com/msewftregulation of aviation's greenhouse-gas emissions is set to start in the European union.
The first round of greenhouse-gas reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol will expire at the end of 2012,
best chance to establish a fresh road map to curb greenhouse-gas emissions. Agreed in 1997,
the Kyoto Protocol is still the only global treaty that sets out legally binding goals for countries to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.
which countries can sell carbon credits for projects that lower greenhouse-gas emissions, such as renewable energy.
with 5%of the carbon credits being set aside to account for any leakage of stored greenhouse gases in the 20 years after they are buried.
Deforestation accounts for about 15%of global greenhouse-gas emissions and 75%of Brazil s. Katia Abreu, a senator from the state of Tocantins and  president of the Brazilian Confederation of Agriculture
but also erode Brazil s reputation as a global leader in cutting greenhouse-gas emissions. One key test of Brazil's resolve will come next June,
and examines how different levels of greenhouse-gas emissions could affect sectors such as agriculture, health and infrastructure over the twenty-first century.
Pollutants key to climate fixbuses spew clouds of black exhaust fumes in Mexico city while, in India,
Methane leaks from gas pipelines in Russia and rice paddies in China, eventually breaking down in sunlight and contributing to the production of smog and ozone.
while countries grapple with efforts to regulate emissions of carbon dioxide, the most important greenhouse gas."
For methane, the study identified 14 control measures that would target leakage from coal mining and oil and gas operations, emissions from landfills, wastewater systems, livestock manure and rice paddies.
and was prompted by a law passed in 2008 that was meant to support the growing efforts towards regulating greenhouse gases.
and type and volume of greenhouse gases, including the ubiquitous carbon dioxide and methane and the more esoteric fluorinated chemicals.
and track greenhouse-gas emissions, as well as those studying natural carbon cycles. As scientists pin down exactly where anthropogenic carbon emissions are coming from,
Carbon dioxide makes up about 95%of the greenhouse-gas emissions logged (although if emissions from agriculture and other sectors in the full US inventory are included,
And power plants overshadow any other stationary sources of greenhouse gases, accounting for about three-quarters of emissions in the inventory (see The gas tracker).
Source: EPABUT there are also some eye-opening statistics. Just 2. 5%of the facilities that have submitted data to the EPA are responsible for 45%of the emissions, for example.
And almost all of the United states emissions of trifluoromethane (also known as HFC-23), a potent greenhouse gas, come from just two facilities the Honeywell International plant in Baton rouge, Louisiana,
The flood of data does not mean that scientists can stop measuring greenhouse-gas emissions in the atmosphere.
Pieter Tans and his team at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration s Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, measure greenhouse-gas plumes from major facilities through a network
it is true that greenhouse gas emissions are higher than average. But their work underscores evidence that the environmental impacts of producing the oil sands are primarily local rather than global."
But their analysis did not delve into more subtle comparisons of the overall"life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of various fuelsoil sands are as thick and sticky as their other moniker tar sands would suggest.
But there are many varieties of crude as well as various production methods that factor into cumulative life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions.
which reduces surface disturbance but actually increases greenhouse-gas emissions as a result of higher energy consumption. Environmentalists see the pipeline,
and reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Governments will surely demand additional detail from scientists in the coming years
to reach the 6%greenhouse-gas reduction target, she says
Ash-covered forest is'Permian Pompeii'An ancient swampy forest full of long-extinct plant species has been brought to life through analyses of well-preserved fossils entombed in a layer of volcanic ash.
The findings paint the most detailed compositional picture yet of the'Local Cloud'Â the interstellar cloud of gas in
The consortium is also looking at tackling overall greenhouse-gas emissions using carbon credits, which could be sold to private investors
"The uncertainty of their emission estimates is a great challenge for global greenhouse-gas mitigation.
a biofuel that could help to cut greenhouse-gas emissions and a route out of poverty for small-scale farmers.
and soil degradation release extra stores of the global-warming gas. A recent life-cycle assessment suggested that it could take up to 220 years for a plantation to become carbon neutral (W. M. J. Achten and L. V. Verchot Ecol.
In January, after the US Environmental protection agency (EPA) found that palm-oil fuels emitted only 11-17%less greenhouse gas than diesel over their entire life cycle,
such as developing metal alloys that can work in deep-water drilling and membranes for purifying oil, gas, water and biofuels.
when the team used best-case greenhouse-gas-saving values for rapeseed production, did they find that the biofuel produces low enough emissions to be regarded as a sustainable biofuel under RED,
but it is a net source of greenhouse-gas emissions. The ABC funds low-interest loans for activities such as agroforestry,
As of 2011, low-carbon agriculture money could be used to fund activities that caused emissions of other greenhouse gases,
and gas resources off the coast of Alaska have been abandoned following damage to oil containers on the spill-cleanup barge Arctic Challenger,
China long ago passed America as the leading emitter of greenhouse gases. Developed world emissions have leveled off
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and produce the economically-attractive technologies that developing nations must have access to
from fertilizer manufacture to food storage and packaging, is responsible for up to one-third of all human-caused greenhouse-gas emissions, according to the latest figures from the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Previous work has looked only at the contribution of agricultural production to greenhouse-gas emissions, including the release of nitrous oxide from soils from farming techniques such as tilling.
2007 and 2008, the researchers found that agricultural production provides the lion s share of greenhouse-gas emissions from the food system,
releasing up to 12,000 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent a year up to 86%of all food-related anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions.
and transport contributes a large proportion of the food system s greenhouse-gas emissions, whereas in China, for example, fertilizer manufacture has the biggest role, the researchers found.
and concerns that biofuels may produce greater greenhouse-gas emissions than fossil fuels (see Nature http://doi. org/bmssn7;
or cancel a mission aimed at pinning down the mysterious carbon sinks that are slowing the rise of greenhouse gases in Earth s atmosphere.
) Neither Japan s existing Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite nor NASA s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2),
implementing, and monitoring greenhouse-gas-emission policies, says atmospheric physicist David Crisp of NASA s Jet propulsion laboratory in Pasadena, California,
MÃ lanie Salque, a chemist at the University of Bristol, UK, used gas chromatography and carbon-isotope ratios to analyse molecules preserved in the pores of the ancient clay
United nations data suggest that cities are responsible for some 70%of global greenhouse-gas emissions and that countries with high urbanization rates emit more CO2 per capita (see Urban emitters).
By closely tracking emissions in Los angeles and other mega  cities, researchers hope to test greenhouse-gas monitoring systems that may one day allow scientists to gauge the success of local
To convert atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases into emissions, researchers must understand local meteorology and trace emissions back to their sources.
and forwards through time to understand the greenhouse-gas measurements. The approach builds on the Indianapolis project.
when the combined results of the greenhouse-gas measurements and modelling will enable cities to pinpoint methane emissions from natural-gas leaks, for example,
Ultimately, Miller and Duren envisage a trio of geostationary satellites that would allow constant surveillance of greenhouse-gas emissions not just over Los angeles,
-and-trade system to limit greenhouse-gas emissions remains one of the key failures of Obama s first term.
Since then, her agency has developed the first US greenhouse-gas standards for vehicles, tightened air-quality standards and proposed emissions limits for power plants.
Christine Gregoire, Bob Perciasepe A former governor of Washington, Gregoire signed a 2010 law setting up greenhouse-gas reporting requirements
if unexpected, reduction in US greenhouse-gas emissions during his first term. The decline is in part a result of the economic slowdown and a shift in electricity production from coal to natural gas,
As a next step, Obama s administration is expected to impose two greenhouse-gas regulations targeted at power plants
Other rules could target the oil and gas industry by limiting emissions from refineries and drilling sites.
On 9 Â January, at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Long beach, California, astronomers unveiled the telescope s ultra-sharp portrait of the bullets of gas seen in the Orion Nebula.
In the image, clumps of iron gas (blue) race through the nebula, leaving behind pillars of hot, glowing hydrogen gas (orange.
On 27 september 2012, about eight tonnes of highly toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas, which dissolves in the moisture in air to form droplets of corrosive hydrofluoric acid, burst from the Hube Global chemical plant in Gumi.
and in 2011,545 Â companies were registered as producers or distributors of the gas. A mistake by Hube Global workers may have caused the Gumi disaster.
an occupational and environmental physician at Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital in Gumi, is leading a follow-up study of those exposed to the gas."
and hydrate the escaping gas; within 20 minutes, a 0. 8-kilometre evacuation zone was established.
100 Â tonnes of crops and trees killed by the gas, leaving the scene of the accident even more barren than before."
Tropical forests unexpectedly resilient to climate changetropical forests are unlikely to die off as a result of the predicted rise in atmospheric greenhouse gases this century,
"we need to better understand how the atmospheric circulation responds to rising greenhouse-gas concentrations.
thus lowering greenhouse-gas emissions. Energy spending Investment in renewable energy technologies still falls short of the level needed to clean up the global energy system
Options include buying the gas from a local beer and soft-drinks factory and producing it independently,
or to maintain a road for the large trucks that would deliver the gas. So daunting are the challenges that the team plans to ask the engineering arm of the Brazilian military for help.
Wild weather can send greenhouse gases spirallingclimate change has a disconcerting tendency to amplify itself through feedback effects.
Shale-gas exit Two energy firms Talisman Energy, headquartered in Calgary, Canada, and Marathon Oil, based in Houston, Texas decided last week to cease shale-gas exploration activities in Poland.
The pull out raises further questions about Poland s shale-gas production, which is yet to begin.
In a 2011 review, the US Energy Information Administration estimated that Poland had 5. 3 Â trillion cubic metres of shale gas,
but a 2012 study by the Polish Geological Institute revised this figure to less than 800 Â billion cubic metres.
) Helium sales US legislators voted on 26 Â April to continue selling federal helium gas reserves.
The move follows warnings of a looming shortage in the supply of the gas that researchers and electronics manufacturers use for cooling.
once it had paid off debts of $1. 3 Â billion with revenues from the gases sale.
which are also powerful greenhouse gases, are used in applications such as refrigeration. The deal, announced on 22 Â April,
Brazil reports sharp drop in greenhouse emissionsbrazil s greenhouse-gas emissions fell nearly 39%between 2005 and 2010,
a far cry from the time when tree felling drove roughly two-thirds of the country s greenhouse gas output.
Agriculture now accounts for the largest share of Brazil s greenhouse-gas output. Emissions from the sector increased 5. 2%from 2005 to 2010,
Carbon tax scrapped Australia will shift from a carbon tax to an emissions trading system for greenhouse gases one year ahead of schedule, announced Prime minister Kevin Rudd on 16 Â July.
At the EPA, Mccarthy will oversee regulations to limit greenhouse-gas emissions and to improve water and air quality.
after scientists warned that production of some biofuels drives land clearance that can lead to greater greenhouse-gas emissions than from fossil fuel (see Nature 499,13-14;
and sugar cane in the hope of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions. Yet for more than half a decade, scientists have warned that many food-based fuels might actually be boosting emissions relative to fossil fuels.
NOAAINCREASED emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane drove atmospheric greenhouse gases to their highest recorded levels in 2012, according to the US Â National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA.
In May, atmospheric concentrations of the gas surpassed 400 Â parts per million at NOAA s Mauna loa Observatory in Hawaii (see Nature 497,13-14;
agricultural land is responsible for about 14%of the world s greenhouse-gas emissions, slightly more than the global contribution from planes, trains and automobiles.
On 13 september, researchers announced that they have bred a tropical pasture grass that can significantly suppress greenhouse-gas emissions.
Nitrate can also be converted to nitrous oxide (N2o) gas, which warms the planet 300 times more powerfully than carbon dioxide.
He has used Fermi to discover two galaxy-sized bubbles of ionized gas blowing from the centre of the Milky way,
"Its use produces greenhouse gases and it ruins soil fertility rather than improving it. He points out that many smallholders in Sub-saharan africa can scarcely afford to buy mineral fertilizers anyway.
equivalent to more than double the greenhouse gases emitted last year. But the measurements need to be more precise,
) Japan emissions Japan has scaled back its commitment to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, according to news reports on 15 Â November.
8 14 november 2013greenhouse gases Atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations reached a record high in 2012. According to a 6 Â November report by the World meteorological organization (WMO) in Geneva, Switzerland, carbon dioxide levels climbed last year to an average 393.1 parts per million (p. p m.)141%above preindustrial levels.
Long-lived greenhouse gases including CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons rose collectively by 2. 6 Â p. p m. to an equivalent CO2 concentration of 475.6 Â p. p m..The observations come from the WMO s global monitoring network,
as well as trends in emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) ozone-depleting substances that also trap heat in the atmosphere between 1880 and 2010.
They found that changes in warming coincided with human-initiated adjustments in greenhouse-gas emissions.
But Estrada and his colleagues found that it folllowed a reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions associated with economic downturns
The heat-trapping effect of long-lived greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has grown by nearly one-third between 1990 and 2012.
which aimed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. CO2 remains still the main cause of global warming, says Estrada.
But the effects of the Montreal Protocol on climate show that a similar international agreement could be effective against some of the other secondary greenhouse gases,
Furthermore, a 2006 FAO study2 found that the livestock industry is directly or indirectly responsible for 18%of global greenhouse-gas emissions a larger share than all modes of transport combined."
The package also includes recommendations for managing shale-gas extraction by fracking, but not the binding environmental regulation that had been under consideration.
while workers cleaned a tank used to cool gas during the manufacture of silicon. The company is still investigating the cause of the explosion,
Analysis of the gases collected identified a range of compounds, many of which were unknown and were not present in castrated males.
Pollution curbs On 23 Â February, Colorado lawmakers adopted the first regulations in the United states for reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector.
Europe HFC ban The European parliament has approved a ban on potent greenhouse gases used in some cooling systems,
Once in the atmosphere, the warming effect of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gases is thousands of times that of carbon dioxide,
The legislation aims to cut use of the gases by 79%over the next 15 years.
The industry has promised long that this second-generation biofuel will cut greenhouse-gas emissions, reduce US reliance on imported oil and boost rural economies.
It offers only modest savings in greenhouse-gas emissions compared to petrol (see Nature 499,13-14;
Ethanol made from corn stover produces at least 60%less greenhouse-gas emissions than petrol, and making it does not require any extra farmland.
and oil and gas exploration, but says the development poses little risk to US national security.
because they put greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Even a pine tree burned in a forest fire does not release as much carbon as a pine tree burned in a power plant Niel Lawrence a National Resources Defense Council lawyer told Greenwire.
which are powerful greenhouse gases! Why do they allow this? Because climate change is a tool to control the people.
and southern lights as they excite gases in the atmosphere. As the magnetic poles migrate across the world those night lights are going to light up some very strange places where they have never been seen before.
or just changes in the atmospheric environment. 1.)The sun cycles. 2.)The recent contribution by humans and the industrial revolution with the production of pollution of material and gases-CO2 and more. 3.)The extreme rare
The first chemical weapons used in World war i were released gases from canisters. Today chemical weapons are carried typically liquids in bombs or shells.
Technically this means they aren't gases; they're liquid aerosol with droplets carried through the air.
At the 1899 Hague Convention signatories agreed to not use Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases. Germany France and the UK broke this agreement during WWI.
First Use by The french Although it is believed popularly that the German army was the first to use gas it was deployed in fact initially by The french.
It signalled in fact the first use of chlorine gas on the battlefield. Ironically its use ought not to have been a surprise to the Allied troops for captured German soldiers had revealed the imminent use of gas on the Western Front.
Their warnings were passed not on however. The effects of chlorine gas were severe. Within seconds of inhaling its vapour it destroyed the victim's respiratory organs bringing on choking attacks.
For a memoir of the first gas attack click here. A Missed German Opportunity Panic-stricken The french and Algerian troops fled in disorder creating a four-mile gap in the Allied line.
Had the Germans been prepared for this eventuality they could potentially have effected a decisive breakthrough. However the results of their experiment caused as much surprise to the German high command as confusion among their opponents.
Condemnation-and Escalation The Germans'use of chlorine gas provoked immediate widespread condemnation and certainly damaged German relations with the neutral powers including the U s. The gas attacks were placed to rapid propaganda use by The british
although they planned to respond in kind. The attack had one clear benefit at home however for it brought to an end German hesitancy (and disagreement) over its use.
Raising Special Gas companies in the wake of the Germans'April attack (of approximately 1400 men) operating under the command of Lieutenant-colonel Charles Foulkes instructions were given to prepare for a gas attack at Loos in September 1915.
Instead they referred to their gas canisters as accessories; use of the word gas brought with it a threatened punishment.
On the evening of 24 september 1915 therefore some 400 chlorine gas emplacements were established among The british front line around Loos. The gas was released by turning a cock on each cylinder.
British Setback at Loos The retaliatory attack began the following morning at 5. 20 am.
A mixture of smoke and chlorine gas was released intermittently over a period of about 40 minutes before the infantry assault began.
However releasing gas from cylinders in this manner meant that the user had to be wary of wind conditions.
and quantities of the smoke and gas were blown back into The british trenches. It has been estimated that more British gas casualties were suffered that morning than German.
and Germany-suffered similar self-inflicted gas reversals during 1915. It became apparent that if gas was to be used a more reliable delivery mechanism was called for.
In consequence experiments were undertaken to deliver the gas payload in artillery shells. This provided the additional benefits of increasing the target range as well as the variety of gases released.
Phosgene Following on the heels of chlorine gas came the use of phosgene. Phosgene as a weapon was more potent than chlorine in that
while the latter was potentially deadly it caused the victim to violently cough and choke. Phosgene caused much less coughing with the result that more of it was inhaled;
it was adopted consequently by both German and Allied armies. Phosgene often had delayed a effect; apparently healthy soldiers were taken down with phosgene gas poisoning up to 48 hours after inhalation.
The so-called white star mixture of phosgene and chlorine was used commonly on the Somme: the chlorine content supplied the necessary vapour with
Mustard gas Remaining consistently ahead in terms of gas warfare development Germany unveiled an enhanced form of gas weaponry against the Russians at Riga in September 1917:
Protection against mustard gas proved more difficult than against either chlorine or phosgene gas. The use of mustard gas-sometimes referred to as Yperite-also proved to have mixed benefits.
Other types of gases produced by the belligerents included bromine and chloropicrin. The french army occasionally made use of a nerve gas obtained from prussic acid.
However three forms of gas remained the most widely used: chlorine phosgene and mustard. The German army ended the war as the heaviest user of gas.
It is suggested that German use reached 68000 tons; The french utilised 36000 tons and The british 25000.
Diminishing Effectiveness of Gas Although gas claimed a notable number of casualties during its early use once the crucial element of surprise had been lost the overall number of casualties quickly diminished.
Indeed deaths from gas after about May 1915 were relatively rare. It has been estimated that among British forces the number of gas casualties from May 1915 amounted to some 9 per cent of the total
-but that of this total only around 3%were fatal. Even so gas victims often led highly debilitating lives thereafter with many unable to seek employment once they were discharged from the army.
In large part this was because of the increasing effectiveness of the methods used to protect against poison gas.
Gas never turned out to be the weapon that turned the tide of the war as was predicted often.
Protection Against Gas The types of protection initially handed out to the troops around Ypres following the first use of chlorine in April 1915 were primitive in the extreme. 100000 wads of cotton pads were manufactured quickly
By 1918 soldiers on both sides were prepared far better to meet the ever-present threat of a gas attack.
http://www. firstworldwar. com/weaponry/gas. htmin Tooele they had a leak and killed about 6500 sheep were killed after a leak.
Allot of it has already been disposed of including all the gas stored in Tooele. https://www. youtube. com/watch?
In this instance notice the attribution on the photo Syrian Soldier In Gas Mask H. H. Deffner via Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons contains documents that have a free
I turn off the gas so there is no flame to ignite the oil! Within a few minutes the moisture in the bird dissapates so the oil isn't splashing excessively.
That process along with the methane the cows belch throughout their lives contributes as much as 51 percent of all greenhouse gas produced in the world.
They used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry both techniques that tell chemists what molecules appear in a sample to conduct a metabolomic analysis of the coffees.
Governments around the world have spent hundreds of billions of dollars on trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on the panel's findings The New york times reports.
and yes environmental polluting gases which cause global warming and reduction of the ozone. The rich will continue to exploit the masses
With data from the robotic vehicles Palau can add downed aircraft to an inventory of the country's rich underwater sites something previously unattainable for an office that can barely afford to buy gas for a boat.
A 2009 study estimated that factory livestock is responsible for 50 percent of the world's man-made greenhouse gases.
and contribute minimal greenhouse gases. Many types of insects (like mealworms) don't even require water
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